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Pourjam R, Rahimi Khalifeh Kandi Z, Estebsari F, Karimi Yeganeh F, Safari M, Barati M, Mostafaei D. An Analytical Comparison of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding HIV/AIDS Among Medical and Non-Medical Students in Iran. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2020; 12:165-173. [PMID: 32425616 PMCID: PMC7196211 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s242784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Young people are the main group at risk of HIV/AIDS due to factors such as curiosity, peer pressure, lack of knowledge and skills, unsafe sexual behaviors, and drug abuse. The present study was conducted to compare the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HIV/AIDS among medical and non-medical students in Iran. Methods This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on a population consisting of the students of Shahid Beheshti University (SBU) and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU). A total of 303 students were randomly selected from the two universities. Data were collected using a researcher-made HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire. Data were then analyzed using the independent t-test, Mann–Whitney’s U-test, the ANOVA, and the Kruskal–Wallis test in SPSS-18. P<0.05 was set as the level of significance for all the tests. Findings The frequencies of marital status, education, smoking, alcohol and psychotropic substance use, employment status, and source of information differed significantly between the medical and non-medical students. There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding knowledge (P<0.001) and practice (P=0.019) regarding HIV/AIDS. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of their attitude toward HIV/AIDS (P=0.503). The results of the ANOVA revealed a significant correlation between marital status and practice (P=0.022), education and attitude (P=0.004), and smoking and knowledge (P=0.008) among the medical students. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference between the demographic variables and knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding HIV/AIDS among the non-medical students (P>0.005). Conclusion The present findings showed that designing and developing appropriate educational programs, offered through group media, scientific seminars, courses, lectures, and group discussions, can be effective in enhancing the students’ knowledge and changing their attitudes and should be incorporated into healthcare programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Pourjam
- Student Research Committee, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Estebsari
- Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farank Karimi Yeganeh
- Master of Science in Demography, Azna Health Network, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Safari
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Education and Emergencies, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadaseh Barati
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Aldhaleei WA, Bhagavathula AS. HIV/AIDS-knowledge and attitudes in the Arabian Peninsula: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:939-948. [PMID: 32359925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV/AIDS prevention has been widely adopted worldwide, but little is known about HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes in the Arabian Peninsula. AIM To summarize the level of knowledge and attitude about HIV/AIDS in seven Arabian Peninsula countries (Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE)). METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using combined keywords in four scientific databases of peer-reviewed publications from January 2010 to June 2019. Twenty-five articles were included in the systematic review, and twenty studies in the meta-analysis. The data was analyzed using a random-effect model due to the heterogeneity between the studies. RESULTS Seventeen studies reported on the level of knowledge and overall knowledge about HIV/AIDS in this region: 74.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 66.8%-82.0%, p<0.001) and the attitude was 52.8% (95% CI: 36.9%-68.6%, p<0.001). A study from Oman reported higher knowledge levels (95.5%, 95% CI: 94.2%-96.8%) while less than a quarter of the Bahrain population had positive attitudes 22.5% (95% CI: 20.5%-24.5%). Medical doctors showed higher knowledge (94.1%, 95% CI: 92.9%-95.3%), but a positive attitude was only observed in 32.5% (95% CI: 28.8%-36.2%) of the dentists toward HIV/AIDS. CONCLUSION The overall knowledge about HIV/AIDS was found to be satisfactory (74.4%), but about half (52.8%) of those displayed negative attitudes toward HIV/AIDS. Regular training courses as well as reviewing and reinforcing HIV/AIDS prevention guidelines can be useful to update knowledge and improve attitudes in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Ali Aldhaleei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, P.O. Box: 11001, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Mumtaz GR, Hilmi N, Majed EZ, Abu-Raddad LJ. Characterising HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes in the Middle East and North Africa: Systematic review and data synthesis. Glob Public Health 2019; 15:275-298. [PMID: 31558094 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2019.1668452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes in various population groups in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), and highlights their relevance to HIV epidemiology and the design and implementation of preventions and treatment efforts. PubMed and the MENA HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Synthesis Project database of grey/unpublished literature were searched. Levels of knowledge were categorised based on presence of basic knowledge, comprehensive knowledge, and misconceptions and misinformation. Attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) were classified into positive or negative. Basic knowledge was overall high among key populations at higher risk of infection (KPAR), and bridging and general population groups, but still a few population pockets had low basic knowledge. Level of comprehensive knowledge was overall low, and misinformation and misconceptions were prevalent. Some KPAR, including people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and female sex workers, were unaware of some modes of HIV transmission. Perception of risk of infection was low even among KPAR. We found differentials in knowledge putting women, rural populations, refugees, and other marginalised minorities at a disadvantage. Attitudes towards PLHIV tended to be negative. These findings are of concern, particularly for KPAR currently experiencing emerging HIV epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghina R Mumtaz
- Department of Epidemiology and population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nahla Hilmi
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - El Zahraa Majed
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laith J Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Lorosa AH, Pereira CM, Hussne RP, Silva-Boghossian CM. Evaluation of dental students' knowledge and patient care towards HIV/AIDS individuals. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR DENTAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE 2019; 23:212-219. [PMID: 30681237 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim was to evaluate the knowledge of the students of dental students regarding patients care towards HIV positive individuals. METHODS Two hundred and eighty-three dental students (pre-clinical, n = 45; clinical, n = 238) answered an electronic questionnaire, approaching biosafety procedures, oral manifestations of AIDS and knowledge of HIV infection. Data were present as an average from findings from students of nine different semesters, grouping them by pre-clinical (1-4) and clinical (5-9) semesters, from two different university campuses. Furthermore, data were analysed using the t test and chi-square test. RESULTS Students' mean age was 24 years. Amongst 14 oral manifestations questioned, Kaposi sarcoma, oral candidiasis, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and herpes simplex were more associated with HIV. Over 90% of the respondents would be concerned about becoming infected with HIV after a needle stick injury and were willing to be tested for HIV; know that HIV/AIDS patients can contaminate dental care professionals, that needle perforation can transmit HIV, and that medical professionals are more prone to cross-contamination. Regarding the use of physical barrier, almost all participants use disposable mask, goggles, cap and procedure gloves with all patients; the use of disposable lab coat and two pairs of gloves were the least used with all patients. CONCLUSIONS Participating students have good knowledge on biosafety in the management of HIV/AIDS patients, as well as on the most commonly associated oral manifestations. However, there is a need for improvement on some topics related to HIV/AIDS, especially regarding less known oral lesions, and HIV diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adair H Lorosa
- School of Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Claudia M Pereira
- School of Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Renata P Hussne
- School of Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Carina M Silva-Boghossian
- School of Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
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Abstract
Purpose Evaluate infection control knowledge, attitude, and practice in Lebanese private dental clinics. Materials and Methods A survey including 46 questions related to routine safety procedures was sent to 1150 Lebanese dentists between July 1st and 2nd, 2015. The study sample was selected from the database of registered dentists based on a proportional random sampling ensuring equitable representation of the 5 geographic regions of Lebanon. A subset of 29 questions was used to generate an overall score of compliance (excellent, good, fair, and poor). Comparisons according to gender, type, region, and years of practice were performed. Results 417 dentists returned the completed questionnaires. 96% expressed concern about infection transmission, 90.6% were vaccinated against Hepatitis B, and 61.8% asked routinely about patients medical history. Only 43% used protective eyewear. Although most dentists (65%) used autoclaves, dry heat was still used. Significant correlations were found between gender and use of personal protective equipment. Less compliance was shown by clinicians with fewer years of experience. In the overall compliance questionnaire, the mean percentage of correct answers was roughly 54% with <5% of the practitioners scoring “excellent.” Conclusions. The study found inadequacy of compliance in private Lebanese dental clinics necessitating improved educational training and sustained monitoring by regulatory bodies.
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Dadgarmoghaddam M, Khajedaluee M, Khadem-Rezaiyan M. A Population-based Study into Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs (KAB) about HIV/AIDS. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/rijm34349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Li R, Dong W, He W, Liu Y. Chinese dental students' knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS. J Dent Sci 2015; 11:72-78. [PMID: 30894949 PMCID: PMC6395151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Oral care is vital to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals. As future dentists, it is pertinent that dental students have sufficient knowledge and a positive approach toward this disease. The purpose of this study was to assess HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes among clinical dental students in central China. Materials and methods This survey was conducted on 103 dental students in the final year of a 5-year program. A structured questionnaire with 50 questions examining their knowledge under various categories and 17 questions examining their attitudes toward the disease was employed. Results The survey was completed by 92.2% (95/103) of the students. The results revealed that more than half of the respondents demonstrated a good level of knowledge, although few exhibited an excellent level. The mean scores on knowledge was 79.41 ± 6.3 out of a maximum possible score of 100, and there was no significant difference regarding sex. Despite their good level of knowledge, the majority (93.68%) displayed a negative attitude (nonprofessional attitude) toward HIV/AIDS. Conclusion These findings might help to define strategies to improve the quality of education among Chinese dental students and suggests that there is a need to address student misconceptions and attitudes toward the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Wenhang Dong
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Wu L, Yin YL, Song JL, Chen Y, Wu YF, Zhao L. Knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding occupational blood-borne pathogen exposure amongst students in two Chinese dental schools. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION 2015; 20:206-212. [PMID: 26184829 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding occupational blood-borne pathogen exposure amongst dental students at two Chinese dental schools, as well as important factors that are associated with their career choice and attitudes towards infected patients. SUBJECT AND METHODS The study was conducted using a student self-administered questionnaire from March to June 2013 at two Chinese dental schools. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression were used to compare the categorical variables and identify the variables related to attitudes. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-one students answered the questionnaire (response rate 83%). Most participants had incomplete knowledge about occupational exposure and participants' compliance with the infection control programme during routine clinical work was low. Fifty-six participants (34%) experienced at least one occupational exposure, but only one reported the incident. Percutaneous injuries and mucous membrane exposures were the main causes for exposure. Protection of the eyes and post-exposure management were inadequate. According to most participants, they had received insufficient education. Their concerns about the risk of infectious professional exposure would influence their career choice and approach to patients. Only 14% and 26% of the participants were willing to treat human immunodeficiency virus- and hepatitis B virus-infected patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS More effective education on prevention and management is required for dental students to reduce the harm caused by occupational exposure. It is important to ensure dental students' knowledge and understanding before allowing them to enter clinical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y-L Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J-L Song
- Hospital of Stomatology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Y Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y-F Wu
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Knowledge and Attitude of Faculty Members Working in Dental Institutions towards the Dental Treatment of Patients with HIV/AIDS. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:429692. [PMID: 27379262 PMCID: PMC4897361 DOI: 10.1155/2014/429692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Dentists have an ethical responsibility to provide treatment to HIV-infected patients, particularly because oral lesions are common among these patients. However, there are no official guidelines as to how to treat people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHA) or how to screen for potentially infectious people. Materials and Method. A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire based study which assessed the knowledge and attitude of the faculty members towards the treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS was carried out in the Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences, Faridabad, and Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi. Results. The willingness to treat patients with HIV was found to be 86.0% among the faculty members in the present study. The majority (79%) of the faculty members thought that treating an HIV-positive patient is ethical responsibility of the dentist. There was a positive attitude (88.0%) among faculty members that routine dental care should be a part of the treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS. Conclusion. The level of knowledge regarding HIV and AIDS was acceptable in the present study. However, continuing dental education (CDE) programmes should be conducted on a regular basis for updating the knowledge level of the faculty members towards the dental treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS patients.
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Kateeb E, Amer R, Bajali M. Factors related to the willingness of Palestinian dentists to treat patients with blood-borne diseases. Int Dent J 2014; 65:103-9. [PMID: 25345747 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore, using groups of simulated patients, the willingness of Palestinian dentists to treat patients with blood-borne diseases. Simulated patients conducted a telephone survey of a random sample of dentists registered with the Palestinian Dental Association. A random system was used to assign dentists to one of two groups, in which simulated patients randomly identified themselves with either human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) and asked for a dental appointment. Three-hundred and four dentists (76%) responded to our telephone survey. Sixty-six per cent accepted requests for appointments and 34% declined the appointment requests. Sixty-eight per cent of the dentists declined appointment requests from patients with HIV and 32% declined appointments from patients with HBV. Dentist's gender, 'blood-borne disease type', 'place of private practice', 'country of graduation' and 'years since graduation' were all significant predictors in the final logistic model. More than one-third of our respondents declined appointment requests from patients with blood-borne disease, two-thirds of which were for patients who identified themselves as having HIV. Education and training programmes are needed to improve attitudes of dentists - especially female dentists, older dentists and dentists practising in northern governorates - towards patients with blood-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kateeb
- School of Dental Medicine, Al Quds University, University Main Street, East Jerusalem, Palestine; College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, 801 Newton Rd #451, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Premadasa G, Sadek M, Ellepola A, Sreedharan J, Muttappallymyalil J. Knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS: a survey among dental students in Ajman, UAE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 6:147-55. [PMID: 24357612 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Encounters between dentists and patients with HIV/AIDS are bound to rise due to increased prevalence and emerging new treatments. This study assessed dental students' knowledge about transmission and oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS, and their attitudes towards patients regarding obligations to treat. METHODS Out of 109 students in 4 years of a 6-year dental undergraduate program, 106 responded to a questionnaire on knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS. Knowledge and attitude scores were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis one-way anova and the gender differences with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS The median score for students' overall knowledge was 39.5 (67%; maximum possible 59). The median knowledge scores for males and females were 38 and 40 respectively, although the difference was not statistically significant. The knowledge levels in Year 4 (42.5 ± 4.7), Year 3 (44 ± 6.5), and Year 2 (42 ± 5.8), were similar but significantly higher than in Year 1 (33 ± 7.9; P < 0.01). The median attitude score was 14 out of 24, with no significant differences within genders and years of study. Although the level of knowledge of the senior students was higher than that of the first years, the negative attitudes remained largely unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate educational programs may alter the misconceptions and the negative attitudes.
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Rungsiyanont S, Lam-ubol A, Vacharotayangul P, Sappayatosok K. Thai Dental Practitioners’ Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Patients with HIV. J Dent Educ 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2013.77.9.tb05593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sorasun Rungsiyanont
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry; Srinakharinwirot University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Aroonwan Lam-ubol
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry; Srinakharinwirot University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Piamkamon Vacharotayangul
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry; Srinakharinwirot University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Kraisorn Sappayatosok
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry; Srinakharinwirot University; Bangkok Thailand
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