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Shaik GM, Khan MS. Betulinic Acid Potentiates Mast Cell Degranulation by Compromising Cell Membrane Integrity and Without Involving Fcεri Receptors. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:695-711. [PMID: 38504489 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2329990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Mast cells play important role in acquired and natural immunity making these favorable therapeutic targets in various inflammatory diseases. Here we observed that, pentacyclic tri terpenoid betulinic acid (BA) treatment resulted in a significantly high number (9%) of cells positive for Hoechst and negative for annexin-V indicating that BA could interfere with plasma membrane integrity. The degranulation of both activated and non-activated mast cells was enhanced upon treatment with BA. The pre-treatment of BA had remarkable effect on calcium response in activated mast cells which showed increased calcium influx relative compared to untreated cells. The results also showed potentially less migration of BA treated mast cells signifying the possible effect of BA on cell membrane. BA treatment resulted in a significant increase in mRNA levels of IL-13 while as mRNA levels of other target cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α seem to be not affected. Moreover, there was global Increase in phosphorylation of signaling proteins and no significant change in phosphorylation of FcεRI receptors indicating that the effect of BA was independent of signaling cascade or FcεRI receptor mediated mast cell aggregation. Overall, these results portray BA potentiates mast cell effector functions by compromising the membrane integrity and independent of FcεRI involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouse M Shaik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Theoharides TC, Kempuraj D. Potential Role of Moesin in Regulating Mast Cell Secretion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12081. [PMID: 37569454 PMCID: PMC10418457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells have existed for millions of years in species that never suffer from allergic reactions. Hence, in addition to allergies, mast cells can play a critical role in homeostasis and inflammation via secretion of numerous vasoactive, pro-inflammatory and neuro-sensitizing mediators. Secretion may utilize different modes that involve the cytoskeleton, but our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating secretion is still not well understood. The Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (ERM) family of proteins is involved in linking cell surface-initiated signaling to the actin cytoskeleton. However, how ERMs may regulate secretion from mast cells is still poorly understood. ERMs contain two functional domains connected through a long α-helix region, the N-terminal FERM (band 4.1 protein-ERM) domain and the C-terminal ERM association domain (C-ERMAD). The FERM domain and the C-ERMAD can bind to each other in a head-to-tail manner, leading to a closed/inactive conformation. Typically, phosphorylation on the C-terminus Thr has been associated with the activation of ERMs, including secretion from macrophages and platelets. It has previously been shown that the ability of the so-called mast cell "stabilizer" disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) to inhibit secretion from rat mast cells closely paralleled the phosphorylation of a 78 kDa protein, which was subsequently shown to be moesin, a member of ERMs. Interestingly, the phosphorylation of moesin during the inhibition of mast cell secretion was on the N-terminal Ser56/74 and Thr66 residues. This phosphorylation pattern could lock moesin in its inactive state and render it inaccessible to binding to the Soluble NSF attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) and synaptosomal-associated proteins (SNAPs) critical for exocytosis. Using confocal microscopic imaging, we showed moesin was found to colocalize with actin and cluster around secretory granules during inhibition of secretion. In conclusion, the phosphorylation pattern and localization of moesin may be important in the regulation of mast cell secretion and could be targeted for the development of effective inhibitors of secretion of allergic and inflammatory mediators from mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C. Theoharides
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA;
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA;
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3
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Nozu T, Okumura T. Pathophysiological Commonality Between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Metabolic Syndrome: Role of Corticotropin-releasing Factor-Toll-like Receptor 4-Proinflammatory Cytokine Signaling. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:173-184. [PMID: 35189599 PMCID: PMC8978123 DOI: 10.5056/jnm21002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) displays chronic abdominal pain with altered defecation. Most of the patients develop visceral hypersensitivity possibly resulting from impaired gut barrier and altered gut microbiota. We previously demonstrated that colonic hyperpermeability with visceral hypersensitivity in animal IBS models, which is mediated via corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-proinflammatory cytokine signaling. CRF impairs gut barrier via TLR4. Leaky gut induces bacterial translocation resulting in dysbiosis, and increases lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Activation of TLR4 by LPS increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which activate visceral sensory neurons to induce visceral hypersensitivity. LPS also activates CRF receptors to further increase gut permeability. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, and recently several researchers suggest the possibility that impaired gut barrier and dysbiosis with low-grade systemic inflammation are involved in MS. Moreover, TLR4-proinflammatory cytokine contributes to the development of insulin resistance and obesity. Thus, the existence of pathophysiological commonality between IBS and MS is expected. This review discusses the potential mechanisms of IBS and MS with reference to gut barrier and microbiota, and explores the possibility of existence of pathophysiological link between these diseases with a focus on CRF, TLR4, and proinflammatory cytokine signaling. We also review epidemiological data supporting this possibility, and discuss the potential of therapeutic application of the drugs used for MS to IBS treatment. This notion may pave the way for exploring novel therapeutic approaches for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nozu
- Department of Regional Medicine and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.,Center for Medical Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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Tiotiu A, Badi Y, Kermani NZ, Sanak M, Kolmert J, Wheelock CE, Hansbro PM, Dahlén SE, Sterk PJ, Djukanovic R, Guo Y, Mumby S, Adcock IM, Chung KF. Association of Differential Mast Cell Activation to Granulocytic Inflammation in Severe Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 205:397-411. [PMID: 34813381 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202102-0355oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MC) play a role in inflammation and both innate and adaptive immunity but their involvement in severe asthma (SA) remains undefined. OBJECTIVE We investigated the phenotypic characteristics of the U-BIOPRED asthma cohort by applying published MC activation signatures to the sputum cell transcriptome. METHODS 84 SA, 20 mild/moderate (MMA) asthma, and 16 non-asthmatic healthy participants were studied. We calculated enrichment scores (ES) for nine MC activation signatures by asthma severity, sputum granulocyte status and three previously-defined sputum molecular phenotypes or transcriptome-associated clusters (TAC1, 2, 3) using gene-set variation analysis. RESULTS MC signatures except unstimulated, repeated FcεR1-stimulated and IFNγ-stimulated were enriched in SA. A FcεR1-IgE-stimulated and a single cell signature from asthmatic bronchial biopsies were highly enriched in eosinophilic asthma and in the TAC1 molecular phenotype. Subjects with a high ES for these signatures had elevated sputum levels of similar genes and pathways. IL-33- and LPS-stimulated MC signatures had greater ES in neutrophilic and mixed granulocytic asthma and in the TAC2 molecular phenotype. These subjects exhibited neutrophil, NF-κB, and IL-1β/TNFα pathway activation. The IFNγ-stimulated signature had the greatest ES in TAC2 and TAC3 that was associated with responses to viral infection. Similar results were obtained in an independent ADEPT asthma cohort. CONCLUSIONS Gene signatures of MC activation allow the detection of SA phenotypes and indicate that MC can be induced to take on distinct transcriptional phenotypes associated with specific clinical phenotypes. IL-33-stimulated MCs signature was associated with severe neutrophilic asthma while IgE-activated MC with an eosinophilic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Tiotiu
- National Heart and Lung Institute Division of Respiratory Science, 228067, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,University Hospital Centre Nancy, 26920, Nancy, France
| | - Yusef Badi
- National Heart and Lung Institute Division of Respiratory Science, 228067, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | | | - Marek Sanak
- Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Johan Kolmert
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Karolinska Institutet, 27106, Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- University of Technology Sydney, 1994, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlén
- Karolinska Intitutet, Centre for Allergy Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter J Sterk
- University of Amsterdam, 1234, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ratko Djukanovic
- Southampton University, Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Yike Guo
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sharon Mumby
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ian M Adcock
- NHLI, Imperial College London, Airways Disease, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
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Signal Transduction Pathways Activated by Innate Immunity in Mast Cells: Translating Sensing of Changes into Specific Responses. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112411. [PMID: 33158024 PMCID: PMC7693401 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) constitute an essential cell lineage that participates in innate and adaptive immune responses and whose phenotype and function are influenced by tissue-specific conditions. Their mechanisms of activation in type I hypersensitivity reactions have been the subject of multiple studies, but the signaling pathways behind their activation by innate immunity stimuli are not so well described. Here, we review the recent evidence regarding the main molecular elements and signaling pathways connecting the innate immune receptors and hypoxic microenvironment to cytokine synthesis and the secretion of soluble or exosome-contained mediators in this cell type. When known, the positive and negative control mechanisms of those pathways are presented, together with their possible implications for the understanding of mast cell-driven chronic inflammation. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the knowledge about signaling in this cell type in the recognition of MCs as central elements on innate immunity, whose remarkable plasticity converts them in sensors of micro-environmental discontinuities and controllers of tissue homeostasis.
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6
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Vukman KV, Ferencz A, Fehér D, Juhos K, Lőrincz P, Visnovitz T, Koncz A, Pálóczi K, Seregélyes G, Försönits A, Khamari D, Galinsoga A, Drahos L, Buzás EI. An implanted device enables in vivo monitoring of extracellular vesicle-mediated spread of pro-inflammatory mast cell response in mice. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 10:e12023. [PMID: 33708356 PMCID: PMC7890545 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells have been shown to release extracellular vesicles (EVs) in vitro. However, EV-mediated mast cell communication in vivo remains unexplored. Primary mast cells from GFP-transgenic and wild type mice, were grown in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the secreted EVs were separated from the conditioned media. Mast cell-derived EVs were next cultured with LPS-naïve mast cells, and the induction of TNF-α expression was monitored. In addition, primary mast cells were seeded in diffusion chambers that were implanted into the peritoneal cavities of mice. Diffusion chambers enabled the release of GFP+ mast cell-derived EVs in vivo into the peritoneal cavity. Peritoneal lavage cells were assessed for the uptake of GFP+ EVs and for TNF-α production. In vitro, LPS-stimulated mast cell-derived EVs were efficiently taken up by non-stimulated mast cells, and induced TNF-α expression in a TLR4, JNK and P38 MAPK dependent manner. In vivo, using implanted diffusion chambers, we confirmed the release and transmission of mast cell-derived EVs to other mast cells with subsequent induction of TNF-α expression. These data show an EV-mediated spreading of pro-inflammatory response between mast cells, and provide the first in vivo evidence for the biological role of mast cell-derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina V. Vukman
- Department of GeneticsCell‐ and ImmunobiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Andrea Ferencz
- Department of Surgical Research and TechniquesSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Daniella Fehér
- Department of Surgical Research and TechniquesSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Krisztina Juhos
- Department of Surgical Research and TechniquesSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Péter Lőrincz
- Department of AnatomyCell and Developmental BiologyEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Tamás Visnovitz
- Department of GeneticsCell‐ and ImmunobiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Anna Koncz
- Department of GeneticsCell‐ and ImmunobiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Krisztina Pálóczi
- Department of GeneticsCell‐ and ImmunobiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Gábor Seregélyes
- Department of GeneticsCell‐ and ImmunobiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - András Försönits
- Department of GeneticsCell‐ and ImmunobiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Delaram Khamari
- Department of GeneticsCell‐ and ImmunobiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Alicia Galinsoga
- Department of GeneticsCell‐ and ImmunobiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research GroupHungarian Academy of SciencesInstitute of Organic ChemistryBudapestHungary
| | - Edit I. Buzás
- Department of GeneticsCell‐ and ImmunobiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- MTA‐SE Immune‐Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research GroupBudapestHungary
- HCEMM‐SE Extracellular Vesicle Research GroupBudapestHungary
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7
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Role of Leukotriene B 4 Receptor-2 in Mast Cells in Allergic Airway Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122897. [PMID: 31197082 PMCID: PMC6627931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are effector cells in the immune system that play an important role in the allergic airway inflammation. Recently, it was reported that BLT2, a low-affinity leukotriene (LT) B4 receptor, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation through its action in mast cells. We observed that highly elevated expression levels of BLT2 are critical for the pathogenesis leading to allergic airway inflammation, and that if BLT2 expression is downregulated by siBLT2-mediated knockdown, allergic inflammation is dramatically alleviated. Furthermore, we demonstrated that BLT2 mediates the synthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-13, in mast cells during allergic inflammation. Based on the critical roles of BLT2 in mast cells in allergic inflammation, anti-BLT2 strategies could contribute to the development of new therapies for allergic airway inflammation.
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8
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Theoharides TC, Tsilioni I, Ren H. Recent advances in our understanding of mast cell activation - or should it be mast cell mediator disorders? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:639-656. [PMID: 30884251 PMCID: PMC7003574 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1596800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An increasing number of patients present with multiple symptoms affecting many organs including the brain due to multiple mediators released by mast cells. These unique tissue immune cells are critical for allergic reactions triggered by immunoglobulin E (IgE), but are also stimulated (not activated) by immune, drug, environmental, food, infectious, and stress triggers, leading to secretion of multiple mediators often without histamine and tryptase. The presentation, diagnosis, and management of the spectrum of mast cell disorders are very confusing. As a result, neuropsychiatric symptoms have been left out, and diagnostic criteria made stricter excluding most patients. Areas covered: A literature search was performed on papers published between January 1990 and November 2018 using MEDLINE. Terms used were activation, antihistamines, atopy, autism, brain fog, heparin, KIT mutation, IgE, inflammation, IL-6, IL-31, IL-37, luteolin, mast cells, mastocytosis, mediators, mycotoxins, release, secretion, tetramethoxyluteolin, and tryptase. Expert opinion: Conditions associated with elevated serum or urine levels of any mast cell mediator, in the absence of comorbidities that could explain elevated levels, should be considered 'Mast Cell Mediator Disorders (MCMD).' Emphasis should be placed on the identification of unique mast cell mediators, and development of drugs or supplements that inhibit their release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C. Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irene Tsilioni
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huali Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology, Beijing Electric Power Hospital, Beijing, China
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9
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Kim BR, Cho YC, Cho S. Anti-inflammatory effects of a novel compound, MPQP, through the inhibition of IRAK1 signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. BMB Rep 2018; 51:308-313. [PMID: 29804558 PMCID: PMC6033069 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.6.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors are widely used to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases. In this study, we found a novel anti-inflammatory compound, 1-[(2R,4S)-2-methyl-4-(phenylamino)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-1-yl]prop-2-en-1-one (MPQP). It showed strong anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These effects were exerted through the inhibition of the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Furthermore, MPQP decreased the expression levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Additionally, it mediated the inhibition of the phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the inhibitor of κBα (IκBα), and their upstream kinases, IκB kinase (IKK) α/β, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK) 3/6, and MKK4. Furthermore, the expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) that regulates NF-κB, p38, and the JNK signaling pathways, was also increased by MPQP. These results indicate that MPQP regulates the IRAK1-mediated inflammatory signaling pathways by targeting IRAK1 or its upstream factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ba Reum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Young-Chang Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sayeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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10
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MacFarlane EG, Haupt J, Dietz HC, Shore EM. TGF-β Family Signaling in Connective Tissue and Skeletal Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022269. [PMID: 28246187 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of signaling molecules, which includes TGF-βs, activins, inhibins, and numerous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), has important functions in all cells and tissues, including soft connective tissues and the skeleton. Specific TGF-β family members play different roles in these tissues, and their activities are often balanced with those of other TGF-β family members and by interactions with other signaling pathways. Perturbations in TGF-β family pathways are associated with numerous human diseases with prominent involvement of the skeletal and cardiovascular systems. This review focuses on the role of this family of signaling molecules in the pathologies of connective tissues that manifest in rare genetic syndromes (e.g., syndromic presentations of thoracic aortic aneurysm), as well as in more common disorders (e.g., osteoarthritis and osteoporosis). Many of these diseases are caused by or result in pathological alterations of the complex relationship between the TGF-β family of signaling mediators and the extracellular matrix in connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gallo MacFarlane
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Julia Haupt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 21205
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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11
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Lee AJ, Ro M, Cho KJ, Kim JH. Lipopolysaccharide/TLR4 Stimulates IL-13 Production through a MyD88-BLT2-Linked Cascade in Mast Cells, Potentially Contributing to the Allergic Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:409-417. [PMID: 28600286 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In an experimental asthma model, the activation of TLR4 by bacterial LPS occasionally exacerbates allergic inflammation through the production of Th2 cytokines, and mast cells have been suggested to play a central role in this response. However, the detailed mechanism underlying how LPS/TLR4 stimulates the production of Th2 cytokines, especially IL-13, remains unclear in mast cells. In the current study, we observed that the expression levels of leukotriene B4 receptor-2 (BLT2) and the synthesis of its ligands were highly upregulated in LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived mast cells and that BLT2 blockade with small interfering RNA or a pharmacological inhibitor completely abolished IL-13 production, suggesting a mediatory role of the BLT2 ligand-BLT2 axis in LPS/TLR4 signaling to IL-13 synthesis in mast cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that MyD88 lies upstream of the BLT2 ligand-BLT2 axis and that this MyD88-BLT2 cascade leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species through NADPH oxidase 1 and the subsequent activation of NF-κB, thereby mediating IL-13 synthesis. Interestingly, we observed that costimulation of LPS/TLR4 and IgE/FcεRI caused greatly enhanced IL-13 synthesis in mast cells, and blockading BLT2 abolished these effects. Similarly, in vivo, the IL-13 level was markedly enhanced by LPS administration in an OVA-induced asthma model, and injecting a BLT2 antagonist beforehand clearly attenuated this increase. Together, our findings suggest that a BLT2-linked cascade plays a pivotal role in LPS/TLR4 signaling for IL-13 synthesis in mast cells, thereby potentially exacerbating allergic response. Our findings may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying how bacterial infection worsens allergic inflammation under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Jin Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea; and
| | - MyungJa Ro
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea; and
| | - Kyung-Jin Cho
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea; and
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12
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Gorzalczany Y, Akiva E, Klein O, Merimsky O, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Mast cells are directly activated by contact with cancer cells by a mechanism involving autocrine formation of adenosine and autocrine/paracrine signaling of the adenosine A3 receptor. Cancer Lett 2017; 397:23-32. [PMID: 28342985 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) constitute an important part of the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, their underlying mechanisms of activation within the TME remain poorly understood. Here we show that recapitulating cell-to-cell contact interactions by exposing MCs to membranes derived from a number of cancer cell types, results in MC activation, evident by the increased phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 MAP kinases and Akt, in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dependent fashion. Activation is unidirectional since MC derived membranes do not activate cancer cells. Stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation is strictly dependent on the ecto enzyme CD73 that mediates autocrine formation of adenosine, and is inhibited by knockdown of the A3 adenosine receptor (A3R) as well as by an A3R antagonist or by agonist-stimulated down-regulation of the A3R. We also show that cancer cell mediated triggering upregulates expression and stimulates secretion of interleukin 8 from the activated MCs. These findings provide evidence for a novel mode of unidirectional crosstalk between MCs and cancer cells implicating direct activation by cancer cells in MC reprogramming into a pro tumorigenic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaara Gorzalczany
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Eyal Akiva
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ofir Klein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ofer Merimsky
- Unit of Soft Tissue and Bone Oncology, Division of Oncology, The Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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Lan X, Han X, Li Q, Li Q, Gao Y, Cheng T, Wan J, Zhu W, Wang J. Pinocembrin protects hemorrhagic brain primarily by inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 and reducing M1 phenotype microglia. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:326-339. [PMID: 28007523 PMCID: PMC5453178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a major contributor to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) progression, but no drug is currently available to reduce this response and protect against ICH-induced injury. Recently, the natural product pinocembrin has been shown to ameliorate neuroinflammation and is undergoing a phase II clinical trial for ischemic stroke treatment. In this study, we examined the efficacy of pinocembrin in an ICH model, and further examined its effect on microglial activation and polarization. In vivo, pinocembrin dose-dependently reduced lesion volume by ∼47.5% and reduced neurologic deficits of mice at 72h after collagenase-induced ICH. The optimal dose of pinocembrin (5mg/kg) suppressed microglial activation as evidenced by decreases in CD68-positive microglia and reduced proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Pinocembrin also reduced the number of classically activated M1-like microglia without affecting M2-like microglia in the perilesional region. Additionally, pinocembrin decreased the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and its downstream target proteins TRIF and MyD88. The protection by pinocembrin was lost in microglia-depleted mice and in TLR4lps-del mice, and pinocembrin failed to decrease the number of M1-like microglia in TLR4lps-del mice. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 cells or primary microglia, pinocembrin decreased M1-related cytokines and markers (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS), NF-κB activation, and TLR4 expression, but it did not interfere with TLR4/MyD88 and TLR4/TRIF interactions or affect microglial phagocytosis of red blood cells. Inhibition of the TLR4 signaling pathway and reduction in M1-like microglial polarization might be the major mechanism by which pinocembrin protects hemorrhagic brain. With anti-inflammatory properties, pinocembrin could be a promising new drug candidate for treating ICH and other acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Martín-Ávila A, Medina-Tamayo J, Ibarra-Sánchez A, Vázquez-Victorio G, Castillo-Arellano JI, Hernández-Mondragón AC, Rivera J, Madera-Salcedo IK, Blank U, Macías-Silva M, González-Espinosa C. Protein Tyrosine Kinase Fyn Regulates TLR4-Elicited Responses on Mast Cells Controlling the Function of a PP2A-PKCα/β Signaling Node Leading to TNF Secretion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:5075-88. [PMID: 27183589 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells produce proinflammatory cytokines in response to TLR4 ligands, but the signaling pathways involved are not fully described. In this study, the participation of the Src family kinase Fyn in the production of TNF after stimulation with LPS was evaluated using bone marrow-derived mast cells from wild-type and Fyn-deficient mice. Fyn(-/-) cells showed higher LPS-induced secretion of preformed and de novo-synthesized TNF. In both cell types, TNF colocalized with vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)3-positive compartments. Addition of LPS provoked coalescence of VAMP3 and its interaction with synaptosomal-associated protein 23; those events were increased in the absence of Fyn. Higher TNF mRNA levels were also observed in Fyn-deficient cells as a result of increased transcription and greater mRNA stability after LPS treatment. Fyn(-/-) cells also showed higher LPS-induced activation of TAK-1 and ERK1/2, whereas IκB kinase and IκB were phosphorylated, even in basal conditions. Increased responsiveness in Fyn(-/-) cells was associated with a lower activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and augmented activity of protein kinase C (PKC)α/β, which was dissociated from PP2A and increased its association with the adapter protein neuroblast differentiation-associated protein (AHNAK, desmoyokin). LPS-induced PKCα/β activity was associated with VAMP3 coalescence in WT and Fyn-deficient cells. Reconstitution of MC-deficient Wsh mice with Fyn(-/-) MCs produced greater LPS-dependent production of TNF in the peritoneal cavity. Our data show that Fyn kinase is activated after TLR4 triggering and exerts an important negative control on LPS-dependent TNF production in MCs controlling the inactivation of PP2Ac and activation of PKCα/β necessary for the secretion of TNF by VAMP3(+) carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martín-Ávila
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede Sur, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaciel Medina-Tamayo
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede Sur, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ibarra-Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede Sur, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Genaro Vázquez-Victorio
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Iván Castillo-Arellano
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede Sur, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma Cristal Hernández-Mondragón
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede Sur, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Rivera
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1820; and
| | - Iris K Madera-Salcedo
- INSERM UMRS1149, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Diderot, Site X, Bichat, Paris 75018, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM UMRS1149, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Diderot, Site X, Bichat, Paris 75018, France
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia González-Espinosa
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede Sur, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico;
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15
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Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Differentially Inhibit Cytokine Production by Peripheral Blood Monocytes Subpopulations and Myeloid Dendritic Cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:819084. [PMID: 26060498 PMCID: PMC4427776 DOI: 10.1155/2015/819084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) rendered them an attractive therapeutic approach for immune disorders and an increasing body of evidence demonstrated their clinical value. However, the influence of MSC on the function of specific immune cell populations, namely, monocyte subpopulations, is not well elucidated. Here, we investigated the influence of human bone marrow MSC on the cytokine and chemokine expression by peripheral blood classical, intermediate and nonclassical monocytes, and myeloid dendritic cells (mDC), stimulated with lipopolysaccharide plus interferon (IFN)γ. We found that MSC effectively inhibit tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α and macrophage inflammatory protein- (MIP-) 1β protein expression in monocytes and mDC, without suppressing CCR7 and CD83 protein expression. Interestingly, mDC exhibited the highest degree of inhibition, for both TNF-α and MIP-1β, whereas the reduction of TNF-α expression was less marked for nonclassical monocytes. Similarly, MSC decreased mRNA levels of interleukin- (IL-) 1β and IL-6 in classical monocytes, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in classical and nonclassical monocytes, and IL-1β and CXCL10 in mDC. MSC do not impair the expression of maturation markers in monocytes and mDC under our experimental conditions; nevertheless, they hamper the proinflammatory function of monocytes and mDC, which may impede the development of inflammatory immune responses.
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Azouz NP, Fukuda M, Rothenberg ME, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Investigating mast cell secretory granules; from biosynthesis to exocytosis. J Vis Exp 2015:52505. [PMID: 25651037 DOI: 10.3791/52505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast Cells (MC) are secretory cells of the immune system that accomplish their physiological and pathological functions by releasing pre-formed and newly synthesized allergic, inflammatory and immunoregulatory mediators. MCs' mediators affect multiple tissues and organs culminating in allergic and immune responses. The synthesis, storage and release of the MC mediators are highly regulated. The pre-formed mediators are packed in cytoplasmic secretory granules (SG) that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their content by regulated exocytosis. We present a protocol, based on the co-expression of a gene of interest with a reporter gene that is targeted to the SGs and is released in a regulated fashion alongside the endogenous SG mediators. The protocol enables high resolution four dimensional confocal analyses of the MC SGs and monitoring their timeline from biogenesis to triggered exocytosis. Thus, using this protocol for screening genes of interest for their phenotypic and functional impact allows deciphering the molecular mechanisms that govern the biogenesis and exocytosis of the MC SGs and identifying the regulators involved. Thereby, further insights into the cellular mechanisms that account for MCs function in health and disease should be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit P Azouz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University;
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Velagapudi R, Aderogba M, Olajide OA. Tiliroside, a dietary glycosidic flavonoid, inhibits TRAF-6/NF-κB/p38-mediated neuroinflammation in activated BV2 microglia. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3311-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Azouz NP, Hammel I, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Characterization of mast cell secretory granules and their cell biology. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:647-51. [PMID: 24988214 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis and secretion of secretory granule (SG) contained inflammatory mediators is the primary mechanism by which mast cells exert their protective immune responses in host defense, as well as their pathological functions in allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. Despite their central role in mast cell function, the molecular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and secretion of mast cell SGs remain largely unresolved. Early studies have established the lysosomal nature of the mast cell SGs and implicated SG homotypic fusion as an important step occurring during both their biogenesis and compound secretion. However, the molecular mechanisms that account for key features of this process largely remain to be defined. A novel high-resolution imaging based methodology allowed us to screen Rab GTPases for their phenotypic and functional impact and identify Rab networks that regulate mast cell secretion. This screen has identified Rab5 as a novel regulator of homotypic fusion of the mast cell SGs that thereby regulates their size and cargo composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Pereg Azouz
- 1 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
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19
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Xiao H, Liu M. Atypical protein kinase C in cell motility. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3057-66. [PMID: 23096778 PMCID: PMC11113714 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell motility is defined as cell movement in the three-dimensional space leading to repositioning of the cell. Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC, including ζ and λ/ι) are a subfamily of PKC. Different from classic PKC and novel PKC, the activation of atypical PKC is not dependent on diacylglycerol or calcium. PKCζ can be activated by lipid components, such as phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidic acid, arachidonic acid, and ceramide. Both phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate and PDK1 are necessary for the complete and stable activation of PKCζ. Atypical PKC is involved in the regulation of cell polarization, directional sensing, formation of filopodia, and cell motility. It is essential for migration and invasion of multiple cancer cell types. Particularly, atypical PKC has been found in the regulation of the motility of hematopoietic cells. It also participates in the regulation of proteolytic activity of podosomes and invadopodia. It has been found that atypical PKC can work coordinately with other PKC subfamily members and other signaling pathways. Research on the roles of atypical PKC in cell motility may lead to new therapeutic strategies for cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helan Xiao
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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20
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Madera-Salcedo IK, Cruz SL, Gonzalez-Espinosa C. Morphine prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF secretion in mast cells blocking IκB kinase activation and SNAP-23 phosphorylation: correlation with the formation of a β-arrestin/TRAF6 complex. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3400-9. [PMID: 23960234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that morphine pretreatment inhibits mast cell-dependent TNF production after LPS injection in the murine peritoneal cavity. In this study, we used bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) to investigate the molecular mechanisms of that inhibition. We found that morphine prevented LPS-induced TNF secretion in these cells. The observed inhibition was not due to morphine-induced TLR4 internalization and it was related to the blockage of preformed TNF secretion. LPS-induced TNF exocytosis in BMMCs was dependent on tetanus toxin-insensitive vesicle-associated membrane proteins and calcium mobilization, as well as PI3K, MAPK, and IκB kinase (IKK) activation. TNF secretion was also associated to the phosphorylation of synaptosomal-associated protein 23 (SNAP-23), which was found forming a complex with IKK in LPS-activated BMMCs. Morphine pretreatment prevented TLR4-dependent ERK and IKK phosphorylation. Analyzing the signaling events upstream of IKK activation, we found diminished TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) phosphorylation and TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) 6 ubiquitination in BMMCs pretreated with morphine and stimulated with LPS. Morphine pretreatment provoked a marked increase in the formation of a molecular complex composed of TRAF6 and β-arrestin-2. Naloxone and a combination of μ and δ opioid receptor antagonists prevented morphine inhibitory actions. In conclusion, our results show that activation of μ and δ opioid receptors with morphine suppresses TLR4-induced TNF release in mast cells, preventing the IKK-dependent phosphorylation of SNAP-23, which is necessary for TNF exocytosis, and this inhibition correlates with the formation of a β-arrestin-2/TRAF6 complex. To our knowledge, these findings constitute the first evidence of molecular crosstalk between opioid receptors and the TLR4 signal transduction system in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K Madera-Salcedo
- Departamento de Farmacobiologia, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Bar-Gill AB, Efergan A, Seger R, Fukuda M, Sagi-Eisenberg R. The extra-cellular signal regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2 segregate displaying distinct spatiotemporal characteristics in activated mast cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2070-82. [PMID: 23651922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ERK1 and ERK2 are highly homologous isoforms that often play redundant roles in regulating cellular functions. We analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of ERK1 and ERK2 in resting and activated mast cells. Strikingly, we identified distinct pathways for these kinases. ERK1 localized to the cytosol and translocated to the nucleus upon cell activation and kinase phosphorylation. In contrast, ERK2 distributed between the cytosol and near the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in resting cells and accumulated further at a pericentrosomal region upon cell trigger. Pericentrosomal accumulation of ERK2 was phosphorylation independent, required an intact microtubule network and was significantly enhanced by the overexpression of Neuronal Calcium Sensor-1 (NCS-1). We also identified γ-tubulin and phosphatidylinositol 4 kinaseβ (PI4Kβ), a downstream effector of NCS-1, as novel partner proteins of ERK2. Taken together, our results imply non-redundant functions of ERK1 and ERK2 in mast cells and implicate NCS-1 and PΙ4Κβ as regulators of ERK2 trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Benado Bar-Gill
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Schisandrin B exerts anti-neuroinflammatory activity by inhibiting the Toll-like receptor 4-dependent MyD88/IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 692:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Sandig H, Bulfone-Paus S. TLR signaling in mast cells: common and unique features. Front Immunol 2012; 3:185. [PMID: 22783258 PMCID: PMC3389341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the well known role of mast cells in immunity to multi-cellular parasites and in the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma, the importance of mast cells in the immune defense against bacteria and viruses is increasingly being recognized. Their location in the skin, gut, and airways puts mast cells in an ideal location to encounter and respond to pathogens, and in order to perform this function, these cells express a variety of pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Mast cells respond to TLR ligands by secreting cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators, and some studies have found that TLR ligands can also cause degranulation, although this finding is contentious. In addition, stimulation via TLR ligands can synergize with signaling via the FcεRI, potentially enhancing the response of the cells to antigen in vivo. A great deal is now known about TLR signaling pathways. Some features of these pathways are cell type-specific, however, and work is under way to fully elucidate the TLR signaling cascades in the mast cell. Already, some interesting differences have been identified. This review aims to address what is known about the responses of mast cells to TLR ligands and the signaling pathways involved. Given the location of mast cells at sites exposed to the environment, the response of these cells to TLR ligands must be carefully regulated. The known mechanisms behind this regulation are also reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Sandig
- Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Rudich N, Ravid K, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Mast cell adenosine receptors function: a focus on the a3 adenosine receptor and inflammation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:134. [PMID: 22675325 PMCID: PMC3366457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a metabolite, which has long been implicated in a variety of inflammatory processes. Inhaled adenosine provokes bronchoconstriction in asthmatics or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, but not in non-asthmatics. This hyper responsiveness to adenosine appears to be mediated by mast cell activation. These observations have marked the receptor that mediates the bronchoconstrictor effect of adenosine on mast cells (MCs), as an attractive drug candidate. Four subtypes (A1, A2a, A2b, and A3) of adenosine receptors have been cloned and shown to display distinct tissue distributions and functions. Animal models have firmly established the ultimate role of the A3 adenosine receptor (A3R) in mediating hyper responsiveness to adenosine in MCs, although the influence of the A2b adenosine receptor was confirmed as well. In contrast, studies of the A3R in humans have been controversial. In this review, we summarize data on the role of different adenosine receptors in mast cell regulation of inflammation and pathology, with a focus on the common and distinct functions of the A3R in rodent and human MCs. The relevance of mouse studies to the human is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Rudich
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
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den Dekker WK, Tempel D, Bot I, Biessen EA, Joosten LA, Netea MG, van der Meer JWM, Cheng C, Duckers HJ. Mast cells induce vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis via a toll-like receptor 4 activation pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1960-9. [PMID: 22652603 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.250605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activated mast cells (MCs) release chymase, which can induce vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis leading to plaque destabilization. Because the mechanism through which MCs release chymase in atherosclerosis is unknown, we studied whether MC-associated VSMC apoptosis is regulated by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS Local recruitment and activation of MCs reduced VSMC content specifically in the cap region of vulnerable plaques in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Cotreatment with the TLR4 antagonist Bartonella quintana lipopolysaccharide prevented this VSMC loss, suggesting an important role for TLR4 signaling in MC-induced VSMC apoptosis. Coculture of VSMCs with MCs activated by the TLR4 agonist Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide increased VSMC apoptosis. Apoptosis was inhibited by TLR4 and chymase blockers, indicating that TLR4 signaling is involved in chymase release in MCs. This pathway was mediated via interleukin-6 because interleukin-6 promoted MC-associated VSMC apoptosis, which was inhibited by blocking chymase release. In addition, TLR4 activation in MCs induced interleukin-6 production, which was reduced by preincubation with either B. quintana lipopolysaccharide or an anti-TLR4 antibody. CONCLUSIONS We show that MCs promote VSMC apoptosis in vivo. In addition, TLR4 signaling is important in chymase release in MCs and, therefore, in plaque destabilization by regulating VSMC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijnand K den Dekker
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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