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Mu Y, Zeng C, Qiu R, Yang J, Zhang H, Song J, Yuan J, Sun J, Kang S. Optimization of the Fermentation Conditions of Huaniu Apple Cider and Quantification of Volatile Compounds Using HS-SPME-GC/MS. Metabolites 2023; 13:998. [PMID: 37755278 PMCID: PMC10538033 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13090998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The fermentation process and composition of volatile compounds play a crucial role in the production of Huaniu apple cider. This study aimed to optimize the fermentation conditions of Huaniu apple cider and quantify its volatile compounds using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). The optimal fermentation parameters were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal fermentation temperature was 25.48 °C, initial soluble solids were 18.90 degrees Brix, inoculation amount was 8.23%, and initial pH was 3.93. The fermentation rate was determined to be 3.0, and the predicted value from the verification test was 3.014. This finding demonstrated the excellent predictability of a RSM-optimized fermentation test for Huaniu apple cider, indicating the reliability of the process conditions. Moreover, the analysis of volatile compounds in the optimized Huaniu cider identified 72 different ingredients, including 41 esters, 16 alcohols, 6 acids, and 9 other substances. Notably, the esters exhibited high levels of ethyl acetate, ethyl octanoate, and ethyl capricate. Similarly, the alcohols demonstrated higher levels of 3-methyl-1-butanol, phenethylethanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol, while the acids displayed increased concentrations of acetic acid, caproic acid, and caprylic acid. This study provides the essential technical parameters required for the preparation of Huaniu apple cider while also serving as a valuable reference for investigating its distinct flavor profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Mu
- Agricultural Product Storage and Processing Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Chaozhen Zeng
- Agricultural Product Storage and Processing Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ran Qiu
- China Resources Beer (Holdings) Company Limited, Beijing 100005, China;
| | - Jianbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Agricultural Product Storage and Processing Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Juan Song
- Agricultural Product Storage and Processing Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jing Yuan
- Agricultural Product Storage and Processing Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Sanjiang Kang
- Agricultural Product Storage and Processing Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.M.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.S.); (J.Y.)
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2
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Zhu N, Xia W, Wang G, Song Y, Gao X, Liang J, Wang Y. Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum for de novo production of 2-phenylethanol from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:75. [PMID: 37143059 PMCID: PMC10158149 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Phenylethanol is a specific aromatic alcohol with a rose-like smell, which has been widely used in the cosmetic and food industries. At present, 2-phenylethanol is mainly produced by chemical synthesis. The preference of consumers for "natural" products and the demand for environmental-friendly processes have promoted biotechnological processes for 2-phenylethanol production. Yet, high 2-phenylethanol cytotoxicity remains an issue during the bioproduction process. RESULTS Corynebacterium glutamicum with inherent tolerance to aromatic compounds was modified for the production of 2-phenylethanol from glucose and xylose. The sensitivity of C. glutamicum to 2-phenylethanol toxicity revealed that this host was more tolerant than Escherichia coli. Introduction of a heterologous Ehrlich pathway into the evolved phenylalanine-producing C. glutamicum CALE1 achieved 2-phenylethanol production, while combined expression of the aro10. Encoding 2-ketoisovalerate decarboxylase originating from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the yahK encoding alcohol dehydrogenase originating from E. coli was shown to be the most efficient. Furthermore, overexpression of key genes (aroGfbr, pheAfbr, aroA, ppsA and tkt) involved in the phenylpyruvate pathway increased 2-phenylethanol titer to 3.23 g/L with a yield of 0.05 g/g glucose. After introducing a xylose assimilation pathway from Xanthomonas campestris and a xylose transporter from E. coli, 3.55 g/L 2-phenylethanol was produced by the engineered strain CGPE15 with a yield of 0.06 g/g xylose, which was 10% higher than that with glucose. This engineered strain CGPE15 also accumulated 3.28 g/L 2-phenylethanol from stalk hydrolysate. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we established and validated an efficient C. glutamicum strain for the de novo production of 2-phenylethanol from corn stalk hydrolysate. This work supplied a promising route for commodity 2-phenylethanol bioproduction from nonfood lignocellulosic feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Taizhou College, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guanglu Wang
- Laboratory of Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhe Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jilei Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Holyavkin C, Turanlı-Yıldız B, Yılmaz Ü, Alkım C, Arslan M, Topaloğlu A, Kısakesen Hİ, de Billerbeck G, François JM, Çakar ZP. Genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolic characterization of 2-Phenylethanol-resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae obtained by evolutionary engineering. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1148065. [PMID: 37113225 PMCID: PMC10127108 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1148065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol is an aromatic compound commonly used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Due to increasing demand for natural products by consumers, the production of this flavor by microbial fermentation is gaining interest, as a sustainable alternative to chemical synthesis or expensive plant extraction, both processes relying on the use of fossil resources. However, the drawback of the fermentation process is the high toxicity of 2-phenylethanol to the producing microorganism. The aim of this study was to obtain a 2-phenylethanol-resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain by in vivo evolutionary engineering and characterize the adapted yeast at the genomic, transcriptomic and metabolic levels. For this purpose, the tolerance to 2-phenylethanol was developed by gradually increasing the concentration of this flavor compound through successive batch cultivations, leading to an adapted strain that could tolerate 3.4 g/L of 2-phenylethanol, which was about 3-times better than the reference strain. Genome sequencing of the adapted strain identified point mutations in several genes, notably in HOG1 that encodes the Mitogen-Activated Kinase of the high-osmolarity signaling pathway. As this mutation is localized in the phosphorylation lip of this protein, it likely resulted in a hyperactive protein kinase. Transcriptomic analysis of the adapted strain supported this suggestion by revealing a large set of upregulated stress-responsive genes that could be explained in great part by HOG1-dependent activation of the Msn2/Msn4 transcription factor. Another relevant mutation was found in PDE2 encoding the low affinity cAMP phosphodiesterase, the missense mutation of which may lead to hyperactivation of this enzyme and thereby enhance the stressful state of the 2-phenylethanol adapted strain. In addition, the mutation in CRH1 that encodes a chitin transglycosylase implicated in cell wall remodeling could account for the increased resistance of the adapted strain to the cell wall-degrading enzyme lyticase. Finally, the potent upregulation of ALD3 and ALD4 encoding NAD+ -dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase together with the observed phenylacetate resistance of the evolved strain suggest a resistance mechanism involving conversion of 2-phenylethanol into phenylacetaldehyde and phenylacetate implicating these dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Holyavkin
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science & Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Dr. Orhan Öcalgiray Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Genetics Research Center (ITU-MOBGAM), Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Turanlı-Yıldız
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science & Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Dr. Orhan Öcalgiray Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Genetics Research Center (ITU-MOBGAM), Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ülkü Yılmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science & Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Dr. Orhan Öcalgiray Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Genetics Research Center (ITU-MOBGAM), Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceren Alkım
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science & Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Dr. Orhan Öcalgiray Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Genetics Research Center (ITU-MOBGAM), Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mevlüt Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science & Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Dr. Orhan Öcalgiray Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Genetics Research Center (ITU-MOBGAM), Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alican Topaloğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science & Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Dr. Orhan Öcalgiray Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Genetics Research Center (ITU-MOBGAM), Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Halil İbrahim Kısakesen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science & Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Dr. Orhan Öcalgiray Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Genetics Research Center (ITU-MOBGAM), Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Jean Marie François
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), CNRS, INRA, INSA, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Jean Marie François,
| | - Z. Petek Çakar
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science & Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Dr. Orhan Öcalgiray Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Genetics Research Center (ITU-MOBGAM), Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Z. Petek Çakar,
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4
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Development of a Continuous System for 2-Phenylethanol Bioproduction by Yeast on Whey Permeate-Based Medium. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237388. [PMID: 34885969 PMCID: PMC8658864 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an alcohol with a rosy scent and antimicrobial activity, and therefore, it is widely used in the food and cosmetic industries as an aroma and preservative. This work was aimed to draw up a technology for 2-PE bioproduction on whey permeate, which is waste produced by the dairy industry, rich in lactase and proteins. Its composition makes it a harmful waste to dispose of; however, with a properly selected microorganism, it could be converted to a value-added product. Herein, two yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus strains and one Kluyveromyces lactis, isolated from dairy products, were tested for 2-PE production, firstly on standard media and then on whey permeate based media in batch cultures. Thereafter, the 2-PE bioproduction in a continuous system in a 4.8 L bioreactor was developed, and subsequently, the final product was recovered from culture broth. The results showed that the yield of 2-PE production increased by 60% in the continuous culture compared to batch culture. Together with a notable reduction of chemical oxygen demand for whey permeate, the present study reports a complete, effective, and environmentally friendly strategy for 2-PE bioproduction with a space-time yield of 57.5 mg L-1 h-1.
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Volatile Organic Compound-Mediated Antifungal Activity of Pichia spp. and Its Effect on the Metabolic Profiles of Fermentation Communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02992-20. [PMID: 33608301 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02992-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals responsible for antagonistic activity between microorganisms. The impact of VOCs on microbial community succession of fermentation is not well understood. In this study, Pichia spp. were evaluated for VOC production as a part of antifungal activity during baijiu fermentation. The results showed that the abundance of Pichia in the defect group (agglomerated fermented grains) was lower than that in control group, and a negative interaction between Pichia and Monascus was determined (P < 0.05). In addition, the disruption of fungi was significantly related to the differences of metabolic profiles in fermented grains. To determine production of VOCs from Pichia and its effect on Monascus purpureus, a double-dish system was assessed, and the incidence of M. purpureus reduction was 39.22% after 7 days. As to antifungal volatile compounds, 2-phenylethanol was identified to have an antifungal effect on M. purpureus through contact and noncontact. To further confirm the antifungal activity of 2-phenylethanol, scanning electron microscopy showed that 2-phenylethanol widely and significantly inhibited conidium germination and mycelial growth of filamentous fungi. Metatranscriptomic analysis revealed that the Ehrlich pathway is the metabolic path of 2-phenylethanol in Pichia and identified potential antifungal mechanisms, including protein synthesis and DNA damage. This study demonstrated the role of volatile compound-mediated microbial interaction in microbiome assembly and discovered a plausible scenario in which Pichia antagonized fungal blooms. The results may improve the niche establishment and growth of the functional yeast that enhances the flavor of baijiu.IMPORTANCE Fermentation of food occurs within communities of interacting species. The importance of microbial interactions in shaping microbial structure and metabolic performance to optimize the traditional fermentation process has long been emphasized, but the interaction mechanisms remain unclear. This study applied metabolome analysis and amplicon sequencing along with metatranscriptomic analysis to examine the volatile organic compound-mediated antifungal activity of Pichia and its effect on the metabolism of ethanol during baijiu fermentation, potentially enhancing the establishment of the fermentation niche and improving ethanol metabolism.
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6
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Balbino TR, da Silveira FA, Ventorim RZ, do Nascimento AG, de Oliveira LL, da Silveira WB. Adaptive responses of Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7735 to 2-phenylethanol stress: Alterations in membrane fatty-acid composition, ergosterol content, exopolysaccharide production and reduction in reactive oxygen species. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 151:103561. [PMID: 33819626 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is a higher aromatic alcohol with a rose-like aroma used in the cosmetic and food industries as a flavoring and displays potential for application as an antifungal. Biotechnological production of 2-PE from yeast is an interesting alternative due to the non-use of toxic compounds and the generation of few by-products. Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7735 is a thermotolerant strain capable of producing high 2-PE titers from L-Phenylalanine; however, like other yeast species, its growth has been strongly inhibited by this alcohol. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the effect of 2-PE on cell growth, cell viability, membrane permeability, glucose uptake, metabolism, and morphology in K. marxianus CCT 7735, as well as its adaptive responses. The stress condition was imposed after 4 h of cultivation by adding 3.0 g.L-1 of 2-PE in exponential growing cells. 2-PE stress impaired yeast growth, glucose uptake, fermentative metabolism, membrane permeability, and cell viability. Moreover, the stress condition provoked changes in both morphology and surface roughness. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased immediately on exposure to 2-PE. Changes in membrane fatty-acid composition, ergosterol content, exopolysaccharides production, and reduction of the ROS levels appear to be the result of adaptive responses in K. marxianus. Our results provided insights into a better understanding of the effects of 2-PE on K. marxianus and its adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thércia Rocha Balbino
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto da Silveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Zandonade Ventorim
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Galvão do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro Licursi de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Wendel Batista da Silveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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7
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Lu X, Zong H, Zhuge B. Genetic engineering of an industrial yeast Candida glycerinogenes for efficient production of 2-phenylethanol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10481-10491. [PMID: 33180170 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cell factories offer an economic approach for synthesizing "natural'" aromatic flavor compounds. During their fermentation process, the inefficient synthesis pathway and product cytotoxicity are the major barriers to the high-level production. This study combined metabolic engineering and tolerance engineering strategies to maximize the valuable rose-smell 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) production in Candida glycerinogenes, a GRAS diploid industrial yeast. Firstly, 2-PE metabolic networks involved in Ehrlich pathway were stepwise rewired using metabolic engineering, including the following: (1) overexpressing L-phenylalanine permease Aap9 enhanced precursor uptake; (2) overexpressing enzymes (aminotransferase Aro9 and decarboxylase Aro10) of Ehrlich pathway increased catalytic efficiency; and (3) disrupting the formation of by-product phenylacetate catalyzed by Ald2 and Ald3 maximized the metabolic flux toward 2-PE. Then, tolerance engineering was applied by overexpression of a stress-inducible gene SLC1 in the metabolically engineered strain to further enhance 2-PE production. Combining these two approaches finally resulted in 5.0 g/L 2-PE in shake flasks, with productivity reaching 0.21 g/L/h, which were increased by 38.9% and 177% compared with those of the non-engineered strain, respectively. The 2-PE yield of this engineered strain was 0.71 g/g L-phenylalanine, corresponding to 95.9% of theoretical yield. This study provides a reference to efficiently engineering of microbial cell factories for other valuable aromatic compounds. KEY POINTS: • Metabolic engineering improved 2-PE biosynthesis. • Tolerance engineering alleviated product inhibition, contributing to 2-PE production. • The best strain produced 5.0 g/L 2-PE with 0.959 mol/mol yield and high productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhongyuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xinyao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China. .,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Hong Zong
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Zhuge
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China. .,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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8
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Yan W, Zhang X, Qian X, Zhou J, Dong W, Ma J, Zhang W, Xin F, Jiang M. Comprehensive investigations of 2-phenylethanol production by high 2-phenylethanol tolerating Meyerozyma sp. strain YLG18. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 140:109629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Lu X, Zong H, Zhuge B. Transcription factor Hap5 induces gsh2 expression to enhance 2-phenylethanol tolerance and production in an industrial yeast Candida glycerinogenes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4093-4107. [PMID: 32162090 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an important flavor compound but also impairs cell growth severely, which in turn blocks its bioproduction. However, the molecular mechanism of 2-PE tolerance is unclear. In this study, a superb 2-PE stress-tolerant and producing yeast, Candida glycerinogenes, was selected to uncover the underlying mechanism of 2-PE tolerance. We discovered that Hap5 is an essential regulator to 2-PE resistance, and its induction by 2-PE stress occurs at the post-transcriptional level, rather than at the transcriptional level. Under 2-PE stress, Hap5 is activated and imported into the nucleus rapidly. Then, the nuclear Hap5 binds to the glutathione synthetase (gsh2) promoter via CCAAT box, to induce the expression of gsh2 gene. The increased gsh2 expression contributes to enhanced cellular glutathione content, and consequently alleviates ROS accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and cell membrane damage caused by 2-PE toxicity. Specifically, increasing the expression of gsh2 is effective in improving not just 2-PE tolerance (33.7% higher biomass under 29 mM 2-PE), but also 2-PE production (16.2% higher). This study extends our knowledge of 2-PE tolerance mechanism and also provides a promising strategy to improve 2-PE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhongyuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xinyao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China. .,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Hong Zong
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Zhuge
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China. .,Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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10
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Connecting central carbon and aromatic amino acid metabolisms to improve de novo 2-phenylethanol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2019; 56:165-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Wu PH, Ho YL, Ho TS, Chang CH, Ye JC, Wang CH, Sung HM, Huang HJ, Liu CC. Microbial volatile compounds-induced cytotoxicity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: The role of MAPK signaling and proteasome regulatory pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:786-795. [PMID: 31340409 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial volatile organic compounds (mVCs) are formed in the metabolism of microorganisms and widely distributed in nature and pose threats to human health. However, the air pollution by microorganisms is a situation which is poorly understood. In this study, the cytotoxicity of E. aerogenes VCs was evaluated in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. E. aerogenes VCs inhibited the survival of yeast and triggered the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). The hypersensitive of MAP kinase mpk1/slt2 and 19S regulatory assembly chaperone adc17 mutants to the E. aerogenes VCs indicated cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway together with stress-inducible proteasome assembly regulation are essentially involved in mVCs tolerance mechanism. Furthermore, exposure to the mVCs resulted in the transcriptional upregulation of the CWI pathway, the regulatory particle assembly chaperones, and genes involved in proteasome regulations. Our research suggested that the ROS/MAPK signaling and proteasome regulatory pathway play pivotal roles in the integration and fine-tuning of the mVCs stress response. This study provides a molecular framework for future study of the effects of mVCs on more complex organisms, such as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Lin Ho
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shiann Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Je-Chiuan Ye
- Bachelor's Degree Program for Indigenous Peoples in Senior Health and Care Management, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan; Master Program in Biomedical Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Mo Sung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Chuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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12
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Lukito BR, Wu S, Saw HJJ, Li Z. One-Pot Production of Natural 2-Phenylethanol fromL-Phenylalanine via Cascade Biotransformations. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Ryan Lukito
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Shuke Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Heng Jie Jonathan Saw
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
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13
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Martínez-Avila O, Sánchez A, Font X, Barrena R. Bioprocesses for 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethyl acetate production: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9991-10004. [PMID: 30293195 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) and 2-phenethyl acetate (2-PEA) are valuable generally recognized as safe flavoring agents widely used in industry. Perfumes, pharmaceuticals, polishes, and personal care products, are some of the final products using these compounds as additives due to their rose-like odor. Also, 2-PE is used in disinfectants, pest control, and cleaning products due to its biocide capability. Although most of these additives production are derived from chemical synthesis, the current trend of consumers to prefer natural products has contributed to the development of biotechnological approaches as an alternative way to obtain natural 2-PE and 2-PEA. The most efficient route to bioproduce these compounds is through the bioconversion of L-phenylalanine via the Ehrlich pathway, and most of the advances have been focused on the development of this process. This review compiles the most recent developments in the biotechnological production of 2-PE and 2-PEA, indicating the most studied strains producing 2-PE and 2-PEA, the current advances in the in situ product recovery in liquid systems, an overview of the strain developments, and the progress in the use of residue-based systems. Future research should address the need for more sustainable and economic systems such as those using wastes as raw materials, as well as the scale-up of the proposed technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Martínez-Avila
- Composting Research group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Sánchez
- Composting Research group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Font
- Composting Research group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Raquel Barrena
- Composting Research group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Improving flavor metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by mixed culture with Wickerhamomyces anomalus for Chinese Baijiu making. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:189-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Lyu X, Ng KR, Mark R, Lee JL, Chen WN. Comparative metabolic profiling of engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae with enhanced flavonoids production. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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16
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Cordero-Soto I, Rutiaga-Quiñones O, Huerta-Ochoa S, Saucedo-Rivalcoba V, Gallegos-Infante A. On the Understanding of the Adsorption of 2-Phenylethanol on Polyurethane-Keratin based Membranes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2017-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polymers and specifically hybrid polymeric membranes have been identified as effective formulations in adsorption processes. Nevertheless, the adsorption mechanisms associated with their thermodynamics and kinetics are not fully understood, particularly when these polymeric membranes are used to adsorb 2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) to intensify its production in a specific bioconversion process. This work was aimed at giving phenomenological insights on the adsorption of 2-PE on a set of novel porous hybrid membranes based on polyurethane and keratin biofiber obtained from chicken feathers. Feathers, considered as a waste by-product of the poultry industry, represent an alternative source of keratin, a biopolymer that can be used to design low-cost materials from natural resources. Two types of hybrid membranes were prepared. i. e. composite and copolymer. Firstly, these materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) (before and after the adsorption process) and X-Ray (WAXD) analysis. Secondly, these materials, including the reference ones (keratin biofiber and polyurethane), were evaluated during the removal of 2-PE, relating their adsorption capabilities to physiochemical properties elucidated during the characterization. Particularly a composite with 0.1 g of chicken-feather-keratin (C1) presented the highest removal percentage (60.68%), a significant initial adsorption rate (0.2340 mgPE.h−1.gA
−1), the maximum adsorption capacity (12.13 mgPE.gA
−1) and the best stability and mechanical properties at studied operating conditions. In comparison with results reported in literature, in this composite carbonyl functional groups from polyurethane showed rather major affinity to 2-PE than amino groups from the keratin biofiber. To this end, parameters associated with its industrial application were obtained, namely thermodynamic and kinetic information was obtained from a proper design of experiments and phenomenological models based on adsorption macroscopic fundamentals.
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17
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Dalilla CR, Mauricio BF, Simone CB, Silvia B, Sergio FP. Antimicrobial activity of volatile organic compounds and their effect on lipid peroxidation and electrolyte loss in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum acutatum mycelia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2015.7425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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18
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Ando H, Kurata A, Kishimoto N. Antimicrobial properties and mechanism of volatile isoamyl acetate, a main flavour component of Japanese sake (Ginjo-shu). J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:873-80. [PMID: 25626919 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the main Ginjo-flavour components of sake, volatile isoamyl acetate and isoamyl alcohol. METHODS AND RESULTS Volatile isoamyl acetate and isoamyl alcohol both inhibited growth of the five yeast and 10 bacterial test strains. The minimum inhibitory dose and minimum bactericidal (fungicidal) dose of isoamyl acetate were higher than those of isoamyl alcohol. Escherichia coli and Acetobacter aceti were markedly sensitive to isoamyl acetate and isoamyl alcohol. In E. coli exposed to isoamyl acetate for 5 h, changes in expression were noted in proteins involved in sugar metabolism (MalE, MglB, TalB and PtsI), tricarboxylic acid cycle (AceA, Pfl and AcnB) and protein synthesis (EF-Tu, EF-G, and GlyS). Expression of acid and alcohol stress-response proteins was altered in E. coli exposed to isoamyl acetate. Esterase activity was detected in E. coli, suggesting that isoamyl acetate was hydrolyzed to acetic acid and isoamyl alcohol. Acetic acid and isoamyl alcohol damaged E. coli cell membranes and inactivated membrane proteins, impairing respiration. CONCLUSIONS Volatile isoamyl acetate and isoamyl alcohol were effective in inactivating various micro-organisms, and antimicrobial mechanism of volatile isoamyl acetate against E. coli was clarified based on proteome analysis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to examine the antimicrobial mechanism of volatile organic compound using proteome analysis combining two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis with peptide mass fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ando
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda City, Osaka, Japan
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19
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Etschmann MMW, Huth I, Walisko R, Schuster J, Krull R, Holtmann D, Wittmann C, Schrader J. Improving 2-phenylethanol and 6-pentyl-α-pyrone production with fungi by microparticle-enhanced cultivation (MPEC). Yeast 2014; 32:145-57. [PMID: 24910400 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma atroviride IMI 206040 synthesizes the coconut lactone 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PAP) de novo and Aspergillus niger DSM 821 produces the rose-like flavour compound 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) from the precursor l-phenylalanine. Here, microparticles of different chemical composition and nominal particle diameter in the range 5-250 µm were added to shake-flask cultures of both fungi to investigate the particles' effect on product formation. Maximum 2-PE concentration increased by a factor of 1.3 to 1430 mg/l with the addition of 2% w/v talc (40 µm diameter). Maximum 6-PAP concentration increased by a factor of 2 to 40 mg/l with the addition of 2% w/v iron (II, III) oxide. The influence of ions leaching out of the particles was investigated by cultivating the fungi in leached particle medium. For the first time, the positive effect of the microparticle-enhanced cultivation (MPEC) technique on the microbial production of volatile metabolites, here flavour compounds from submerged fungal cultures, is demonstrated. The effect is strain- and particle-specific.
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20
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Cray JA, Bell ANW, Bhaganna P, Mswaka AY, Timson DJ, Hallsworth JE. The biology of habitat dominance; can microbes behave as weeds? Microb Biotechnol 2013; 6:453-92. [PMID: 23336673 PMCID: PMC3918151 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Competition between microbial species is a product of, yet can lead to a reduction in, the microbial diversity of specific habitats. Microbial habitats can resemble ecological battlefields where microbial cells struggle to dominate and/or annihilate each other and we explore the hypothesis that (like plant weeds) some microbes are genetically hard-wired to behave in a vigorous and ecologically aggressive manner. These 'microbial weeds' are able to dominate the communities that develop in fertile but uncolonized--or at least partially vacant--habitats via traits enabling them to out-grow competitors; robust tolerances to habitat-relevant stress parameters and highly efficient energy-generation systems; avoidance of or resistance to viral infection, predation and grazers; potent antimicrobial systems; and exceptional abilities to sequester and store resources. In addition, those associated with nutritionally complex habitats are extraordinarily versatile in their utilization of diverse substrates. Weed species typically deploy multiple types of antimicrobial including toxins; volatile organic compounds that act as either hydrophobic or highly chaotropic stressors; biosurfactants; organic acids; and moderately chaotropic solutes that are produced in bulk quantities (e.g. acetone, ethanol). Whereas ability to dominate communities is habitat-specific we suggest that some microbial species are archetypal weeds including generalists such as: Pichia anomala, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas putida; specialists such as Dunaliella salina, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus spp. and other lactic acid bacteria; freshwater autotrophs Gonyostomum semen and Microcystis aeruginosa; obligate anaerobes such as Clostridium acetobutylicum; facultative pathogens such as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Pantoea ananatis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and other extremotolerant and extremophilic microbes such as Aspergillus spp., Salinibacter ruber and Haloquadratum walsbyi. Some microbes, such as Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Pseudoxylaria spp., exhibit characteristics of both weed and non-weed species. We propose that the concept of nonweeds represents a 'dustbin' group that includes species such as Synodropsis spp., Polypaecilum pisce, Metschnikowia orientalis, Salmonella spp., and Caulobacter crescentus. We show that microbial weeds are conceptually distinct from plant weeds, microbial copiotrophs, r-strategists, and other ecophysiological groups of microorganism. Microbial weed species are unlikely to emerge from stationary-phase or other types of closed communities; it is open habitats that select for weed phenotypes. Specific characteristics that are common to diverse types of open habitat are identified, and implications of weed biology and open-habitat ecology are discussed in the context of further studies needed in the fields of environmental and applied microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Cray
- School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University BelfastBelfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Andrew N W Bell
- School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University BelfastBelfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Prashanth Bhaganna
- School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University BelfastBelfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Allen Y Mswaka
- School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University BelfastBelfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - David J Timson
- School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University BelfastBelfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - John E Hallsworth
- School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University BelfastBelfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
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21
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Zhang H, Fauré R, François JM, Blanc PJ, de Billerbeck GM. Xylosylation as an effective means for reducing yeast growth inhibition by 2-phenylethanol. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 53:792-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Zhang
- UniversitédeToulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP; Toulouse France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés; Toulouse France
- CNRS, UMR5504; Toulouse France
| | - Régis Fauré
- UniversitédeToulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP; Toulouse France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés; Toulouse France
- CNRS, UMR5504; Toulouse France
| | - Jean M. François
- UniversitédeToulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP; Toulouse France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés; Toulouse France
- CNRS, UMR5504; Toulouse France
| | - Philippe J. Blanc
- UniversitédeToulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP; Toulouse France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés; Toulouse France
- CNRS, UMR5504; Toulouse France
| | - Gustavo M. de Billerbeck
- UniversitédeToulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP; Toulouse France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés; Toulouse France
- CNRS, UMR5504; Toulouse France
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22
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Willetts JC, Seward R, Dinsdale MG, Suller MTE, Hill B, Lloyd D. VITALITY OF CIDER YEAST GROWN MICRO-AEROBICALLY WITH ADDED ETHANOL, BUTAN-J-OL ORISO-BUTANOL. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1997.tb00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Pratt PL, Bryce JH, Stewart GG. The Effects of Osmotic Pressure and Ethanol on Yeast Viability and Morphology. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2003.tb00162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Wenke K, Wanke D, Kilian J, Berendzen K, Harter K, Piechulla B. Volatiles of two growth-inhibiting rhizobacteria commonly engage AtWRKY18 function. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:445-59. [PMID: 22188129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Interactions with the (a)biotic environment play key roles in a plant's fitness and vitality. In addition to direct surface-to-surface contact, volatile chemicals can also affect the physiology of organism. Volatiles of Serratia plymuthica and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia significantly inhibited growth and induced H(2) O(2) production in Arabidopsis in dual culture. Within 1 day, transcriptional changes were observed by promoter-GUS assays using a stress-inducible W-box-containing 4xGST1 construct. Expression studies performed at 6, 12 and 24 h revealed altered transcript levels for 889 genes and 655 genes in response to Se. plymuthica or St. maltophilia volatiles, respectively. Expression of 162 genes was altered in both treatments. Meta-analysis revealed that specifically volatile-responsive genes were significantly overlapping with those affected by abiotic stress. We use the term mVAMP (microbial volatile-associated molecular pattern) to describe these volatile-specific responses. Genes responsive to both treatments were enriched for W-box motifs in their promoters, and were significantly enriched for transcription factors (ERF2, ZAT10, MYB73 and WRKY18). The susceptibility of wrky18 mutant lines to volatiles was significantly delayed, suggesting an indispensable role for WRKY18 in bacterial volatile responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Wenke
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, University of Rostock, Albert Einstein Straße 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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25
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Enhanced Biotransformation of 2-Phenylethanol with Ethanol Oxidation in a Solid–Liquid Two-Phase System by Active Dry Yeast. Curr Microbiol 2011; 63:503-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-0008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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26
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Achmon Y, Goldshtein J, Margel S, Fishman A. Hydrophobic microspheres forin situremoval of 2-phenylethanol from yeast fermentation. J Microencapsul 2011; 28:628-38. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.599443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yigal Achmon
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Jenny Goldshtein
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Shlomo Margel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Ayelet Fishman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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27
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Wang H, Dong Q, Guan A, Meng C, Shi X, Guo Y. Synergistic inhibition effect of 2-phenylethanol and ethanol on bioproduction of natural 2-phenylethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and process enhancement. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 112:26-31. [PMID: 21459666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural 2-phenylethanol (PEA) could be produced on a large scale by way of bioconversion with yeast from l-phenylalanine. In this work the synergistic inhibition effect of the target product PEA and the byproduct ethanol on the bioconversion rate by Saccharomyces cerevisiae R-UV3 was systematically studied and a new kinetic model with an item representing the synergistic effect was proposed. Optimization strategies to repress the inhibition effect of PEA and ethanol were carried out in the mode of fed-batch culture with ISPR. The glucose concentration was regulated at the level of 0.2±0.1g/L by controlling a suitable respiratory quotient on line, which could limit the accumulation of the ethanol lower than 10g/L. In the presence of resin FD0816 with a weight of 10% of the medium, PEA was removed from the broth and the overall PEA concentration and the space-time yield reached 13.7g/L and 0.39g L(-1) h(-1) respectively. The semi-continuous process with ISPR was performed, in which the replacement of the resin was operated repeatedly when the aqueous PEA was over 2.7g/L and bioconversion continued until the bioactivity of the yeast cells declined, consequently achieving a final overall PEA concentration of 32.5g/L and a space-time yield of 0.45g L(-1) h(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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28
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Hua D, Lin S, Li Y, Chen H, Zhang Z, Du Y, Zhang X, Xu P. Enhanced 2-phenylethanol production from L-phenylalanine viain situproduct adsorption. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2010.500724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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29
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Fialho MB, Toffano L, Pedroso MP, Augusto F, Pascholati SF. Volatile organic compounds produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae inhibit the in vitro development of Guignardia citricarpa, the causal agent of citrus black spot. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Mei J, Min H, Lü Z. Enhanced biotransformation of l-phenylalanine to 2-phenylethanol using an in situ product adsorption technique. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Eshkol N, Sendovski M, Bahalul M, Katz-Ezov T, Kashi Y, Fishman A. Production of 2-phenylethanol from L-phenylalanine by a stress tolerantSaccharomyces cerevisiaestrain. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:534-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Production of the aroma chemicals 3-(methylthio)-1-propanol and 3-(methylthio)-propylacetate with yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:579-87. [PMID: 18597084 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts can convert amino acids to flavor alcohols following the Ehrlich pathway, a reaction sequence comprising transamination, decarboxylation, and reduction. The alcohols can be further derivatized to the acetate esters by alcohol acetyl transferase. Using L: -methionine as sole nitrogen source and at high concentration, 3-(methylthio)-1-propanol (methionol) and 3-(methylthio)-propylacetate (3-MTPA) were produced with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methionol and 3-MTPA acted growth inhibiting at concentrations of >5 and >2 g L(-1), respectively. With the wild type strain S. cerevisiae CEN.PK113-7D, 3.5 g L(-1) methionol and trace amounts of 3-MTPA were achieved in a bioreactor. Overexpression of the alcohol acetyl transferase gene ATF1 under the control of a TDH3 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) promoter together with an optimization of the glucose feeding regime led to product concentrations of 2.2 g L(-1) 3-MTPA plus 2.5 g L(-1) methionol. These are the highest concentrations reported up to now for the biocatalytic synthesis of these flavor compounds which are applied in the production of savory aroma compositions such as meat, potato, and cheese flavorings.
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Etschmann MMW, Schrader J. An aqueous–organic two-phase bioprocess for efficient production of the natural aroma chemicals 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethylacetate with yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 71:440-3. [PMID: 16397768 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The natural aroma chemicals 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) and 2-phenylethylacetate (2-PEAc) are of high industrial relevance and can be produced from L-phenylalanine in a yeast-based process with growth-associated product formation. Due to product inhibition, in situ product removal is mandatory to obtain economically interesting concentrations. A fed-batch approach using polypropylene glycol 1200 as in situ extractant and the precursor in a saturated concentration led to the highest 2-PE productivity reported for a bioprocess so far. With Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS 600, 26.5 g/l 2-PE and 6.1 g/l 2-PEAc in the organic phase were obtained, corresponding to space-time yields of 0.33 and 0.08 g/l h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M W Etschmann
- Dechema e.V, Karl-Winnacker-Institut, Biochemical Engineering Group, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Stark D, Kornmann H, Münch T, Sonnleitner B, Marison IW, von Stockar U. Novel type of in situ extraction: Use of solvent containing microcapsules for the bioconversion of 2-phenylethanol from L-phenylalanine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 83:376-85. [PMID: 12800132 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel in situ product removal (ISPR) method that uses microcapsules to extract inhibitory products from the reaction suspension is introduced into fermentation technology. More specifically, L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) was transformed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae to 2-phenylethanol (PEA), which is inhibitory toward the yeast. In order to continuously remove PEA from the vicinity of the cells, the reaction suspension was brought into contact with capsules of 2.2-mm diameter that had a hydrophobic core of dibutyl sebacate and an alginate-based wall. This novel process combines the advantages of a normal in situ extraction process (fast mass transfer and simple process set-up) with the benefits of a membrane-based process (reduction of the solvent toxicity and avoidance of stable emulsions). In particular, the microbial cells are shielded from the phase toxicity of the organic solvent by a hydrogel layer surrounding the organic core. By placing the microcapsules into the fermenter, the final overall concentration of PEA in a fed-batch culture was increased from 3.8 to 5.6 g/L because a part of the inhibitory product dissolved in the dibutyl sebacate core. In another fermentation experiment, the capsules were placed in a fluidized bed that was connected via a loop to the fermenter. In addition, the fluidized bed was connected via a second loop to a back-extractor to regenerate the capsules. By alternating the extraction and back-extraction cycles, it was possible to limit the PEA concentration of the fed-batch culture in the fermenter to 2.4 g/L while producing important quantities of PEA that accumulated in an external reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stark
- Laboratory of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Stark D, Zala D, Münch T, Sonnleitner B, Marison I, von Stockar U. Inhibition aspects of the bioconversion of l-phenylalanine to 2-phenylethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
This unit promotes increased interest in the use of flow cytometry in several new environments. The author provides protocols and descriptive detail on measurements of cell cycle, viability, respiratory activity, and beta-galactosidase activity. Many of these assays are described for other biological systems in CPC, but are now provided in detail for yeasts. Despite the increasing usefulness of digital imaging techniques, flow cytometry remains the method of choice for the resolution of population heterogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lloyd
- University of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Arthurs CE, Lloyd D. Kinetics, stereospecificity, and expression of the malolactic enzyme. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:3360-3. [PMID: 10427020 PMCID: PMC91505 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.8.3360-3363.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometric measurement of carbon dioxide production was used to study malolactic fermentation (MLF) in Lactobacillus collinoides isolated from cider. The kinetics and stereospecificity of the malolactic enzyme (MLE) were studied, and the stoichiometry of the reaction sequence was investigated. The optimum pH for activity of the MLE was 4.9. MLF was more rapid (in both intact cells and cell extracts) when L-malic acid was used than when D-malic acid or the racemic mixture was added. The enzyme was found to be constitutively present in L. collinoides. Addition of L-malic acid (37 mM) to the growth medium resulted in increased MLE activity; addition of the D isomer alone or the racemic mixture resulted in lower activities. Addition of the main sugars in apple juice (fructose, sucrose, and glucose) to the growth medium in the presence of malic acid repressed production of MLE to similar extents in all three cases; in the absence of malic acid, instead of inhibiting MLF, addition of sugars to the growth medium somewhat increased the residual MLE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Arthurs
- Microbiology Group (Cardiff School of Biosciences), Cardiff University, Cardiff CF1 3TL, Wales, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
In an apple juice-based medium, an ethanol-tolerant Australian wine-yeast used for cider manufacture produced more than 10% ethanol over a 5 week period. Growth of the inoculum (10(6) organisms ml(-1)) occurred to a population of 3.1 x 10(7) ml(-1) during the first few days; at the end of the fermentation only 5 x 10(5) yeasts ml(-1) could be recovered as colony-forming units on plates. Respiratory and fermentative activities were measured by mass spectrometric measurements (O2 consumption and CO2 and ethanol production) of washed yeast suspensions taken from the cider fermentation at intervals. Both endogenous and glucose-supported energy-yielding metabolism declined, especially during the first 20 days. Levels of adenine nucleotides also showed decreases after day 1, as did adenylate energy charge, although in a prolonged (16.5 week) fermentation the lowest value calculated was 0.55. AMP was released into the medium. 31P-NMR spectra showed that by comparison with aerobically grown yeast, that from the later stages of the cider fermentation showed little polyphosphate. However, as previously concluded from studies of 'acidification power' and fluorescent oxonol dye exclusion (Dinsdale et al., 1995), repitching of yeast indicated little loss of viability despite considerable loss of vitality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Dinsdale
- Microbiology Group, BIOSI, Cardiff University, UK
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