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Kempa M, Mikołajczak K, Ogrodowicz P, Pniewski T, Krajewski P, Kuczyńska A. The impact of multiple abiotic stresses on ns-LTP2.8 gene transcript and ns-LTP2.8 protein accumulation in germinating barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) embryos. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299400. [PMID: 38502680 PMCID: PMC10950244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stresses occur more often in combination than alone under regular field conditions limiting in more severe way crop production. Stress recognition in plants primarily occurs in the plasma membrane, modification of which is necessary to maintain homeostasis in response to it. It is known that lipid transport proteins (ns-LTPs) participate in modification of the lipidome of cell membranes. Representative of this group, ns-LTP2.8, may be involved in the reaction to abiotic stress of germinating barley plants by mediating the intracellular transport of hydrophobic particles, such as lipids, helping to maintain homeostasis. The ns-LTP2.8 protein was selected for analysis due to its ability to transport not only linear hydrophobic molecules but also compounds with a more complex spatial structure. Moreover, ns-LTP2.8 has been qualified as a member of pathogenesis-related proteins, which makes it particularly important in relation to its high allergenic potential. This paper demonstrates for the first time the influence of various abiotic stresses acting separately as well as in their combinations on the change in the ns-LTP2.8 transcript, ns-LTP2.8 protein and total soluble protein content in the embryonal axes of germinating spring barley genotypes with different ns-LTP2.8 allelic forms and stress tolerance. Tissue localization of ns-LTP2.8 transcript as well as ns-LTP2.8 protein were also examined. Although the impact of abiotic stresses on the regulation of gene transcription and translation processes remains not fully recognized, in this work we managed to demonstrate different impact on applied stresses on the fundamental cellular processes in very little studied tissue of the embryonal axis of barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kempa
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Ogrodowicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pniewski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anetta Kuczyńska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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2
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Pinto MBC, Schmidt FL, Rappsilber J, Gibson B, Wietstock PC. Addition of Hop ( Humulus Lupulus L.) Bitter Acids Yields Modification of Malt Protein Aggregate Profiles during Wort Boiling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5700-5711. [PMID: 36989404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hop bitter acids are used in the brewing industry to give beer bitterness. However, much of this bitterness is lost during processing, specifically during the wort boiling step. One of the major causes might be the interaction with protein-protein complexes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clarify the role of hop bitter acids in protein aggregate formation using a proteomic approach. The effect of hop addition on protein composition was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/MS (LC-MS/MS), and further analyses were performed to characterize the wort before and after boiling. Addition of hop bitter acids yielded a change in wort protein profiles, and hop bitter acids were found to bind primarily to less abundant proteins which are not related to beer quality traits, such as foam or haze. Wort protein aggregate profiles were revealed, and findings from this study suggested the precipitation of particular proteins in the aggregates during boiling when hops were added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B C Pinto
- Fruit, Vegetable and Confectionery Products Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Flavio L Schmidt
- Fruit, Vegetable and Confectionery Products Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brian Gibson
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip C Wietstock
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Wang Y, Wang L, Wang Z, Xue B, Peng Q, Hu R, Yan T. Recent advances in research in the rumen bloat of ruminant animals fed high-concentrate diets. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1142965. [PMID: 37035805 PMCID: PMC10076780 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1142965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rumen bloat is the most common digestive disorder in fattening ruminants, which is responsible for around 2-3 % of deaths in the ruminants industry and is therefore considered to be a serious threat to ruminant farming. The root cause of rumen bloat caused by feeding high concentrate dies would be attributed to the production of a large amount of stable foam during the fattening period. The exact mechanism of rumen foam formation has yet to be investigated. Proteins, polysaccharides and carboxylates derived from feed, and synthesized by microbes during the rumen fermentation may act as foaming agents or stabilizers in the formation progress of rumen foam. Supplementation of condensed tannins and other additives can be an effective way to prevent feedlot bloat induced by feeding high concentrate diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusu Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Lizhi Wang
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bai Xue
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianhai Yan
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Analysis Laboratory, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, United Kingdom
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4
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Bahmani M, O’Lone CE, Juhász A, Nye-Wood M, Dunn H, Edwards IB, Colgrave ML. Application of Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics to Barley Research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8591-8609. [PMID: 34319719 PMCID: PMC8389776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is the fourth most cultivated crop in the world in terms of production volume, and it is also the most important raw material of the malting and brewing industries. Barley belongs to the grass (Poaceae) family and plays an important role in food security and food safety for both humans and livestock. With the global population set to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, but with less available and/or suitable land for agriculture, the use of biotechnology tools in breeding programs are of considerable importance in the quest to meet the growing food gap. Proteomics as a member of the "omics" technologies has become popular for the investigation of proteins in cereal crops and particularly barley and its related products such as malt and beer. This technology has been applied to study how proteins in barley respond to adverse environmental conditions including abiotic and/or biotic stresses, how they are impacted during food processing including malting and brewing, and the presence of proteins implicated in celiac disease. Moreover, proteomics can be used in the future to inform breeding programs that aim to enhance the nutritional value and broaden the application of this crop in new food and beverage products. Mass spectrometry analysis is a valuable tool that, along with genomics and transcriptomics, can inform plant breeding strategies that aim to produce superior barley varieties. In this review, recent studies employing both qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometry approaches are explored with a focus on their application in cultivation, manufacturing, processing, quality, and the safety of barley and its related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Bahmani
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, Edith Cowan University, School of Science, 270 Joondalup
Drive, Joondalup, Western
Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Clare E. O’Lone
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, Edith Cowan University, School of Science, 270 Joondalup
Drive, Joondalup, Western
Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Angéla Juhász
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, Edith Cowan University, School of Science, 270 Joondalup
Drive, Joondalup, Western
Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Mitchell Nye-Wood
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, Edith Cowan University, School of Science, 270 Joondalup
Drive, Joondalup, Western
Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Hugh Dunn
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, Edith Cowan University, School of Science, 270 Joondalup
Drive, Joondalup, Western
Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Ian B. Edwards
- Edstar
Genetics Pty Ltd, SABC - Loneragan Building, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Colgrave
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, Edith Cowan University, School of Science, 270 Joondalup
Drive, Joondalup, Western
Australia 6027, Australia
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
- Phone: +61-7-3214-2697. . Fax: +61-7-3214-2900
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5
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Mirzapour-Kouhdasht A, Moosavi-Nasab M, Kim YM, Eun JB. Antioxidant mechanism, antibacterial activity, and functional characterization of peptide fractions obtained from barred mackerel gelatin with a focus on application in carbonated beverages. Food Chem 2020; 342:128339. [PMID: 33069523 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to use fish by-products to generate gelatin peptides with potential applications in carbonated beverages. After ultrafiltration, the F < 3 kDa (fraction < 3 kDa) showed the highest peptide concentration (227.22 mg/g) as well as antibacterial (MIC of ≤ 0.5 mg/mL) and antioxidant activities, including hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging, ferrous chelation, and ferric reduction (with IC50 values of 0.88, 1.04, 0.50 mg/mL, and 0.58, respectively). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging was the highest in the 3 < F < 10 kDa (IC50 of 0.64 mg/mL). In vitro gastrointestinal digestion significantly decreased all biological activities. Solubility, water holding capacity, and emulsifying activity of the F < 3 kDa were the highest while foaming properties and overfoaming were reversibly related to the molecular weight. All abovementioned properties, in addition to in vitro cytotoxicity analysis in different cell lines and better flavor characteristics, indicated that the F < 3 kDa could be safely and properly used as an ingredient for the fortification of carbonated beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Mirzapour-Kouhdasht
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; Seafood Processing Research Group, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Marzieh Moosavi-Nasab
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; Seafood Processing Research Group, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jong-Bang Eun
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
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Jongberg S, Andersen ML, Lund MN. Characterisation of protein-polyphenol interactions in beer during forced aging. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sisse Jongberg
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Rolighedsvej 26 Frederiksberg 1958 Denmark
| | - Mogens L. Andersen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Rolighedsvej 26 Frederiksberg 1958 Denmark
| | - Marianne N. Lund
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Rolighedsvej 26 Frederiksberg 1958 Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Blegdamsvej 3 Copenhagen N 2200 Denmark
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7
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Wang MQ, Zeng QH, Huang QX, Lin P, Li Y, Liu QL, Zhang L. Transcriptomic Analysis of Verbena bonariensis Leaves Under Low-Temperature Stress. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:1233-1248. [PMID: 31532241 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Verbena bonariensis is a valuable plant for both ornament and flower border. As a major constraint, low temperature affects the growing development and survival of V. bonariensis. However, there are few systematic studies in terms of molecular mechanism on the tolerance of low temperature in V. bonariensis. In this study, Illumina sequencing technology was applied to analyze the cold resistance mechanism of plants. Six cDNA libraries were obtained from two samples of two groups, the cold-treated group and the control group. A total of 271,920 unigenes were produced from 406,641 assembled transcripts. Among these, 19,003 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (corrected p-value <0.01, |log2(fold change) | >3) were obtained, including 9852 upregulated and 9151 downregulated genes. The antioxidant enzyme system, photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, fatty acid metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism pathway, and transcription factors were analyzed. Based on these results, series of candidate genes related to cold stress were screened out and discussed. The physiological indexes related to response mechanism of low temperature were tested. Eleven upregulated DEGs were validated by Quantitative Real-time PCR. In this study, we provided the transcriptome sequence resource of V. bonariensis and used these data to realize its molecular mechanism under cold stress. The results contributed to valuable clues for genetic studies and helped to screen candidate genes for cold-resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qi Wang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin-Han Zeng
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu-Xiang Huang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering and College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qing-Lin Liu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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8
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A Review on the Source of Lipids and Their Interactions during Beer Fermentation that Affect Beer Quality. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation4040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of lipids in wort and beer are important due to their influence on yeast metabolism and beer quality. Barley lipids have long been considered to have adverse effects on beer quality where some long-chain fatty acids are associated with high flavour potential. In addition, beer foam stability can be influenced by the concentration of lipids as well as other factors such as hop acids (e.g., iso-α-acids), proteins, polysaccharides and the presence of metal ions (e.g., nickel). Lipids can also influence yeast protease activity as well as the production of ethanol. This review provides an overview of the effect of climate change on the chemical composition of barley in relation to lipids and the influence of lipids in the process of this raw material in order to produce beer.
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Schulz BL, Phung TK, Bruschi M, Janusz A, Stewart J, Meehan J, Healy P, Nouwens AS, Fox GP, Vickers CE. Process Proteomics of Beer Reveals a Dynamic Proteome with Extensive Modifications. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1647-1653. [PMID: 29457908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modern beer production is a complex industrial process. However, some of its biochemical details remain unclear. Using mass spectrometry proteomics, we have performed a global untargeted analysis of the proteins present across time during nanoscale beer production. Samples included sweet wort produced by a high temperature infusion mash, hopped wort, and bright beer. This analysis identified over 200 unique proteins from barley and yeast, emphasizing the complexity of the process and product. We then used data independent SWATH-MS to quantitatively compare the relative abundance of these proteins throughout the process. This identified large and significant changes in the proteome at each process step. These changes described enrichment of proteins by their biophysical properties, and identified the appearance of dominant yeast proteins during fermentation. Altered levels of malt modification also quantitatively changed the proteomes throughout the process. Detailed inspection of the proteomic data revealed that many proteins were modified by protease digestion, glycation, or oxidation during the processing steps. This work demonstrates the opportunities offered by modern mass spectrometry proteomics in understanding the ancient process of beer production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Toan K Phung
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Michele Bruschi
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | | | - Jeff Stewart
- Lion , Sydney , New South Wales 2127 , Australia
| | - John Meehan
- Lion , Brisbane , Queensland 4064 , Australia
| | - Peter Healy
- Lion , Brisbane , Queensland 4064 , Australia
| | - Amanda S Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Glen P Fox
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
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10
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Ting PL, Ryder DS. The Bitter, Twisted Truth of the Hop: 50 Years of Hop Chemistry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2017-3638-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Mikołajczak K, Ogrodowicz P, Surma M, Adamski T, Kuczyńska A. Introgression of LTP2 gene through marker assisted backcross in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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12
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An overview on the role of lipids and fatty acids in barley grain and their products during beer brewing. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Wu X, Du J, Zhang K, Ju Y, Jin Y. Changes in protein molecular weight during cloudy wheat beer brewing. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Shandong Agricultural University; Tai'an Shandong 271018 China
| | - Jinhua Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Shandong Agricultural University; Tai'an Shandong 271018 China
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Shandong Taishan Beer Co. Ltd.; Tai’ an 271000 China
| | - Yundong Ju
- Shandong Taishan Beer Co. Ltd.; Tai’ an 271000 China
| | - Yuhong Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Shandong Agricultural University; Tai'an Shandong 271018 China
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14
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Nieuwoudt M, Lombard N, Rautenbach M. Optimised purification and characterisation of lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1) and its lipid-bound isoform LTP1b from barley malt. Food Chem 2014; 157:559-67. [PMID: 24679818 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In beer brewing, brewers worldwide strive to obtain product consistency in terms of flavour, colour and foam. Important proteins contributing to beer foam are lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), in particular LTP1 and its lipid-bound isoform LTP1b, which are known to transport lipids in vivo and prevent lipids from destabilising the beer foam. LTP1 and LTP1b were successfully purified using only five purification steps with a high purified protein yield (160 mg LTP1 and LTP1b from 200 g barley). Circular dichroism of LTP1 and LTP1b confirmed that both proteins are highly tolerant to high temperatures (>90 °C) and are pH stable, particularly at a neutral to a more basic pH. Only LTP1 exhibited antiyeast and thermo-stable lytic activity, while LTP1b was inactive, indicating that the fatty acid moiety compromised the antimicrobial activity of LTP1. This lack in antiyeast activity and the positive foam properties of LTP1b would benefit beer fermentation and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Nieuwoudt
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, Science Faculty, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Faculty of AgriScience, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas Lombard
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, Science Faculty, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marina Rautenbach
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, Science Faculty, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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15
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Berner TS, Jacobsen S, Arneborg N. The impact of different ale brewer's yeast strains on the proteome of immature beer. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:215. [PMID: 24079909 PMCID: PMC3849757 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that brewer’s yeast affects the taste and aroma of beer. However, the influence of brewer’s yeast on the protein composition of beer is currently unknown. In this study, changes of the proteome of immature beer, i.e. beer that has not been matured after fermentation, by ale brewer’s yeast strains with different abilities to degrade fermentable sugars were investigated. Results Beers were fermented from standard hopped wort (13° Plato) using two ale brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) strains with different attenuation degrees. Both immature beers had the same alcohol and protein concentrations. Immature beer and unfermented wort proteins were analysed by 2-DE and compared in order to determine protein changes arising from fermentation. Distinct protein spots in the beer and wort proteomes were identified using Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and MS/MS and revealed common beer proteins, such as lipid transfer proteins (LTP1 and LTP2), protein Z and amylase-protease inhibitors. During fermentation, two protein spots, corresponding to LTP2, disappeared, while three protein spots were exclusively found in beer. These three proteins, all derived from yeast, were identified as cell wall associated proteins, that is Exg1 (an exo-β-1,3-glucanase), Bgl2 (an endo-β-1,2-glucanase), and Uth1 (a cell wall biogenesis protein). Conclusion Yeast strain dependent changes in the immature beer proteome were identified, i.e. Bgl2 was present in beer brewed with KVL011, while lacking in WLP001 beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Sune Berner
- Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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16
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Champigny MJ, Isaacs M, Carella P, Faubert J, Fobert PR, Cameron RK. Long distance movement of DIR1 and investigation of the role of DIR1-like during systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:230. [PMID: 23847635 PMCID: PMC3701462 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
DIR1 is a lipid transfer protein (LTP) postulated to complex with and/or chaperone a signal(s) to distant leaves during Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis. DIR1 was detected in phloem sap-enriched petiole exudates collected from wild-type leaves induced for SAR, suggesting that DIR1 gains access to the phloem for movement from the induced leaf. Occasionally the defective in induced resistance1 (dir1-1) mutant displayed a partially SAR-competent phenotype and a DIR1-sized band in protein gel blots was detected in dir1-1 exudates suggesting that a highly similar protein, DIR1-like (At5g48490), may contribute to SAR. Recombinant protein studies demonstrated that DIR1 polyclonal antibodies recognize DIR1 and DIR1-like. Homology modeling of DIR1-like using the DIR1-phospholipid crystal structure as template, provides clues as to why the dir1-1 mutant is rarely SAR-competent. The contribution of DIR1 and DIR1-like during SAR was examined using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression-SAR assay and an estrogen-inducible DIR1-EGFP/dir1-1 line. We provide evidence that upon SAR induction, DIR1 moves down the leaf petiole to distant leaves. Our data also suggests that DIR1-like displays a reduced capacity to move to distant leaves during SAR and this may explain why dir1-1 is occasionally SAR-competent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J. Champigny
- Department of Biology, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
- Plant Biotechnology InstituteSaskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Marisa Isaacs
- Department of Biology, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Carella
- Department of Biology, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Faubert
- Department of Biology, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
- Plant Biotechnology InstituteSaskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Robin K. Cameron
- Department of Biology, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Robin K. Cameron, Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada e-mail:
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Niemi P, Tamminen T, Smeds A, Viljanen K, Ohra-aho T, Holopainen-Mantila U, Faulds CB, Poutanen K, Buchert J. Characterization of lipids and lignans in brewer's spent grain and its enzymatically extracted fraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9910-9917. [PMID: 22963516 DOI: 10.1021/jf302684x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Brewer's spent grain (BSG), the major side stream of brewing, consists of the husks and the residual parts of malts after the mashing process. BSG was enzymatically fractionated by a two-step treatment with carbohydrate- and protein-degrading enzymes, which solubilized 66% of BSG. BSG contained 11% lipids, which were mostly triglycerides, but also a notable amount of free fatty acids was present. Lipids were mostly solubilized due to the alkaline pH applied in the protease treatment. The main fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids. Several lignans were identified in BSG, syringaresinol and secoisolariciresinol being the most abundant, many associated with the cell wall matrix and released by the alkaline-protease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piritta Niemi
- Bio and Process Technology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
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Gorjanović S. A Review: Biological and Technological Functions of Barley Seed Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs). JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2009.tb00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Christian M, Titze J, Ilberg V, Jacob F. Novel Perspectives in Gushing Analysis: A Review. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2011.tb00474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Stanislava G. A Review: The Role of Barley Seed Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs) in Beer Production. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2010.tb00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Laštovičková M, Mazanec K, Benkovská D, Bobál'ová J. Utilization of the Linear Mode of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry in the Study of Glycation During the Malting Process. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2010.tb00427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Steiner E, Gastl M, Becker T. Protein changes during malting and brewing with focus on haze and foam formation: a review. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hao X, Xiao DG, Zhang CY, Chen YF. Influence of nutrients on proteinase A activity in draft beer during fermentation. Int J Food Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zellerhoff N, Himmelbach A, Dong W, Bieri S, Schaffrath U, Schweizer P. Nonhost resistance of barley to different fungal pathogens is associated with largely distinct, quantitative transcriptional responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:2053-66. [PMID: 20172964 PMCID: PMC2850024 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.151829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance protects plants against attack by the vast majority of potential pathogens, including phytopathogenic fungi. Despite its high biological importance, the molecular architecture of nonhost resistance has remained largely unexplored. Here, we describe the transcriptional responses of one particular genotype of barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare 'Ingrid') to three different pairs of adapted (host) and nonadapted (nonhost) isolates of fungal pathogens, which belong to the genera Blumeria (powdery mildew), Puccinia (rust), and Magnaporthe (blast). Nonhost resistance against each of these pathogens was associated with changes in transcript abundance of distinct sets of nonhost-specific genes, although general (not nonhost-associated) transcriptional responses to the different pathogens overlapped considerably. The powdery mildew- and blast-induced differences in transcript abundance between host and nonhost interactions were significantly correlated with differences between a near-isogenic pair of barley lines that carry either the Mlo wild-type allele or the mutated mlo5 allele, which mediates basal resistance to powdery mildew. Moreover, during the interactions of barley with the different host or nonhost pathogens, similar patterns of overrepresented and underrepresented functional categories of genes were found. The results suggest that nonhost resistance and basal host defense of barley are functionally related and that nonhost resistance to different fungal pathogens is associated with more robust regulation of complex but largely nonoverlapping sets of pathogen-responsive genes involved in similar metabolic or signaling pathways.
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Hégrová B, Farková M, Macuchová S, Havel J, Preisler J. Investigation of relationships between barley stress peptides and beer gushing using SDS-PAGE and MS screening. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:4247-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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