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Bello W, Pezzatti J, Rudaz S, Sadeghipour F. Development of a generic sample preparation method using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the monitoring of leachable compounds in hospital pharmacy-prepared prefilled drug products. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1697-1707. [PMID: 38421023 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02234j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Performant sample preparation is mandatory in any leachable study to clean and preconcentrate analytes within the sample to offer the best possible extraction recovery as well the best precision for any given substance. The aim consists in developing a sample preparation method for hospital pharmacy-prepared drug products such as long-term storage prefilled syringes, vials and IV bags for the screening of leachable compounds. The Quality Control Laboratory of the Pharmacy of the Lausanne University Hospital (Switzerland) has developed a time- and cost-effective, highly sensitive, robust, and fast method using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for the analysis of 205 plastic additives. An innovative setup, based on postcolumn infusion (PCI) using 2% ammonium hydroxide in methanol was used to boost the signal intensity of the analytes in MS detection. A database for extractable and leachable trace assessment (DELTA) was built to assist in the screening process of 205 plastic packaging-related compounds. The development of the sample preparation was based on 33 plastic additive candidates in different hospital pharmacy compounding solutions, and their extraction recovery rates as well as their relative standard deviation were taken into consideration. In conclusion, the developed DLLME was assigned with ultrasound assistance and triple extraction, which brought about extraction recovery rates between 67% and 92%, a good RSD <10%, and a preconcentration factor of 50×. Therefore, DLLME could be considered suitable for the semiquantitative screening of leachable additives in simple hospital pharmacy-prepared prefilled drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bello
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
- Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julian Pezzatti
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Center of Applied Human Toxicology (SCATH), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Farshid Sadeghipour
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
- Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Turković L, Koraj N, Mlinarić Z, Silovski T, Crnković S, Sertić M. Optimisation of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for plasma sample preparation in bioanalysis of CDK4/6 inhibitors in therapeutic combinations for breast cancer treatment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18880. [PMID: 37593626 PMCID: PMC10432171 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin D dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK 4/6) inhibitors are novel anticancer drugs used in therapeutic combinations with endocrine therapy for breast cancer treatment. Their determination in patient plasma is of high interest as a prerequisite for possible therapeutic drug monitoring. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) shows great potential in bioanalytical sample preparation. Its simplicity and speed, along with the suitability for using small amounts of sample and hazardous solvents are some of its main advantages. However, its application on plasma samples is scarce and requires further development. The aim of this work was to explore the applicability of DLLME in the simultaneous extraction of six drugs of interest from human plasma, with an emphasis placed on achieving high extraction recoveries with low sample and solvent consumption. To tackle the low availability and amount of the plasma sample, as well as the complexity of the biological matrix, three novel DLLME modes are proposed: organic sample DLLME (OrS-DLLME), aqueous sample DLLME (AqS-DLLME), and a modified air-assisted DLLME (AA-DLLME). The extractant and disperser type and volume, volume ratios of all the components in the ternary system, effect of pH and salting out were optimised for all three proposed modes of DLLME. Optimised representative DLLME-HPLC-DAD-FLD method was validated and shown to be linear (R > 0.994), precise (RSD ≤13.8%, interday), accurate (bias -13.1-13.1%, interday) and robust (relative effect -3.34-6.08%). Simultaneous extraction of all six drugs with high recoveries (81.65-95.58%) was achieved. Sample volumes used were as low as 50-100 μL, with necessary organic solvent volumes in μL ranges. Greenness scores obtained using the AGREE software were between 0.63 and 0.66, demonstrating compliance with green analytical chemistry principles. Finally, the validated method was successfully applied on breast cancer patient plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Turković
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Natan Koraj
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zvonimir Mlinarić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tajana Silovski
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slaven Crnković
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Lung Health, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Miranda Sertić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zagreb, Croatia
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Zhao L, Yang R, Wei Y, Guo Y, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Cai W. Rapid and sensitive SERS detection of opioids in solutions based on the solid chip Au-coated Si nano-cone array. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 283:121720. [PMID: 35987036 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and flexible detection or accurate recognition of trace drugs is of great importance in cracking down on drug crimes, but it remains to be expected. Here, a solid chip is presented for the efficient detection and recognition of trace opioids (typically morphine) in aqueous solutions based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Firstly, a Au-coated Si nano-cone array (Au-SNCA) is designed and fabricated via Si-based organic colloidal template etching and Au deposition. This Au-SNCA shows three-dimensional nanostructure with high densities of nanotips and deep nanogaps as well as high structural consistency, which exhibits strong SERS activity to morphine and outstanding stability. Then, such Au-SNCA is used as solid SERS chip to detect morphine in aqueous solutions. It has been demonstrated that using such solid chip, trace morphine in solutions could be recognized and detected within 1 min, and the detection limit is 10-5 mg/mL (∼10 ppb), showing rapid and sensitive detection, which is much better than the previous reports. Meanwhile, the Au-SNCA chip also can be utilized to detect trace morphine in tap water and reservoir water, the recoveries range from 90.4% to 102.4%. Such excellent SERS performance of this Au-SNCA chip is attributed to its special structure which enhances not only local electromagnetic field but also molecular adsorption. The experimental results about the effects of immersion time and concentration show that the adsorption behavior of morphine molecules on such Au-SNCA chip can be explained by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich adsorption mode. Moreover, the Au-SNCA chip is also suitable for the identification of morphine homologues and the broad-spectrum detection of various common drugs. This study presents a practical solid chip and a simple approach for the efficient SERS detection and recognition of trace drugs in solutions. This is of significance to on-site detect drugs in forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Zhao
- School of Criminal Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, PR China
| | - Ruiqin Yang
- School of Criminal Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, PR China.
| | - Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Yujing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Hongwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Weiping Cai
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
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Pang B, Jiang Y. Progress in pretreatment of methadone: an update since 2015. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:109-119. [PMID: 35369846 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2056900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Methadone, a µ-opioid receptor agonist, is widely used in pain-relieving and treating opioid dependence. If not strictly controlled, as an opioid substitute, it can lead to abuse and cause more severe withdrawal responses than heroin. Also, overdose or abuse of this drug in clinical use may provide severe side effects such as apnea, circulatory collapse, cardiac arrest, and even death. For these reasons, simple, rapid, and efficient methods have been developed for the pretreatment of methadone. This review presents a comprehensive conclusion of the pretreatment methods used for methadone in various sample matrices, focusing on the developments since 2015. Traditionally used pretreatment methods like solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction are discussed and newly developed methods like solid-phase microextraction and liquid-liquid microextraction along with new materials applied are focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
| | - Yinru Jiang
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
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Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-carboxylic acid applied to urine testing. Bioanalysis 2021; 14:87-100. [PMID: 34860122 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: THC-COOH is the major metabolite of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol commonly tested in urine to determine cannabis intake. In this study, a method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was developed for testing THC-COOH in urine. Materials & methods: Hydrolyzed urine specimens were extracted via dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with acetonitrile (disperser solvent) and chloroform (extraction solvent). Derivatization was performed with N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 1% trichloro(chloromethyl)silane. Analysis was performed by GC-MS/MS. Results: The method showed acceptable linearity (5-500 ng/ml), imprecision (<10.5%) and bias (<4.9%). Limits of detection and quantitation were 1 and 5 ng/ml, respectively. Twenty-four authentic samples were analyzed, with 22 samples being positive for THC-COOH. Conclusion: The proposed method is more environmentally friendly and provided good sensitivity, selectivity and reproducibility.
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Shan X, Zhang L, Yang B. Review of LC techniques for determination of methadone and its metabolite in the biological samples. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 51:953-960. [PMID: 34365899 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1952598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Methadone (MTD) is a synthetic analgesic drug used for treating opioid dependence and effectively used clinically for patients with severe pain. The abuse of MTD may lead to poisoning, disorder in the central nervous system and even death. The regular monitoring of MTD in biological matrices including serum, plasma and urine samples is an effective way to control abuse of MTD. In this manner, the selection of analytical monitoring of MTD in biological matrices is of paramount importance. This study was conducted to review high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques carried out on MTD and its main metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) in the biological samples during 2015-June 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Shan
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingsheng Yang
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Kanu AB. Recent developments in sample preparation techniques combined with high-performance liquid chromatography: A critical review. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462444. [PMID: 34380070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review article compares and contrasts sample preparation techniques coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and describes applications developed in biomedical, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene in the last two decades. The proper sample preparation technique can offer valued data for a targeted application when coupled to HPLC and a suitable detector. Improvements in sample preparation techniques in the last two decades have resulted in efficient extraction, cleanup, and preconcentration in a single step, thus providing a pathway to tackle complex matrix applications. Applications such as biological therapeutics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, environmental/industrial hygiene, forensics, glycan cleanup, etc., have been significantly enhanced due to improved sample preparation techniques. This review looks at the early sample preparation techniques. Further, it describes eight sample preparation technique coupled to HPLC that has gained prominence in the last two decades. They are (1) solid-phase extraction (SPE), (2) liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), (3) gel permeation chromatography (GPC), (4) Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS), (5) solid-phase microextraction (SPME), (6) ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction (UASE), and (7) microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MWASE). SPE, LLE, GPC, QuEChERS, and SPME can be used offline and online with HPLC. UASE and MWASE can be used offline with HPLC but have also been combined with the online automated techniques of SPE, LLE, GPC, or QuEChERS for targeted analysis. Three application areas of biomedical, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene are reviewed for the eight sample preparation techniques. Three hundred and twenty references on the eight sample preparation techniques published over the last two decades (2001-2021) are provided. Other older references were included to illustrate the historical development of sample preparation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakarr Kanu
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, United States.
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Effervescent tablet‐assisted demulsified dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet for determination of methadone in water and biological samples prior to GC‐flame ionization and GC‐MS. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3266-3274. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Jafarinejad M, Ezoddin M, Lamei N, Abdi K, Babhadi‐Ashar N, Pirooznia N, Akhgari M. Effervescent tablet‐assisted demulsified dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet for determination of methadone in water and biological samples prior to GC‐flame ionization and GC‐MS. J Sep Sci 2020. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.202000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Jafarinejad
- Department of Toxicology & PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyPharmaceutical Sciences BranchIslamic Azad University (IAUPS) Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Ezoddin
- Department of ChemistryPayame Noor University P.O. BOX 19395‐3697 Tehran Iran
| | - Navid Lamei
- Drug Design and Development Research CenterTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Khosrou Abdi
- Department of RadiopharmacyFaculty of PharmacyTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS)Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Nima Babhadi‐Ashar
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS)Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Nazanin Pirooznia
- Department of RadiopharmacyFaculty of PharmacyTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Akhgari
- Forensic Toxicology DepartmentLegal Medicine Research CenterLegal Medicine Organization Tehran Iran
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Mercieca G, Odoardi S, Mestria S, Cassar M, Strano‐Rossi S. Application of ultrasound‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the rapid determination of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in biological samples. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2858-2868. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Odoardi
- Department of Health Surveillance and BioethicsForensic Toxicology LaboratoryUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Serena Mestria
- Department of Health Surveillance and BioethicsForensic Toxicology LaboratoryUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Marisa Cassar
- BioDNA LaboratoriesMalta Life Sciences Park San Gwann Malta
| | - Sabina Strano‐Rossi
- Department of Health Surveillance and BioethicsForensic Toxicology LaboratoryUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy
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Shekari A, Forouzesh M, Valipour R, Fallah F, Shojaei P. Validation and Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction as a Preparation Method for Detection of Methadone in Saliva with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Technique. Adv Pharm Bull 2020; 10:329-333. [PMID: 32373504 PMCID: PMC7191241 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2020.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We investigated validation and optimization of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquidliquid microextraction (UADLLME) as a preparation method for detection of methadone in saliva samples. Methods: We used blank and methadone-containing saliva samples and also standard methadone solution. Sodium hydroxide and chloroform were added to samples and they were held in ultrasonic bath. Then preparations were centrifuged and extracted analyte was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Accuracy was measured by Intra and between-day mean relative errors (RE). Precision was assessed by coefficient of variation (CV). Recovery, specificity, linearity and limits of detection and quantification were also determined. Optimization was conducted for ultrasound duration, pH and extraction phase volume. Efficiency of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and UADLLME were compared. Results: Intra and between-day accuracies (2.3 -7.5%), recovery (89.4-115.5%) and precision (5.2-11.3%) were all acceptable. Calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 150 ng/mL-10 µL/mL with R2 >0.9995 and equation of y=86.901x-5342.5. Limits of detection and quantification were 50 and 150 ng/mL, respectively. Specificity was measured by comparing retention times of saliva samples (containing methadone metabolites and other commonly used drugs) during UADLLME/GC-MS analysis and no interference was observed. Recovery of UADLLME was 1.4 of DLLME. Solvent and sample volumes required for UADLLME were 1/200 and 1/20 of DLLME. The greatest efficiency obtained at pH of 10, with ultrasound treatment duration of 5 minutes and extraction phase volume of 1000 µL. Conclusion: Study found that UADLLME/GC-MS is a valid and efficient method for detection of methadone in oral fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Shekari
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Forouzesh
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roohollah Valipour
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fardin Fallah
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Shojaei
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
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Ali I, Suhail M, Alothman ZA, Abdulrahman A, Aboul-Enein HY. Drug analyses in human plasma by chromatography. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64066-6.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Temerdashev A, Dmitrieva E, Azaryan A, Gashimova E. A novel approach to the quantification of urinary aryl‐propionamide‐derived SARMs by UHPLC–MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4700. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azamat Temerdashev
- Department of Analytical ChemistryKuban State University Krasnodar Russia
| | | | - Alice Azaryan
- Department of Analytical ChemistryKuban State University Krasnodar Russia
| | - Elina Gashimova
- Department of Analytical ChemistryKuban State University Krasnodar Russia
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Prata M, Ribeiro A, Figueirinha D, Rosado T, Oppolzer D, Restolho J, Araújo AR, Costa S, Barroso M, Gallardo E. Determination of opiates in whole blood using microextraction by packed sorbent and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Francisco KCA, Brandão PF, Ramos RM, Gonçalves LM, Cardoso AA, Rodrigues JA. Salting‐out assisted liquid–liquid extraction with dansyl chloride for the determination of biogenic amines in food. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen C. A. Francisco
- Departamento de Química Analítica Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP) Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 Araraquara 14800‐900 SP Brazil
| | - Pedro F. Brandão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV Departamento de Química e BioquímicaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP) Rua do Campo Alegre, 687 Porto 4169‐007 Portugal
| | - Rui Miguel Ramos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV Departamento de Química e BioquímicaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP) Rua do Campo Alegre, 687 Porto 4169‐007 Portugal
| | - Luís Moreira Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química Fundamental Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 São Paulo05508‐000 SP Brazil
| | - Arnaldo A. Cardoso
- Departamento de Química Analítica Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP) Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 Araraquara 14800‐900 SP Brazil
| | - José António Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV Departamento de Química e BioquímicaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP) Rua do Campo Alegre, 687 Porto 4169‐007 Portugal
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Rapid liquid-phase microextraction of analytes from complex samples on superwetting porous silicon for onsite SALDI-MS analysis. Talanta 2019; 198:63-70. [PMID: 30876603 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To simplify the pretreatment process of complex samples is a key step for rapid detection. Herein, we report a single-step method to rapidly extract analytes with liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) from complex samples on a superwetting porous silicon (PSi) for onsite detection with surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS). The operation time is less than 3 min with this simple method. The limit of detection (LOD) of malachite green in lake water is lowered to 10-13 M, that of verapamil and methadone in whole blood is down to 10-11 M and 10-13 M, in urine is 10-13 M and 10-14 M, respectively; and the ranges of quantification is up to 8 or 9 orders of magnitude with high precision (coefficients of determination (R2) > 0.98) for the complex samples. This method could provide an approach to directly extract target compounds from complex samples on substrate for SALDI-MS analysis.
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He Y, Concheiro-Guisan M. Microextraction sample preparation techniques in forensic analytical toxicology. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4444. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; The City University of New York; New York NY USA
| | - Marta Concheiro-Guisan
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; The City University of New York; New York NY USA
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18
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Applications and opportunities of experimental design for the dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method – A review. Talanta 2018; 190:335-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Alahyari E, Setareh M, Shekari A, Roozbehani G, Soltaninejad K. Analysis of opioids in postmortem urine samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high performance liquid chromatography with photo diode array detection. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-018-0046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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20
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Mercieca G, Odoardi S, Cassar M, Strano Rossi S. Rapid and simple procedure for the determination of cathinones, amphetamine-like stimulants and other new psychoactive substances in blood and urine by GC–MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 149:494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Escrivá L, Manyes L, Font G, Berrada H. Mycotoxin Analysis of Human Urine by LC-MS/MS: A Comparative Extraction Study. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100330. [PMID: 29048356 PMCID: PMC5666377 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower mycotoxin levels detected in urine make the development of sensitive and accurate analytical methods essential. Three extraction methods, namely salting-out liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE), miniQuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe), and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), were evaluated and compared based on analytical parameters for the quantitative LC-MS/MS measurement of 11 mycotoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, ZEA, BEA, EN A, EN B, EN A1 and EN B1) in human urine. DLLME was selected as the most appropriate methodology, as it produced better validation results for recovery (79–113%), reproducibility (RSDs < 12%), and repeatability (RSDs < 15%) than miniQuEChERS (71–109%, RSDs <14% and <24%, respectively) and SALLE (70–108%, RSDs < 14% and < 24%, respectively). Moreover, the lowest detection (LODS) and quantitation limits (LOQS) were achieved with DLLME (LODs: 0.005–2 μg L−1, LOQs: 0.1–4 μg L−1). DLLME methodology was used for the analysis of 10 real urine samples from healthy volunteers showing the presence of ENs B, B1 and A1 at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Escrivá
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Lara Manyes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Guillermina Font
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Houda Berrada
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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22
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Han SY, Jeong KM, Yoo DE, Jin Y, Kim EM, Kim SH, Lee SY, Kim SH, Zhao J, Lee J. Simple and rapid determination of zaltoprofen in human plasma by manual-shaking-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4050-4059. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Se Young Han
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Jeong
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Da Eun Yoo
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Jin
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hyung Kim
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P.R. China
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Republic of Korea
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23
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Sena LCS, Matos HR, Dórea HS, Pimentel MF, de Santana DCAS, de Santana FJM. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop and high-performance liquid chromatography to the analysis of cocaine’s major adulterants in human urine. Toxicology 2017; 376:102-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Fernández P, González M, Regenjo M, Ares A, Fernández A, Lorenzo R, Carro A. Analysis of drugs of abuse in human plasma using microextraction by packed sorbents and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1485:8-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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25
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Lin Z, Li J, Zhang X, Qiu M, Huang Z, Rao Y. Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of seven recreational drugs in human whole blood using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1046:177-184. [PMID: 28189103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recreational drugs have large impact on public health and security, and to monitor them is of urgent demand. In the present study, ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with the detection of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to the determination of seven common recreational drugs, including amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, meperidine, methadone and ketamine in 200μL of human whole blood. A series of factors which would affect the extraction efficiency were systematically investigated, including the nature and the volume of extraction and dispersing solvents, ultrasonication time, salting-out effect and pH value. The method consumed small amount of sample. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for each analyte were 10 and 40ng/mL, respectively, and the linearity was in the range of 0.04-25μg/mL (R2 higher than 0.99). Good specificity, precision (1.5-8.2% for the intra-day study and 2.6-12.8% for the inter-day study), satisfactory accuracy (85.0-117.1%) and extraction recovery (77.0-92.4%) were obtained, which makes it a high performance method for the determination of recreational drugs in human whole blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Lin
- Department of Forensic Medicine (Center of Forensic Science), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiaolun Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine (Center of Forensic Science), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine (Center of Forensic Science), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Meihong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine (Center of Forensic Science), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yulan Rao
- Department of Forensic Medicine (Center of Forensic Science), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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26
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Alcantara GKS, Calixto LA, de Moraes LAB, Queiroz RHC, de Oliveira ARM, de Gaitani CM. Determination of Levetiracetam in Human Plasma by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2016; 2016:5976324. [PMID: 27830105 PMCID: PMC5086507 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5976324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Levetiracetam (LEV) is an antiepileptic drug that is clinically effective in generalized and partial epilepsy syndromes. The use of this drug has been increasing in clinical practice and intra- or -interindividual variability has been exhibited for special population. For this reason, bioanalytical methods are required for drug monitoring in biological matrices. So this work presents a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (DLLME-GC-MS) for LEV quantification in human plasma. However, due to the matrix complexity a previous purification step is required. Unlike other pretreatment techniques presented in the literature, for the first time, a procedure employing ultrafiltration tubes Amicon® (10 kDa porous size) without organic solvent consumption was developed. GC-MS analyses were carried out using a linear temperature program, capillary fused silica column, and helium as the carrier gas. DLLME optimized parameters were type and volume of extraction and dispersing solvents, salt addition, and vortex agitation time. Under chosen parameters (extraction solvent: chloroform, 130 μL; dispersing solvent: isopropyl alcohol, 400 μL; no salt addition and no vortex agitation time), the method was completely validated and all parameters were in agreement with the literature recommendations. LEV was quantified in patient's plasma sample using less than 550 μL of organic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greyce Kelly Steinhorst Alcantara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Augusto Calixto
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, 09972-270 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Beraldo de Moraes
- Departament of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Helena Costa Queiroz
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira
- Departament of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Masetto de Gaitani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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27
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Wang X, Li X, Li L, Li M, Liu Y, Wu Q, Li P, Jin Y. Sensitive determination of three aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites in human plasma by matrix solid-phase dispersion with vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and HPLC with diode array detection. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1971-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Wang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Ningxia University; Yinchuan China
| | - Xuwen Li
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Lanjie Li
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Min Li
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Qian Wu
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Yongri Jin
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
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28
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Optimization of ultrasound assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of six antidepressants in human plasma using experimental design. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:189-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Tolosa J, Font G, Mañes J, Ferrer E. Multimycotoxin analysis in water and fish plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 145:402-408. [PMID: 26694790 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for the determination of 15 mycotoxins in water and fish plasma samples, including aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocistin, fusarenon-X and emerging Fusarium mycotoxins. In this work, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was assessed as a sample treatment for the simultaneous extraction of mycotoxins. Results showed differences in recovery assays when different extraction solvents were employed. Ethyl acetate showed better recoveries for the major part of mycotoxins analyzed, except for aflatoxins B2, G1 and G2, which showed better recoveries when employing chloroform as extractant solvent. Fumonisins and beauvericin exhibited low recoveries in both water and plasma. This method was validated according to guidelines established by European Commission and has shown to be suitable to be applied in dietary and/or toxicokinetic studies in fish where is necessary to check mycotoxin contents in rearing water and fish plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tolosa
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenue Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - G Font
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenue Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - J Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenue Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - E Ferrer
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenue Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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30
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Jain R, Singh R. Applications of dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction in forensic toxicology. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Fisichella M, Odoardi S, Strano-Rossi S. High-throughput dispersive liquid/liquid microextraction (DLLME) method for the rapid determination of drugs of abuse, benzodiazepines and other psychotropic medications in blood samples by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and application to forensic cases. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Odoardi S, Fisichella M, Romolo FS, Strano-Rossi S. High-throughput screening for new psychoactive substances (NPS) in whole blood by DLLME extraction and UHPLC–MS/MS analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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