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Rahaman JA, Fahmie TA, Melanson IJ, DeBrine JE, Zangrillo AN. A concise review of the correspondence between the traditional functional analysis and alternative assessment formats. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:515-520. [PMID: 38361442 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The functional assessment of challenging behavior (e.g., self-injurious behavior) has evolved over many years of research and practice. This concise review summarizes the positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of common procedural adaptations reported to improve functional assessment safety and efficiency. We conclude with suggestions for clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid A Rahaman
- Severe Behavior Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tara A Fahmie
- Severe Behavior Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Isaac J Melanson
- Severe Behavior Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jordan E DeBrine
- Severe Behavior Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amanda N Zangrillo
- Severe Behavior Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
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Joslyn PR, Morris SL. Using Risk Ratios to Quantify Potential Behavior-Environment Relations. Perspect Behav Sci 2024; 47:167-196. [PMID: 38660501 PMCID: PMC11035511 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Behavior-environment functional relations are the units of explanation in applied behavior analysis (ABA). Whether hypothesized experimentally or descriptively, quantification of putative functional relations improves our ability to predict and influence behavior. Risk ratios are an accessible, straightforward quantitative analysis that can serve this purpose. They have been employed to great effect in other fields (e.g., medicine, public health), but are rarely used within ABA. In this tutorial, we describe risk ratios and how they are calculated, discuss why risk ratios are well suited for quantifying behavior-environment relations, and illustrate their utility and applicability across five demonstrations from real clinical cases. Recommendations for the use of risk ratios in research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Raymond Joslyn
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Samuel L. Morris
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
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Boyle MA, Hoffmann AN, Horn J, Badger S, Gaskill LA. Approaches for Treating Multiply Controlled Problem Behavior. Behav Anal Pract 2024; 17:53-69. [PMID: 38405283 PMCID: PMC10891003 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A portion of problem behavior is maintained by multiple reinforcement contingencies. Treating multiply controlled problem behavior may be more complex than treating problem behavior maintained by a single contingency. Several approaches for addressing multiply controlled problem behavior have been described in the literature. The purpose of this review is to provide practitioners with an overview of function-based approaches for addressing multiply controlled problem behavior. In particular, we present guidelines for functional analysis and treatment. We also describe strengths and limitations of published treatment approaches and discuss strategies for mitigating these limitations. Finally, we describe areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Boyle
- Upstate Caring Partners, 125 Business Park, Utica, NY 13502 USA
| | | | - Jon Horn
- Upstate Caring Partners, 125 Business Park, Utica, NY 13502 USA
| | - Sean Badger
- Upstate Caring Partners, 125 Business Park, Utica, NY 13502 USA
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Call NA, Bernstein AM, O’Brien MJ, Schieltz KM, Tsami L, Lerman DC, Berg WK, Lindgren SD, Connelly MA, Wacker DP. A comparative effectiveness trial of functional behavioral assessment methods. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:166-183. [PMID: 38049887 PMCID: PMC10843530 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians report primarily using functional behavioral assessment (FBA) methods that do not include functional analyses. However, studies examining the correspondence between functional analyses and other types of FBAs have produced inconsistent results. In addition, although functional analyses are considered the gold standard, their contribution toward successful treatment compared with other FBA methods remains unclear. This comparative effectiveness study, conducted with 57 young children with autism spectrum disorder, evaluated the results of FBAs that did (n = 26) and did not (n = 31) include a functional analysis. Results of FBAs with and without functional analyses showed modest correspondence. All participants who completed functional communication training achieved successful outcomes regardless of the type of FBA conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Call
- Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alec M. Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthew J. O’Brien
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kelly M. Schieltz
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Loukia Tsami
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dorothea C. Lerman
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wendy K. Berg
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Scott D. Lindgren
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mark A. Connelly
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - David P. Wacker
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Rotta K, Essig L, Davis J, Poling A. Functional analyses of undesirable behavior by nonhumans: A concise review. J Appl Behav Anal 2023. [PMID: 37115738 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed 13 articles that used functional analysis in the assessment of undesirable behavior emitted by dogs, cats, a baboon, a lemur, a chimpanzee, and a vulture. The functional analysis produced a clear outcome for 32 of 33 subjects, demonstrating its efficacy with nonhumans. We propose several avenues for further examination of its application to nonhumans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Rotta
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Lindsay Essig
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Jade Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alan Poling
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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