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Gorter de Vries AR, Pronk JT, Daran JMG. Lager-brewing yeasts in the era of modern genetics. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 19:5573808. [PMID: 31553794 PMCID: PMC6790113 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus is responsible for the annual worldwide production of almost 200 billion liters of lager-type beer. S. pastorianus is a hybrid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces eubayanus that has been studied for well over a century. Scientific interest in S. pastorianus intensified upon the discovery, in 2011, of its S. eubayanus ancestor. Moreover, advances in whole-genome sequencing and genome editing now enable deeper exploration of the complex hybrid and aneuploid genome architectures of S. pastorianus strains. These developments not only provide novel insights into the emergence and domestication of S. pastorianus but also generate new opportunities for its industrial application. This review paper combines historical, technical and socioeconomic perspectives to analyze the evolutionary origin and genetics of S. pastorianus. In addition, it provides an overview of available methods for industrial strain improvement and an outlook on future industrial application of lager-brewing yeasts. Particular attention is given to the ongoing debate on whether current S. pastorianus originates from a single or multiple hybridization events and to the potential role of genome editing in developing industrial brewing yeast strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R Gorter de Vries
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc G Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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Sakai K, Fukui S, Yabuuchi S, Aoyagi S, Tsumura Y. Expression of theSaccharomyces Diastaticus STA1Gene in Brewing Yeasts. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-47-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Sakai
- Central Research Laboratories, Asahi Breweries Ltd., Ohmore-kita 2-13-1, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143, Japan
| | | | - S. Yabuuchi
- Central Research Laboratories, Asahi Breweries Ltd., Ohmore-kita 2-13-1, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143, Japan
| | - S. Aoyagi
- Central Research Laboratories, Asahi Breweries Ltd., Ohmore-kita 2-13-1, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143, Japan
| | - Y. Tsumura
- Central Research Laboratories, Asahi Breweries Ltd., Ohmore-kita 2-13-1, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143, Japan
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Hammond JRM. Microscopes, Microbes, and Manipulation: 35 Years in Brewing. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2016-3010-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ogata T, Iwashita Y, Kawada T. Construction of a brewing yeast expressing the glucoamylase geneSTA1by mating. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Ogata
- Department of Biotechnology; Maebashi Institute of Technology; 460-1 Kamisadori Maebashi Gunma 371-0816 Japan
| | - Yuko Iwashita
- Department of Biotechnology; Maebashi Institute of Technology; 460-1 Kamisadori Maebashi Gunma 371-0816 Japan
| | - Takayo Kawada
- Department of Biotechnology; Maebashi Institute of Technology; 460-1 Kamisadori Maebashi Gunma 371-0816 Japan
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Petruzzi L, Rosaria Corbo M, Sinigaglia M, Bevilacqua A. Brewer’s yeast in controlled and uncontrolled fermentations, with a focus on novel, nonconventional, and superior strains. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1075211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Steensels J, Snoek T, Meersman E, Nicolino MP, Voordeckers K, Verstrepen KJ. Improving industrial yeast strains: exploiting natural and artificial diversity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:947-95. [PMID: 24724938 PMCID: PMC4293462 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts have been used for thousands of years to make fermented foods and beverages, such as beer, wine, sake, and bread. However, the choice for a particular yeast strain or species for a specific industrial application is often based on historical, rather than scientific grounds. Moreover, new biotechnological yeast applications, such as the production of second-generation biofuels, confront yeast with environments and challenges that differ from those encountered in traditional food fermentations. Together, this implies that there are interesting opportunities to isolate or generate yeast variants that perform better than the currently used strains. Here, we discuss the different strategies of strain selection and improvement available for both conventional and nonconventional yeasts. Exploiting the existing natural diversity and using techniques such as mutagenesis, protoplast fusion, breeding, genome shuffling and directed evolution to generate artificial diversity, or the use of genetic modification strategies to alter traits in a more targeted way, have led to the selection of superior industrial yeasts. Furthermore, recent technological advances allowed the development of high-throughput techniques, such as 'global transcription machinery engineering' (gTME), to induce genetic variation, providing a new source of yeast genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Steensels
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIBLeuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Snoek
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIBLeuven, Belgium
| | - Esther Meersman
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIBLeuven, Belgium
| | - Martina Picca Nicolino
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIBLeuven, Belgium
| | - Karin Voordeckers
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIBLeuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin J Verstrepen
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIBLeuven, Belgium
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Muller R. THE EFFECTS OF MASHING TEMPERATURE AND MASH THICKNESS ON WORT CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1991.tb01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lyness CA, Meaden PG. EXPRESSION OF THESTA2GLUCOAMYLASE GENE OFSACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAEIN BREWERS' YEAST. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1997.tb00935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Vakeria D, Box W, Bird L, Mellor J. CHARACTERISATION OF AMYLOLYTIC BREWING YEAST. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1996.tb00891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Saerens SMG, Duong CT, Nevoigt E. Genetic improvement of brewer’s yeast: current state, perspectives and limits. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1195-212. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Donalies UEB, Nguyen HTT, Stahl U, Nevoigt E. Improvement of Saccharomyces yeast strains used in brewing, wine making and baking. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 111:67-98. [PMID: 18463806 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Yeast was the first microorganism domesticated by mankind. Indeed, the production of bread and alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine dates from antiquity, even though the fact that the origin of alcoholic fermentation is a microorganism was not known until the nineteenth century. The use of starter cultures in yeast industries became a common practice after methods for the isolation of pure yeast strains were developed. Moreover, effort has been undertaken to improve these strains, first by classical genetic methods and later by genetic engineering. In general, yeast strain development has aimed at improving the velocity and efficiency of the respective production process and the quality of the final products. This review highlights the achievements in genetic engineering of Saccharomyces yeast strains applied in food and beverage industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute E B Donalies
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Berlin University of Technology, Seestr. 13, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Brewer’s yeast: genetic structure and targets for improvement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-37003-x_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Akada R. Genetically modified industrial yeast ready for application. J Biosci Bioeng 2002; 94:536-44. [PMID: 16233347 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(02)80192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2002] [Accepted: 08/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous progress in the genetic engineering of yeast had been achieved at the end of 20th century, including the complete genome sequence, genome-wide gene expression profiling, and whole gene disruption strains. Nevertheless, genetically modified (GM) baking, brewing, wine, and sake yeasts have not, as yet, been used commercially, although numerous industrial recombinant yeasts have been constructed. The recent progress of genetic engineering for the construction of GM yeast is reviewed and possible requirements for their application are discussed. 'Self-cloning' yeast will be the most likely candidate for the first commercial application of GM microorganisms in food and beverage industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinji Akada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai, Ube 755-8611, Japan.
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Abstract
Academic studies and traditional breeding of yeasts depend upon their sporulation lifestyle. The strains used have been specially selected to sporulate readily and to mate producing new yeast types. Unfortunately brewing yeast strains do not behave in this way. They sporulate poorly, any spores which are formed are usually non-viable and any haploid strains produced are invariably non-maters. Only in recent years, with the development of recombinant-DNA techniques, has the specific breeding of new brewing yeast strains become widespread. Strains have been produced with the ability to ferment a wider range of carbohydrates, with altered flocculation properties and which produce beers with modified flavours. Many have been tested on the pilot scale and one, an amylolytic brewing yeast, has received approval for commercial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Hammond
- BRF International, Lyttel Hall, Nutfield, Redhill, Surrey, UK.
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Hosford EA, Sone H, Tanaka J. Enhanced stability of YEp plasmids in lager brewing yeasts is related to lager brewing yeast 2-microns DNA. Curr Genet 1992; 22:357-61. [PMID: 1423723 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
YEp plasmid stability in the presence of either Saccharomyces cerevisiae laboratory strain 2-microns DNA, or lager brewing yeast 2-microns DNA in the same genetic background, was compared under non-selective culture conditions. It was found that YEp plasmids were more stably maintained in the presence of lager 2-microns DNA under these conditions. By construction of laboratory-lager 2-microns DNA hybrid plasmids, an 867 bp StuI fragment of lager 2-microns DNA was shown to be responsible for the enhanced stability of the YEp plasmid. Nucleotide substitutions at two sites were found by sequencing this region. It was also confirmed that increasing cell ploidy enhanced YEp stability under non-selective conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Hosford
- Central Laboratories for Key Technology, Kirin Brewery Co. Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
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Kinsella BT, Larkin A, Bolton M, Cantwell BA. Molecular cloning and characterization of a Candida tsukubaensis alpha-glucosidase gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Genet 1991; 20:45-52. [PMID: 1934116 DOI: 10.1007/bf00312764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The molecular cloning of an alpha-glucosidase gene isolated from a Candida tsukubaensis (CBS 6389) genomic library in Saccharomyces cervisiae is reported. The cloned gene is contained within a 6.2 kb Sau3A DNA fragment and directs the synthesis and secretion of an amylolytic enzyme into the extracellular medium of the recombinant host, S. cerevisiae. The cloned enzyme was found to have an unusually broad substrate specificity and is capable of hydrolysing alpha-1,2, alpha-1,3, alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 linked, as well as aryl and alkyl, D-glucosides. On the basis of its substrate specificity profile, the cloned enzyme was classified as an alpha-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.20). It has a pH optimum in the range 4.2-4.6, a temperature optimum of 58 degrees C and is readily inactivated at pasteurization temperature (60 degrees C). Southern blot analysis failed to reveal any homology between the cloned gene and genomic DNA isolated from other well characterized amylolytic yeasts. A rapid plate-assay, based on the utilization of a chromogenic substrate X-alpha-D-glucoside to detect the expression of the cloned alpha-glucosidase in S. cerevisiae transformants, was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Kinsella
- Guinness Brewing Worldwide Research Centre, St. James's Gate, Dublin, Ireland
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Гинова- Стоянова Т, Коева С, Лахчев К, Гинова- Стоянова Т, Коева С, Лахчев К, Ginova - Stoyanova T, Koeva S, Lahtchev K. ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ ГИБРИДОВ ПИВНЫХ ДРОЖЖЕЙ С ГЛЮКОАМИЛАЗНОЙ АКТИВНОСТЬЮ. II. ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ БИОХИМИЧЕСКИХ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ПОЛУЧЕННЫХ ГИБРИДОВ. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.1991.10819376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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