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Tsouloufi TK. An overview of mycotoxicoses in rabbits. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:638-654. [PMID: 38804173 PMCID: PMC11457744 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241255945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxicoses are usually a consideration in large animal species but can affect companion animals as well. Due to increasing interest and the ease of using rabbits as laboratory models, a growing number of published experimental studies discuss the effects of various mycotoxins on this species. However, the available evidence is fragmented and heterogeneous, and has not recently been collated in a review, to my knowledge. Although mycotoxicoses in rabbits are typically subclinical, clinical signs can include weight loss, anorexia, gastrointestinal disorders, stunted growth, reproductive abnormalities, and susceptibility to infections. An antemortem diagnosis typically relies on a comprehensive clinical history, and assessment of clinical signs and relevant laboratory findings, with confirmation of exposure achieved through the measurement of mycotoxin concentrations in feed or target organs. My review focuses on the clinicopathologic and histopathologic effects of the mycotoxins most important in rabbits, including fumonisins, ochratoxins, aflatoxins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. This review offers a thorough overview of the effects of mycotoxins in rabbits, serving as a one-stop resource for veterinary practitioners, diagnosticians, and researchers.
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Tsai JF, Wu TS, Yu FY, Liu BH. Neurotoxicity of mycotoxin citrinin: Novel evidence in developing zebrafish and underlying mechanisms in human neuron cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 171:113543. [PMID: 36460223 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Citrinin (CTN) is a mycotoxin that is found as a contaminant in various types of food/feed grains and fermented food supplements. Previous studies have already established the nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity of CTN, but the neurotoxicity of CTN has not been clearly examined. In this study, CTN at 2-20 μM was first found to interfere with the neural ganglia formation and locomotive behavior of embryonic zebrafish, a vertebrate animal model, at 24 hpf and 6 dpf, respectively. Further exposure of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to 10 and 20 μM CTN for 72 h indicated that pathways responsible for neuron differentiation and projection guidance were down-regulated while oxidative stress and electron transport chain pathways were up-regulated based on the enrichment results of GSEA in the transcriptomic profiling. PCR analysis verified that CTN significantly down-regulated the expression of marker genes involved in neuron differentiation and synaptic signaling. CTN at the doses impairing cellular neurite outgrowth did not trigger mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction. The neurotoxic mechanisms of CTN provide new information that is valuable in the assessment of CTN-related health risk for the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Feng Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yih Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Biing-Hui Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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3
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de Oliveira Filho JWG, Andrade TDJADS, de Lima RMT, Silva DHS, Dos Reis AC, Santos JVDO, de Meneses AAPM, de Carvalho RM, da Mata AMO, de Alencar MVOB, Dias ACS, da Silva FCC, Islam MT, Clark CCT, Sousa JMDCE, Melo-Cavalcante AADC. Cytogenotoxic evaluation of the acetonitrile extract, citrinin and dicitrinin-A from Penicillium citrinum. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:688-697. [PMID: 32448000 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1769642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are promising sources of bioactive substances; however, their secondary metabolites are toxic to plants, animals, and humans. This study aimed toevaluate the toxic, cytotoxic, mutagenic and oxidant/antioxidant activities of acetonitrile extract (AEPc), citrinin (CIT) and dicitrinin-A (DIC-A) of Penicillium citrinum. For this, the test substances at 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2 μg/mLwere exposed for 24 and 48 h in Artemia salina, and 48 h in Allium cepa test systems. The oxidant/antioxidant test was evaluated in pre-, co- and post-treatment with the stressor hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results suggest that the AEPc, CIT and DIC-A at 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2 μg/mL showed toxicity in A. saline, with LC50 (24 h) of 2.03 μg/mL, 1.71 μg/mL and 2.29 μg/mL, and LC50 (48 h) of 0.51 μg/mL, 0.54 μg/mL and 0.54 μg/mL, respectively.In A. cepa, the test substances also exerted cytotoxic and mutagenic effects. The AEPc, CIT and DIC-A at lower concentrations modulated the damage induced by H2O2 in the proficient and mutant strains of S. cerevisiae for cytoplasmic and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. Moreover, the AEPc at 2 μg/mL and CIT at the two highest concentrations did not affect the H2O2-induced DNA damage in the test strains. In conclusion, AEPc, CIT and DIC-A of P. citrinum may exert their toxic, cytotoxic and mutagenic effects in the test systems possibly through oxidative stress induction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosália Maria Tôrres de Lima
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí-IFPI, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva
- Nucleus of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products (NuBBE), Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Melo de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Research in Toxicological Genetics-LAPGENIC, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira da Mata
- Laboratory of Research in Toxicological Genetics-LAPGENIC, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Felipe Cavalcanti Carneiro da Silva
- Laboratory of Research in Toxicological Genetics-LAPGENIC, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - João Marcelo de Castro E Sousa
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí-IFPI, Teresina, Brazil.,Laboratory of Research in Toxicological Genetics-LAPGENIC, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí-IFPI, Teresina, Brazil.,Laboratory of Research in Toxicological Genetics-LAPGENIC, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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Islam MT, Mishra SK, Tripathi S, de Alencar MVOB, e Sousa JMDC, Rolim HML, de Medeiros MDGF, Ferreira PMP, Rouf R, Uddin SJ, Mubarak MS, Melo-Cavalcante AADC. Mycotoxin-assisted mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity: Unexploited tools against proliferative disorders. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:1084-1092. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development; Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
| | - Siddhartha Kumar Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory; School of Biological Sciences (Zoology), Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University; Sagar 470003 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Swati Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology; Amity University; Noida 201313 Uttar Pradesh India
| | | | - João Marcelo de Castro e Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Piaui; Teresina 64 049-550 Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Piauí; Picos Piauí 64 067-670 Brazil
| | - Hercília Maria Lins Rolim
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Piaui; Teresina 64 049-550 Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Freire de Medeiros
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development; Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
- Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Piauí; Picos Piauí 64 067-670 Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Piaui; Teresina 64 049-550 Brazil
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology; Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Federal University of Piauí; Teresina Piauí 64 049-550 Brazil
| | - Razina Rouf
- Department of Pharmacy; Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University; Gopalganj Bangladesh
| | - Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Pharmacy Discipline; Life Science School, Khulna University; Khulna Bangladesh
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McKernan K, Spangler J, Zhang L, Tadigotla V, Helbert Y, Foss T, Smith D. Cannabis microbiome sequencing reveals several mycotoxic fungi native to dispensary grade Cannabis flowers. F1000Res 2015; 4:1422. [PMID: 27303623 PMCID: PMC4897766 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7507.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Center for Disease Control estimates 128,000 people in the U.S. are hospitalized annually due to food borne illnesses. This has created a demand for food safety testing targeting the detection of pathogenic mold and bacteria on agricultural products. This risk extends to medical Cannabis and is of particular concern with inhaled, vaporized and even concentrated Cannabis products . As a result, third party microbial testing has become a regulatory requirement in the medical and recreational Cannabis markets, yet knowledge of the Cannabis microbiome is limited. Here we describe the first next generation sequencing survey of the fungal communities found in dispensary based Cannabis flowers by ITS2 sequencing, and demonstrate the sensitive detection of several toxigenic Penicillium and Aspergillus species, including P. citrinum and P. paxilli, that were not detected by one or more culture-based methods currently in use for safety testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Zhang
- Medicinal Genomics Corporation, Woburn, MA, USA
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McKernan K, Spangler J, Zhang L, Tadigotla V, Helbert Y, Foss T, Smith D. Cannabis microbiome sequencing reveals several mycotoxic fungi native to dispensary grade Cannabis flowers. F1000Res 2015; 4:1422. [PMID: 27303623 PMCID: PMC4897766 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7507.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The Center for Disease Control estimates 128,000 people in the U.S. are hospitalized annually due to food borne illnesses. This has created a demand for food safety testing targeting the detection of pathogenic mold and bacteria on agricultural products. This risk extends to medical Cannabis and is of particular concern with inhaled, vaporized and even concentrated Cannabis products . As a result, third party microbial testing has become a regulatory requirement in the medical and recreational Cannabis markets, yet knowledge of the Cannabis microbiome is limited. Here we describe the first next generation sequencing survey of the microbial communities found in dispensary based Cannabis flowers and demonstrate the limitations in the culture-based regulations that are being superimposed from the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Zhang
- Medicinal Genomics Corporation, Woburn, MA, USA
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7
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Ji X, Xu J, Wang X, Qi P, Wei W, Chen X, Li R, Zhou Y. Citrinin Determination in Red Fermented Rice Products by Optimized Extraction Method Coupled to Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Food Sci 2015; 80:T1438-44. [PMID: 25943499 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method was developed and validated for citrinin determination in red fermented rice products by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) under the selected reaction monitoring mode. Sample preparation was especially focused, and the quantitative methods of LC-MS/MS and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) were compared. In red fermented rice samples, the limit of detection was 1.0 μg/kg for LC-MS/MS compared to 250 μg/kg for HPLC-FLD, the limit of quantification was 3.0 μg/kg for LC-MS/MS compared to 825 μg/kg for HPLC-FLD. High correlation coefficient was obtained (R(2) = 0.999) within the linear range (0.1 to 100 μg/L) in the MS method. The recoveries ranging from 80.9% to 106.5% were obtained in different spiking concentrations. The average intra- and inter-day accuracy ranged from 75.4% to 103.1%, and the intra- and inter-day precisions were from 3.3% to 7.9%. The developed method was applied to 12 commercial red fermented rice products, and citrinin was found in 10 samples ranging from 0.14 to 44.24 mg/kg. Compared to traditional qualitative and quantitative methods, the newly developed LC-MS/MS method for citrinin determination includes the merits of using a small amount of extraction solvent, simple preparation steps, and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P.R., China
| | - Junfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P.R., China
| | - Xiaofu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P.R., China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P.R., China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P.R., China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P.R., China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, P.R., China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural Univ., Hefei, 230036, P.R. China
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8
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Blaskó Á, Mike N, Gróf P, Gazdag Z, Czibulya Z, Nagy L, Kunsági-Máté S, Pesti M. Citrinin-induced fluidization of the plasma membrane of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:636-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Wu TS, Yang JJ, Yu FY, Liu BH. Evaluation of nephrotoxic effects of mycotoxins, citrinin and patulin, on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:4398-404. [PMID: 22847133 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Citrinin (CTN) and patulin (PAT) are fungal secondary metabolites which are found in food and feed and showed organotoxicity in mature animals. In this study zebrafish embryos were applied to investigate the developmental toxicity of CTN and PAT on embryonic kidney. In the presence of CTN and PAT, the gross morphology of kidneys from embryos with green fluorescent kidney (wt1b:GFP) was not apparently altered. Histological analysis of CTN-treated embryos indicated cystic glomerular and tubular lesions; a disorganized arrangement of renal cells was also found in the PAT-treated group. From the view point of renal function, dextran clearance abilities of embryos exposed to CTN and PAT were significantly reduced. The damaged renal function caused by CTN could be partially rescued by the administration of pentoxifylline, suggesting the reduction of glomerular blood flow contributes to CTN-induced renal dysfunction. Additionally, CTN induced the expression of proinflammation genes, including COX2a, TNF-α and IL-1β, but failed to modify the levels and distribution of wt1a transcript and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase protein. In summary, CTN and PAT caused profound nephrotoxicity in histological structure and biological function of zebrafish embryos; the inflammatory pathway and blood rheology may involve in CTN-induced renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Shuan Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Islam MR, Roh YS, Cho A, Kim J, Kim JH, Eo SK, Lim CW, Kim B. Immune modulatory effects of the foodborne contaminant citrinin in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3537-47. [PMID: 22771370 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin citrinin can cause mycotoxic nephropathy, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. To investigate the immune modulatory effects, CTN was orally administered to female BALB/c mice at the dose of 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg body weight for 14 days, and several immunotoxicity tests were performed. The populations of F4/80+ cells and CD19+ cells were significantly decreased in spleen and MLN. In MLN, CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cell populations were increased. CD8+ cells were increased but CD19+ cells were decreased in intra-epithelial, lamina propria and Peyer's patches lymphocytes. In a cell proliferation assay, along with the increased proliferative capacities of ConA-induced splenocytes and MLN cells, IFN-γ production was increased. The expression of TLR 2 was increased in spleen, but TLR 3 expression in MLN was decreased. The level of serum IgM was reduced. Furthermore, apoptosis was induced in spleen, MLN and Peyer's patches and promoted by the change in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 activities. Autophagy gene Atg5 and Beclin-1 were up-regulated in spleen. The expressions of IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α were inhibited in murine macrophage cells pre-exposed with TLR ligands. These results indicate that CTN has multiple immune modulatory effects in mice that may alter normal functions of immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
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12
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Toxic effects of citrinin on the male reproductive system in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:465-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Du L, Liu HC, Fu W, Li DH, Pan QM, Zhu TJ, Geng MY, Gu QQ. Unprecedented Citrinin Trimer Tricitinol B Functions as a Novel Topoisomerase IIα Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5796-810. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200511x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Du
- Key laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Chun Liu
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - De-Hai Li
- Key laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Ming Pan
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Jiao Zhu
- Key laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Yu Geng
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Qun Gu
- Key laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P.R. China
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Du L, Li D, Zhang G, Zhu T, Ai J, Gu Q. Novel carbon-bridged citrinin dimers from a volcano ash-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum and their cytotoxic and cell cycle arrest activities. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Huang YT, Lai CY, Lou SL, Yeh JM, Chan WH. Activation of JNK and PAK2 is essential for citrinin-induced apoptosis in a human osteoblast cell line. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2009; 24:343-356. [PMID: 18767140 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin citrinin (CTN), a natural contaminant in foodstuffs and animal feeds, exerts cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on various mammalian cells. CTN causes cell injury, including apoptosis. Previous studies by our group showed that CTN triggers apoptosis in mouse embryonic stem cells, as well as embryonic developmental injury. Here, we investigated the precise mechanisms governing this apoptotic effect in osteoblasts. CTN induced apoptotic biochemical changes in a human osteoblast cell line, including activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase-3 and p21-activated protein kinase 2 (PAK2) activation. Experiments using a JNK-specific inhibitor, SP600125, and antisense oligonucleotides against JNK reduced CTN-induced activation of both JNK and caspase-3 in osteoblasts, indicating that JNK is required for caspase activation in this apoptotic pathway. Experiments using caspase-3 inhibitors and antisense oligonucleotides against PAK2 revealed that active caspase-3 is essential for PAK2 activation. Moreover, both caspase-3 and PAK2 require activation for CTN-induced apoptosis of osteoblasts. Interestingly, CTN stimulates two-stage activation of JNK in human osteoblasts. Early-stage JNK activation is solely ROS-dependent, whereas late-stage activation is dependent on ROS-mediated caspase activity, and regulated by caspase-induced activation of PAK2. On the basis of these results, we propose a signaling cascade model for CTN-induced apoptosis in human osteoblasts involving ROS, JNK, caspases, and PAK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Huang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li, Taiwan
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Abstract
The mycotoxin citrinin (CTN) is a natural contaminant in foodstuffs and animal feeds, and exerts cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on various mammalian cells. CTN causes cell injury, including apoptosis. However, its precise regulatory mechanisms of action, particularly in stem cells and embryos, are currently unclear. Recent studies show that CTN has cytotoxic effects on mouse embryonic stem cells and blastocysts, and is associated with defects in their subsequent development, both in vitro and in vivo. Experiments with the embryonic stem cell line, ESC-B5, disclose that CTN induces apoptosis via several mechanisms, including ROS generation, increased cytoplasmic free calcium levels, intracellular nitric oxide production, enhanced Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and p21-activated protein kinase 2 and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase activation. Additional studies show that CTN promotes cell death via inactivation of the HSP90/multi-chaperone complex and subsequent degradation of Ras and Raf-1, further inhibiting anti-apoptotic processes such as the Ras-->ERK signal transduction pathway. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model for CTN-induced cell injury signalling cascades in embryonic stem cells and blastocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsiung Chan
- Department of Bioscience Technology and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li, Taiwan.
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Chan WH, Shiao NH. Effect of citrinin on mouse embryonic development in vitro and in vivo. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 24:120-5. [PMID: 17572064 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Citrinin (CTN), a mycotoxin that is often found as a natural contaminant in foodstuffs and animal feeds, has been demonstrated to have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on various mammalian cells. In this study, we examined the cytotoxic effects of CTN on mouse blastocysts and subsequent early development in vitro and in vivo. Blastocysts treated with 15 or 30 microM CTN showed significant increases in apoptosis and significant decreases in total cell number. In addition, CTN-pretreated blastocysts showed a significantly lower implantation success rate. Treatment with 30 microM CTN was associated with increased resorption of postimplantation embryos and decreased fetal weight. Our results collectively indicate that CTN-induced apoptosis in the mouse blastocyst reduced cell number and retarded early postimplantation development. The extent to which CTN may have teratogenic potential in early human development is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsiung Chan
- Department of Bioscience Technology and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li, Taiwan.
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Yu FY, Liao YC, Chang CH, Liu BH. Citrinin induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells via activation of the mitochondrial pathway. Toxicol Lett 2005; 161:143-51. [PMID: 16183218 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Revised: 08/20/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin citrinin (CTN), a frequent natural contaminants of certain food and feeds, is known to be cytotoxic and genotoxic to various mammalian cells. To investigate the death mode of cells exposed to CTN, human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells were chosen to identify the apoptotic process induced by CTN. Morphological evidence of apoptosis, including nuclei fragmentation and DNA laddering formation, was clearly observed 24h after exposure to CTN. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that apoptotic cells in the hypodiploid region dramatically increased in cultures treated with CTN at concentrations above 50muM. Results of Western blotting showed that CTN induced the formation of processed caspase-3, -6, -7, -9, but not caspase-8, in a dose-dependent manner; CTN also induced a time-dependent increase in caspase-3 catalytic activity. The apoptosis triggered by CTN in HL-60 was accompanied by the cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytoplasm. The presence of antioxidants in cultures did not effectively suppress CTN-induced cytotoxicity and caspase-3 activity. These findings suggest that CTN induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells by stimulating cytochrome c release followed by activation of multiple caspases, but oxidative stress may not play a role in the apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yih Yu
- Chung Shan Medical University, Department of Life Sciences, No. 110, Sec. 1, Chien-Kuo N. Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Da Lozzo EJ, Mangrich AS, Rocha MEM, de Oliveira MBM, Carnieri EGS. Effects of citrinin on iron-redox cycle. Cell Biochem Funct 2002; 20:19-29. [PMID: 11835267 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the mycotoxin citrinin to act as an inhibitor of iron-induced lipoperoxidation of biological membranes prompted us to determine whether it could act as an iron chelating agent, interfering with iron redox reactions or acting as a free radical scavenger. The addition of Fe3+ to citrinin rapidly produced a chromogen, indicating the formation of citrinin-Fe3+ complexes. An EPR study confirms that citrinin acts as a ligand of Fe3+, the complexation depending on the [Fe3+]:[citrinin] ratios. Effects of citrinin on the iron redox cycle were evaluated by oxygen consumption or the o-phenanthroline test. No effect on EDTA-Fe2+-->EDTA-Fe3+ oxidation was observed in the presence of citrinin, but the mycotoxin inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ by hydrogen peroxide. Reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and DTT reduced the Fe3+-citrinin complex, but DTT did not cause reduction of Fe3+-EDTA, indicating that the redox potentials of Fe3+-citrinin and Fe3+-EDTA are not the same. The Fe2+ formed from the reduction of Fe3+-citrinin by reducing agents was not rapidly reoxidized to Fe3+ by atmospheric oxygen. Citrinin has no radical scavenger ability as demonstrated by the absence of DPPH reduction. However, a reaction between citrinin and hydrogen peroxide was observed by UV spectrum changes of citrinin after incubation with hydrogen peroxide. It was also observed that citrinin did not induce direct or reductive mobilization of iron from ferritin. These results indicate that the protective effect on iron-induced lipid peroxidation by citrinin occurs due to the formation of a redox inactive Fe3+-citrinin complex, as well as from the reaction of citrinin and hydrogen peroxide.
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Sabater-Vilar M, Maas RF, Fink-Gremmels J. Mutagenicity of commercial Monascus fermentation products and the role of citrinin contamination. Mutat Res 1999; 444:7-16. [PMID: 10477335 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pigments produced as secondary metabolites by various isolates of moulds belonging to the genus Monascus have been used traditionally as colorants in Oriental food. Modern food industry has rediscovered these moulds as promising source for natural colorants. However, recent studies evidence that one of the secondary metabolites produced by Monascus is identical in structure to the mycotoxin citrinin. Thus, a sensitive HPLC method was developed to analyse these food colorants for contamination with citrinin. The mycotoxin could be detected in all the commercial Monascus samples at concentrations varying between 0.2 to 17.1 microg/g. In addition, the mutagenicity of commercial Monascus samples applying Salmonella-microsome assay and Salmonella-hepatocyte-assay was investigated and compared to the results obtained with citrinin. Citrinin and two Monascus extracts induced a positive dose depending mutagenic response in the Salmonella-hepatocyte-assay applying strain TA-98. However, no mutagenicity could be detected in the Salmonella-microsome assay, neither with nor without S9-mix, for citrinin and Monascus extracts, applying TA-98, TA-100, TA-1535, TA-1538 and TA-97. These findings provide further evidence that citrinin requires complex cellular biotransformation to exert mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sabater-Vilar
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80152, 3508 TD, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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22
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Ribeiro SM, Campello AP, Chagas GM, Klüppel ML. Mechanism of citrinin-induced dysfunction of mitochondria. VI. Effect on iron-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver mitochondria and microsomes. Cell Biochem Funct 1998; 16:15-20. [PMID: 9519457 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0844(199803)16:1<15::aid-cbf756>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition by citrinin (CTN) of lipid peroxidation of mitochondria, sub-mitochondrial particles (SMP) and microsomes was studied. This effect was reversed by the presence of high concentrations of Fe3+ (0.4 and 0.5 mM), suggesting chelation of the mycotoxin with iron or interference in the reduction of Fe3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquimica da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brasil
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23
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Ribeiro SM, Chagas GM, Campello AP, Klüppel ML. Mechanism of citrinin-induced dysfunction of mitochondria. V. Effect on the homeostasis of the reactive oxygen species. Cell Biochem Funct 1997; 15:203-9. [PMID: 9377799 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0844(199709)15:3<203::aid-cbf742>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of citrinin in the maintenance of the homeostasis of the reactive oxygen species in rat liver cells were evaluated. Citrinin (CTN) modifies the antioxidant enzymatic defences of cells through the inhibition of GSSG-reductase and transhydrogenase. No effect was observed on GSH-peroxidase, catalase, glucose 6-phosphate and 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenases, and superoxide dismutase. The mycotoxin increased the generation of reactive oxygen species, stimulating the production of the superoxide anion in the respiratory chain. The results suggest that oxidative stress is an important mechanism, side by side with other effects previously shown, in the establishment of the cytotoxicity and cellular death provoked by CTN in several tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba, Brazil
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24
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Krejci ME, Bretz NS, Koechel DA. Citrinin produces acute adverse changes in renal function and ultrastructure in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs without concomitant reductions in [potassium]plasma. Toxicology 1996; 106:167-77. [PMID: 8571388 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(95)03183-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Citrinin's nephrotoxicity was examined in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs under conditions that minimized or avoided significant changes in a number of its actions that could indirectly and adversely affect renal function and ultrastructure, such as, (i) major acute reductions in blood pressure and renal blood flow and, (ii) emesis and diarrhea that could lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, especially hypokalemia. Slow intravenous injection of 20 mumol citrinin/kg to pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs did not induce any alterations in renal tissue ultrastructure or in any of the 23 whole blood, plasma or renal function parameters that were monitored over a 6-h post-citrinin period. On the other hand, 80 mumol citrinin/kg produced significant increases in the hematocrit and in the renal excretion rates of protein and glucose; modest reductions were noted in CIN, RBF and excretion rate of inorganic phosphorus. In addition, 80 mumol citrinin/kg induced ultrastructural lesions in the cells of the S2 proximal tubular segment, the thick ascending limb, the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts. The glomeruli, S1 and S3 cells of the proximal tubule and the thin descending and ascending limbs of Henle's loop were unaffected by both citrinin doses. The location and nature of the adverse ultrastructural lesions were most likely the result of the direct actions of citrinin (or a citrinin metabolite) since the effects of citrinin that could lead to indirect adverse renal effects were totally avoided or greatly minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Krejci
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699-0008, USA
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Chagas GM, Campello AP, Kluppel ML, Oliveira BM. Citrinin affects the oxidative metabolism of BHK-21 cells. Cell Biochem Funct 1995; 13:267-71. [PMID: 8565147 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.290130407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of citrinin on energy production along the respiratory chain and on glycolytic lactate production were examined in BHK-21 cultured cells. Citrinin inhibited the oxygen consumption rate by about 45 per cent. The respiratory rate of digitonin-treated cells energized with succinate, in the presence of ADP, was reduced by about 39 per cent. The mycotoxin inhibited the glucose utilization of BHK-21 cells by about 86 per cent. Cells treated with citrinin produced a small quantity of pyruvate, but were unable to produce lactate. It is concluded that BHK-21 cells cannot generate lactate when oxidative metabolism is inhibited by citrinin. The perturbations in BHK-21 cells caused by citrinin are due to alterations in mitochondrial function and in the glycolytic anaerobic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Chagas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
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