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Roosendaal J, Rosing H, Beijnen JH. Stable Isotopically Labeled Intravenous Microdose Pharmacokinetic Trials as a Tool to Assess Absolute Bioavailability: Feasibility and Paradigm to Apply for Protein Kinase Inhibitors in Oncology. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2020; 9:552-559. [PMID: 32573110 PMCID: PMC7383911 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Roosendaal
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Science Faculty, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Science Faculty, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pre-analytical and analytical variability in absolute quantitative MRM-based plasma proteomic studies. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2837-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative plasma proteomics, through the use of targeted MRM-MS and isotopically labeled standards, is emerging as a popular technique to address biological- and biomedical-centered queries. High precision and accuracy are essential in such measurements, particularly in protein biomarker research where translation to the clinic is sought. Standardized procedures and routine performance evaluation of all stages of the workflow (both pre-analytical and analytical) are therefore imperative to satisfy these requisites and enable high inter-laboratory reproducibility and transferability. In this review, we first discuss the pre-analytical and analytical variables that can affect the precision and accuracy of ‘absolute’ quantitative plasma proteomic measurements. Proposed strategies to limit such variability will then be highlighted and unmet needs for future exploration will be noted. Although there is no way to conduct a truly comprehensive review on this broad, rapidly changing topic, we have highlighted key aspects and included references to review articles on various sub-topics.
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Mani DR, Abbatiello SE, Carr SA. Statistical characterization of multiple-reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) assays for quantitative proteomics. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13 Suppl 16:S9. [PMID: 23176545 PMCID: PMC3489552 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-s16-s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) with stable isotope dilution (SID) is increasingly becoming a widely accepted assay for the quantification of proteins and peptides. These assays have shown great promise in relatively high throughput verification of candidate biomarkers. While the use of MRM-MS assays is well established in the small molecule realm, their introduction and use in proteomics is relatively recent. As such, statistical and computational methods for the analysis of MRM-MS data from proteins and peptides are still being developed. Based on our extensive experience with analyzing a wide range of SID-MRM-MS data, we set forth a methodology for analysis that encompasses significant aspects ranging from data quality assessment, assay characterization including calibration curves, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), and measurement of intra- and interlaboratory precision. We draw upon publicly available seminal datasets to illustrate our methods and algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Mani
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Schellekens RCA, Stellaard F, Woerdenbag HJ, Frijlink HW, Kosterink JGW. Applications of stable isotopes in clinical pharmacology. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 72:879-97. [PMID: 21801197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to present an overview of the application of stable isotope technology in clinical pharmacology. Three main categories of stable isotope technology can be distinguished in clinical pharmacology. Firstly, it is applied in the assessment of drug pharmacology to determine the pharmacokinetic profile or mode of action of a drug substance. Secondly, stable isotopes may be used for the assessment of drug products or drug delivery systems by determination of parameters such as the bioavailability or the release profile. Thirdly, patients may be assessed in relation to patient-specific drug treatment; this concept is often called personalized medicine. In this article, the application of stable isotope technology in the aforementioned three areas is reviewed, with emphasis on developments over the past 25 years. The applications are illustrated with examples from clinical studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinout C A Schellekens
- Department of Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Marino SE, Birnbaum AK, Leppik IE, Conway JM, Musib LC, Brundage RC, Ramsay RE, Pennell PB, White JR, Gross CR, Rarick JO, Mishra U, Cloyd JC. Steady-state carbamazepine pharmacokinetics following oral and stable-labeled intravenous administration in epilepsy patients: effects of race and sex. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 91:483-8. [PMID: 22278332 PMCID: PMC4038037 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine is a widely prescribed antiepileptic drug. Owing to the lack of an intravenous formulation, its absolute bioavailability, absolute clearance, and half-life in patients at steady state have not been determined. We developed an intravenous, stable-labeled (SL) formulation in order to characterize carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in patients. Ninety-two patients received a 100-mg infusion of SL-carbamazepine as part of their morning dose. Blood samples were collected up to 96 hours after drug administration. Plasma drug concentrations were measured with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and concentration-time data were analyzed using a noncompartmental approach. Absolute clearance (l/hr/kg) was significantly lower in men (0.039 ± 0.017) than in women (0.049 ± 0.018; P = 0.007) and in African Americans (0.039 ± 0.017) when compared with Caucasians (0.048 ± 0.018; P = 0.019). Half-life was significantly longer in men than in women as well as in African Americans as compared with Caucasians. The absolute bioavailability was 0.78. Sex and racial differences in clearance may contribute to variable dosing requirements and clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Marino
- Center for Clinical and Cognitive Neuropharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Abbatiello SE, Mani DR, Keshishian H, Carr SA. Automated detection of inaccurate and imprecise transitions in peptide quantification by multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 2009; 56:291-305. [PMID: 20022980 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.138420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) of peptides with stable isotope-labeled internal standards (SISs) is increasingly being used to develop quantitative assays for proteins in complex biological matrices. These assays can be highly precise and quantitative, but the frequent occurrence of interferences requires that MRM-MS data be manually reviewed, a time-intensive process subject to human error. We developed an algorithm that identifies inaccurate transition data based on the presence of interfering signal or inconsistent recovery among replicate samples. METHODS The algorithm objectively evaluates MRM-MS data with 2 orthogonal approaches. First, it compares the relative product ion intensities of the analyte peptide to those of the SIS peptide and uses a t-test to determine if they are significantly different. A CV is then calculated from the ratio of the analyte peak area to the SIS peak area from the sample replicates. RESULTS The algorithm identified problematic transitions and achieved accuracies of 94%-100%, with a sensitivity and specificity of 83%-100% for correct identification of errant transitions. The algorithm was robust when challenged with multiple types of interferences and problematic transitions. CONCLUSIONS This algorithm for automated detection of inaccurate and imprecise transitions (AuDIT) in MRM-MS data reduces the time required for manual and subjective inspection of data, improves the overall accuracy of data analysis, and is easily implemented into the standard data-analysis work flow. AuDIT currently works with results exported from MRM-MS data-processing software packages and may be implemented as an analysis tool within such software.
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Richards DP, Sojo LE, Keller BO. Quantitative analysis with modern bioanalytical mass spectrometry and stable isotope labeling. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Although there is a long history of stable isotopes use in drug metabolism research, it is appropriate to evaluate them in pregnancy drug studies in which safety takes highest priority. It is well established through a number of human and animal experiments that stable isotopes themselves rarely generate additional toxicities beyond the molecules to which they are attached. For the analysis of stable isotopes involved in metabolism studies, mass spectrometry plays the predominant role. Several mass spectrometry-based techniques now exist that enable the selective quantitative detection of stable isotopes with better sensitivity and better retention of chromatographic resolution than do in-line radioactivity monitors for 14C. Even mass balance studies can be performed by using stable isotopes, a type of experiment that still predominantly uses radioisotopes. Some of the newest developments in the use of stable isotopes involve biopolymers, in which fully isotope-labeled species can be generated from cells grown in isotopically labeled growth media. Having shown safety, sensitivity, specificity, and versatility, stable isotopes should play an important role in drug metabolism studies in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Abramson
- Department of Pharmacology, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Yeh KC, Stone JA, Carides AD, Rolan P, Woolf E, Ju WD. Simultaneous investigation of indinavir nonlinear pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in healthy volunteers using stable isotope labeling technique: study design and model-independent data analysis. J Pharm Sci 1999; 88:568-73. [PMID: 10229651 DOI: 10.1021/js9802392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Indinavir follows nonlinear pharmacokinetics upon oral administration at clinical doses. A study employing the stable isotope administration technique in a three-treatment design was conducted to identify the source of the nonlinearity and to determine the dose-dependency of systemic bioavailability. In treatment A, 400 mg of unlabeled indinavir (D0) was coadministered orally with 16 mg of a hexadeutero analogue of indinavir (D6) intravenously. In treatment B, 800 mg of D0 po was coadministered with 16 mg of D6 intravenously. In treatment C, 16 mg of iv D6 was infused concurrently with 16 mg iv of D0. Plasma concentrations of D0 and D6 were determined by an LC/MS/MS assay method. Concentrations of indinavir in plasma increased greater than dose-proportionally over the 400- to 800-mg dose range. No meaningful kinetic isotope effects were found in treatment C. Plasma concentrations of D6 were dependent on the coadministered D0-indinavir dose and were lowest in treatment C, higher in treatment A, and highest in treatment B. The bioavailability of indinavir was high (60-65%) and comparable between the 400- and 800-mg doses. There was a significant contribution of nonlinear kinetics in the systemic circulation to the observed disproportional increase in plasma concentrations following oral dosing. The high bioavailability at clinically relevant doses suggests a high degree of saturation of first-pass metabolism. These results further demonstrate that the concomitant administration technique in combination with the LC/MS/MS method can provide a realistic and reliable means of elucidating important pharmacokinetic properties of drug candidates during product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Yeh
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Biostatistics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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Elbast W, Besacier F, Deruaz D, Brazier JL. Gas chromatography-atomic emission detection for the measurement of isotopes. Application to bioequivalence studies. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 690:115-22. [PMID: 9106035 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to demonstrate the ability of gas chromatography-atomic emission detection (GC-AED) to quantitatively measure amounts of labeled and unlabeled molecules when they are mixed together with both variable overall concentrations (labeled+unlabeled) and variable isotope ratios. To perform this study, simulations of bioequivalence trials were carried out using 13C stable isotopically labeled molecules (SIL) coadministered with the unlabeled drug to act as biological internal standards. Various methodological approaches are shown and different methods of calculation developed for the quantitative determination of both SIL and unlabeled molecules. The pharmacokinetic parameters experimentally obtained are quite in accordance with the target values and GC-AED appears to be a valuable alternative to mass spectrometry for this kind of trial with concomitant use of labeled and unlabeled molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Elbast
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Analytiques et Cinétiques du Médicament (LEACM), Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Lyon, France
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Woolf EJ, Matuszewski BK. Simultaneous determination of unlabeled and deuterium-labeled indinavir in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86:193-8. [PMID: 9040094 DOI: 10.1021/js960288j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of indinavir and its hexadeuterated analog (d6-indinavir) in human plasma is described. Isolation of the analytes and internal standard from plasma was achieved via liquid-liquid extraction with methyl-t-butyl ether. The analytes were chromatographed under reversed-phase conditions on a BDS-Hypersil C8 column. A Sciex API III+ tandem mass spectrometer equipped with a turbo ion-spray interface was used as the detector. Multiple reaction monitoring using the parent-->product ion combinations of m/z 614-->465, 620-->471 and 654-->505 were used to quantify indinavir, d6-indinavir, and internal standard, respectively. The method was validated, using 1-mL aliquots of plasma, in the concentration range in plasma of 1 to 200 ng/mL. Precision of the assay, as measured by the coefficient of variation, ranged from 0.9 to 4.3% and 0.9 to 6.2% for indinavir and d6-indinavir, respectively. Indinavir assay accuracy ranged from 95.8 to 105.0% of nominal, whereas the accuracy of the assay for d6-indinavir ranged from 97.4 to 104.0% of nominal. The assay was used to support a clinical study in which the stable isotope technique was used to determine the bioavailability of indinavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Woolf
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Drug Metabolism, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Chapter 13 Absorption and bioequivalence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-7208(97)80160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Chapter 1 Stable isotopes: Origins and safety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-7208(97)80148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Genty E, Brazier JL, Lesca P, Riviere JL. Absence of an isotope effect in induction of cytochrome P-450 and xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities by stable isotope-labelled phenobarbital isotopomers. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:3885-7. [PMID: 2597175 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Genty
- Laboratorie d'Etudes Analytiques et Cinétiques du Médicament Faculté de Pharmacie, Lyon, France
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