1
|
Takezawa T, Uzu M. HepG2-NIAS cells, a new subline of HepG2 cells that can enhance not only CYP3A4 activity but also expression of drug transporters and form bile canaliculus-like networks by the oxygenation culture via a collagen vitrigel membrane. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:39-50. [PMID: 34987140 DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We reported the enhanced liver-specific function and structure of HepG2 cells by the oxygenation culture via a collagen vitrigel membrane (CVM). The cells were conditioned in our laboratory for a long period, so their characteristics may change from the original HepG2 cells registered in RIKEN cell bank (RCB) with the number of 1648 (HepG2-RCB1648 cells). We named the conditioned HepG2-RCB1648 cells in our laboratory as HepG2-NIAS cells. Here, we clarified the features of HepG2 cells with three different culture histories by analyzing their morphology and viability, CYP3A4 activity, the potential to form bile canaliculus-like structures, and the expression of drug transporters. On plastic, HepG2-NIAS cells grew as a monolayer without the formation of large aggregates involving dead cells that were observed in HepG2-RCB1648 cells and HepG2-RCB1886 cells. In the oxygenation culture via a CVM, the CYP3A4 activity of HepG2-NIAS cells increased to almost half level in direct comparison to that of differentiated HepaRG cells cultured on a collagen-coated plate; however, that of HepG2-RCB1648 cells and HepG2-RCB1886 cells was almost not detected. HepG2-NIAS cells formed bile canaliculus-like networks in which fluorescein was accumulated after the exposure of fluorescein diacetate, although HepG2-RCB1648 cells and HepG2-RCB1886 cells did not possess the potential. Also, immunohistological observations revealed that HepG2-NIAS cells remarkably enhanced the expression of drug transporters, NTCP, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, BSEP, MDR1, MRP2, and BCRP. These results suggest that HepG2-NIAS cells are a new subline of HepG2 cells useful for drug development studies. HepG2-NIAS cells were registered in RCB with the number of 4679.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Takezawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Miaki Uzu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva AC, Borba JV, Alves VM, Hall SU, Furnham N, Kleinstreuer N, Muratov E, Tropsha A, Andrade CH. Novel computational models offer alternatives to animal testing for assessing eye irritation and corrosion potential of chemicals. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 1. [PMID: 35935266 PMCID: PMC9355119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ailsci.2021.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eye irritation and corrosion are fundamental considerations in developing chemicals to be used in or near the eye, from cleaning products to ophthalmic solutions. Unfortunately, animal testing is currently the standard method to identify compounds that cause eye irritation or corrosion. Yet, there is growing pressure on the part of regulatory agencies both in the USA and abroad to develop New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) that help reduce the need for animal testing and address unmet need to modernize safety evaluation of chemical hazards. In furthering the development and applications of computational NAMs in chemical safety assessment, in this study we have collected the largest expertly curated dataset of compounds tested for eye irritation and corrosion, and employed this data to build and validate binary and multi-classification Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) models that can reliably assess eye irritation/corrosion potential of novel untested compounds. QSAR models were generated with Random Forest (RF) and Multi-Descriptor Read Across (MuDRA) machine learning (ML) methods, and validated using a 5-fold external cross-validation protocol. These models demonstrated high balanced accuracy (CCR of 0.68–0.88), sensitivity (SE of 0.61–0.84), positive predictive value (PPV of 0.65–0.90), specificity (SP of 0.56–0.91), and negative predictive value (NPV of 0.68–0.85). Overall, MuDRA models outperformed RF models and were applied to predict compounds’ irritation/corrosion potential from the Inactive Ingredient Database, which contains components present in FDA-approved drug products, and from the Cosmetic Ingredient Database, the European Commission source of information on cosmetic substances. All models built and validated in this study are publicly available at the STopTox web portal (https://stoptox.mml.unc.edu/). These models can be employed as reliable tools for identifying potential eye irritant/corrosive compounds
Collapse
|
3
|
Bonneau N, Baudouin C, Réaux-Le Goazigo A, Brignole-Baudouin F. An overview of current alternative models in the context of ocular surface toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:718-737. [PMID: 34648674 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The 21st century has seen a steadily increasing social awareness of animal suffering, with increased attention to ethical considerations. Developing new integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA) strategies is an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) goal to reduce animal testing. Currently, there is a lack of alternative models to test for ocular surface toxicity (aside from irritation) in lieu of the Draize eye irritation test (OECD guideline No. 405) performed in rabbits. Five alternative in vitro or ex vivo methods have been validated to replace this reference test, but only in combination. However, pathologies like Toxicity-Induced Dry Eye (TIDE), cataract, glaucoma, and neuropathic pain can occur after exposure to a pharmaceutical product or chemical and therefore need to be anticipated. To do so, new models of lacrimal glands, lens, and neurons innervating epithelia are required. These models must take into account real-life exposure (dose, time, and tear film clearance). The scientific community is working hard to develop new, robust, alternative, in silico, and in vitro models, while attempting to balance ethics and availability of biological materials. This review provides a broad overview of the validated methods for analyzing ocular irritation and those still used by some industries, as well as promising models that need to be optimized according to the OECD. Finally, we give an overview of recently developed innovative models, which could become new tools in the evaluation of ocular surface toxicity within the scope of IATAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Bonneau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, IHU FOReSight, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Horus Pharma, Saint-Laurent-du-Var, France
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, IHU FOReSight, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU FOReSight, Paris, France.,Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | | | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, IHU FOReSight, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU FOReSight, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Ophtalmobiologie, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSight, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Département de Toxicologie, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moe B, Berezowski KL, Huang DY, Dey I, Xie L, Ling ZC, Kinniburgh DW. A microelectric cell sensing technique for in vitro assessment of ocular irritation. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105124. [PMID: 33636280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The animal-based Draize test remains the gold standard for assessment of ocular irritation. However, subjective scoring methods, species differences, and animal welfare concerns have spurred development of alternative test methods. In this study, a novel in vitro method for assessing ocular irritancy was developed using a microelectric cell sensing technology, real-time cell analysis (RTCA). The cytotoxicity of sixteen compounds was assessed in two cell lines: ARPE-19 (human retina) and SIRC (rabbit cornea). In vitro inhibitory (IC50 and AUC50) values were determined at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h exposure, with a subset of values confirmed with MTT testing. The values displayed comparable predictivity of in vivo ocular irritation on the basis of a linear regression between the calculated values and each compounds' corresponding Draize-determined modified maximum average score (MMAS), but the ARPE-19 derived values were more strongly correlated than those from SIRC cells. Hence, IC50 values derived from ARPE-19 cells were used to predict the UN GHS/EU CLP classification of each test compound. The method was determined to have sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 50%, and overall concordance of 75%. Thus, RTCA testing may be best incorporated into a top-down tiered testing strategy for identification of ocular irritants in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birget Moe
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kathryn L Berezowski
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Dorothy Yu Huang
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Indranil Dey
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Li Xie
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Zong-Chao Ling
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - David W Kinniburgh
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
In vitro reconstructed 3D corneal tissue models for ocular toxicology and ophthalmic drug development. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:207-237. [PMID: 33544359 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Testing of all manufactured products and their ingredients for eye irritation is a regulatory requirement. In the last two decades, the development of alternatives to the in vivo Draize eye irritation test method has substantially advanced due to the improvements in primary cell isolation, cell culture techniques, and media, which have led to improved in vitro corneal tissue models and test methods. Most in vitro models for ocular toxicology attempt to reproduce the corneal epithelial tissue which consists of 4-5 layers of non-keratinized corneal epithelial cells that form tight junctions, thereby limiting the penetration of chemicals, xenobiotics, and pharmaceuticals. Also, significant efforts have been directed toward the development of more complex three-dimensional (3D) equivalents to study wound healing, drug permeation, and bioavailability. This review focuses on in vitro reconstructed 3D corneal tissue models and their utilization in ocular toxicology as well as their application to pharmacology and ophthalmic research. Current human 3D corneal epithelial cell culture models have replaced in vivo animal eye irritation tests for many applications, and substantial validation efforts are in progress to verify and approve alternative eye irritation tests for widespread use. The validation of drug absorption models and further development of models and test methods for many ophthalmic and ocular disease applications is required.
Collapse
|
6
|
An alternative predictor of eye irritation that utilizes potential parameters of the human corneal epithelium model calculated based on Hansen solubility parameters. Toxicol Lett 2021; 342:1-5. [PMID: 33545305 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eye irritation predictions are very important in the development of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. For animal protection, alternative tests are being developed to replace the Draize test, which involves the use of rabbits to test eye irritation. The Vitrigel-eye irritancy test (Vitrigel-EIT), is one such alternative. As a preliminary study, we evaluated if Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) values can be used to predict Vitrigel-EIT results. An Hansen sphere was created based on the HSP values and Vitrigel-EIT results from 61 substances. Substances inside and outside of the sphere were designated as dangerous and safe substances, respectively. The safety of each test substance was predicted by comparing the center point (Ro) of the sphere with the relative energy difference, i.e., the ratio of each test substance (Ra). The accuracy, false negativity, and false positivity of the "irritant" and "nonirritant" designations, as determined by the Vitrigel-EIT results and Hansen sphere, were 91.8% (56/61), 2.3% (1/43), and 22.2% (4/18), respectively. These results indicated that HSP values can be used to predict Vitrigel-EIT results with high reproducibility, and thus are useful for evaluating the safety of substances.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kojima H, Yamaguchi H, Sozu T, Kleinstreuer N, Chae-Hyung L, Chen W, Watanabe M, Fukuda T, Yamashita K, Takezawa T. Multi-laboratory Validation Study of the Vitrigel-Eye Irritancy Test Method as an Alternative to In Vivo Eye Irritation Testing. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 47:140-157. [DOI: 10.1177/0261192919886665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Collagen vitrigel membranes (CVMs) comprising high-density collagen fibrils equivalent to in vivo connective tissues have been widely used in cell culture applications. A human corneal epithelium (hCE) model was previously developed by the Takezawa group, by culturing HCE-T cells (derived from hCE cells) on a CVM scaffold in a chamber that provided an air–liquid interface culture system. This hCE model was used to establish a new test method, known as the Vitrigel-Eye Irritancy Test (Vitrigel-EIT) method, which can be used to estimate the ocular irritation potential of test chemicals by analysing relative changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) over time. The current study was conducted in order to assess the reliability and relevance of the Vitrigel-EIT method at three participating laboratories by determining the method’s within-laboratory reproducibility and between-laboratory reproducibility, as well as its capacity for distinguishing non-irritants from irritants in a bottom-up approach. The initial test sample size was found to be too low to evaluate the predictive capacity of the test method, and so it was evaluated with additional in-house data for a total of 93 test chemicals. The results showed 80–100% within-laboratory reproducibility and an excellent between-laboratory reproducibility that met the acceptance criteria of 80%. However, the method’s predictive capacity for distinguishing non-irritants (test chemicals not requiring classification and labelling for eye irritation or serious eye damage, i.e. United Nations Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) No Category) from irritants (GHS Categories 1 and 2) in a bottom-up approach was unacceptable because of false negative rates as high as 16.7%. After considerable review of the data with a view to using the method for regulatory purposes, it was determined that a more defined applicability domain, excluding test chemical solutions with a pH of 5 or less and solid test chemicals, improved the false negative rate to 4.2%. These results suggested that, within this carefully defined applicability domain, the Vitrigel-EIT method could be a useful alternative for distinguishing test chemicals that are ocular non-irritants from those that are irritants as part of a bottom-up approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kojima
- Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM), National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Sozu
- Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM)/Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lim Chae-Hyung
- Korean Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (KoCVAM), National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong-eup, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Wannhsin Chen
- Industrial Technology Research Institute, (ITRI), Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center (FDSC), Hadano, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Toshiaki Takezawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nakai S, Shibata I, Shitamichi T, Yamaguchi H, Takagi N, Inoue T, Nakagawa T, Kiyokawa J, Wakabayashi S, Miyoshi T, Higashi E, Ishida S, Shiraki N, Kume S. Collagen vitrigel promotes hepatocytic differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into functional hepatocyte-like cells. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.042192. [PMID: 31182631 PMCID: PMC6679405 DOI: 10.1242/bio.042192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of stem cells to hepatocytes provides an unlimited supply of human hepatocytes and therefore has been vigorously studied. However, to date, the stem cell-derived hepatocytes were suggested to be of immature features. To obtain matured hepatocytes from stem cells, we tested the effect of culturing human-induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cell-derived endoderm cells on collagen vitrigel membrane and compared with our previous reported nanofiber matrix. We cultured hiPS cell-derived endoderm cells on a collagen vitrigel membrane and examined the expression profiles, and tested the activity of metabolic enzymes. Gene expression profile analysis of hepatocytic differentiation markers revealed that upon culture on collagen vitrigel membrane, immature markers of AFP decreased, with a concomitant increase in the expression of mature hepatocyte transcription factors and mature hepatocyte markers such as ALB, ASGR1. Mature markers involved in liver functions, such as transporters, cytochrome P450 enzymes and phase II metabolic enzymes were also upregulated. We observed the upregulation of the liver markers for at least 2 weeks. Gene array profiling analysis revealed that hiPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (hiPS-hep) resemble those of the primary hepatocytes. Functions of the CYP enzyme activities were tested in multi-institution and all revealed high CYP1A, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A activity, which could be maintained for at least 2 weeks in culture. Taken together, the present approach identified that collagen vitrigel membrane provides a suitable environment for the generation of hepatocytes from hiPS cells that resemble many characteristics of primary human hepatocytes. Summary: We found that collagen vitrigel membrane used as scaffold potentiates differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into mature hepatocyte-like cells that exhibit mature functions of the hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Nakai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ima Shibata
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shitamichi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 21 Suzukawa, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1146, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takagi
- Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 2-1, Nihonbashi Muromachi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0022, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Inoue
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Toshito Nakagawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Jumpei Kiyokawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wakabayashi
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Saitama-shi, Saitama 330-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoya Miyoshi
- Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Eriko Higashi
- Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Science, 3-25-26 Tonomati, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shiraki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu P, Kai C, Kawasaki S, Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto K, Tsujikawa M, Hayashi R, Nishida K. A New in Vitro Model of GDLD by Knocking Out TACSTD2 and Its Paralogous Gene EpCAM in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:30. [PMID: 30619650 PMCID: PMC6314060 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.6.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy (GDLD) is a rare autosomal recessive corneal dystrophy that causes severe vision loss. Because of its poor prognosis, there is a demand for novel treatments for GDLD. Here, we establish a new in vitro disease model of GDLD based on immortalized human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) cells. Methods By using transcription activator-like effector nuclease plasmids, tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TACSTD2) and its paralogous gene, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), were knocked out in HCE-T cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was performed to obtain cells in which both TACSTD2 and EpCAM were knocked out (DKO cells). In DKO cells, the expression levels and subcellular localizations of claudin (CLDN) 1, 4, and 7, and ZO-1 were investigated, along with epithelial barrier function. By using DKO cells, the feasibility of gene therapy for GDLD was also investigated. Results DKO cells exhibited decreased expression and aberrant subcellular localization of CLDN1 and CLDN7 proteins, as well as decreased epithelial barrier function. Transduction of the TACSTD2 gene into DKO cells nearly normalized expression levels and subcellular localization of CLDN1 and CLDN7 proteins, while significantly increasing epithelial barrier function. Conclusions We established an in vitro disease model of GDLD by knocking out TACSTD2 and its paralogous gene, EpCAM, in HCE-T cells. This cell line accurately reflected pathological aspects of GDLD. Translational Relevance We expect that the cell line will be useful to elucidate the pathogenesis of GDLD and develop novel treatments for GDLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Ocular Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chifune Kai
- Department of Ocular Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Ocular Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kouji Yamamoto
- Department of Biostatistics, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Motokazu Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lotz C, Kiesewetter L, Schmid FF, Hansmann J, Walles H, Groeber-Becker F. Replacing the Draize eye test: Impedance spectroscopy as a 3R method to discriminate between all GHS categories for eye irritation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15049. [PMID: 30301970 PMCID: PMC6177390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly invasive animal based test procedures for risk assessment such as the Draize eye test are under increasing criticism due to poor transferability for the human organism and animal-welfare concerns. However, besides all efforts, the Draize eye test is still not completely replaced by alternative animal-free methods. To develop an in vitro test to identify all categories of eye irritation, we combined organotypic cornea models based on primary human cells with an electrical readout system that measures the impedance of the test models. First, we showed that employing a primary human cornea epithelial cell based model is advantageous in native marker expression to the primary human epidermal keratinocytes derived models. Secondly, by employing a non-destructive measuring system based on impedance spectroscopy, we could increase the sensitivity of the test system. Thereby, all globally harmonized systems categories of eye irritation could be identified by repeated measurements over a period of 7 days. Based on a novel prediction model we achieved an accuracy of 78% with a reproducibility of 88.9% to determine all three categories of eye irritation in one single test. This could pave the way according to the 3R principle to replace the Draize eye test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Lotz
- Department Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany.
| | - L Kiesewetter
- Department Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - F F Schmid
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - J Hansmann
- Department Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany.,Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - H Walles
- Department Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany.,Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - F Groeber-Becker
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Perry G, Xiao W, Welsh GI, Perriman AW, Lennon R. Engineered basement membranes: from in vivo considerations to cell-based assays. Integr Biol (Camb) 2018; 10:680-695. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ib00138c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Engineered basement membranes are required to mimic in vivo properties within cell-based assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Perry
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d’Electronique et d’Electromagnétisme
- F-75005 Paris
- France
| | - Wenjin Xiao
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol
- BS8 1TD Bristol
- UK
| | - Gavin I. Welsh
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
- BS1 3NY Bristol
- UK
| | - Adam W. Perriman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol
- BS8 1TD Bristol
- UK
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
- M13 9PT Manchester
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yamamoto N, Kato Y, Sato A, Hiramatsu N, Yamashita H, Ohkuma M, Miyachi EI, Horiguchi M, Hirano K, Kojima H. Establishment of a new immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line (iHCE-NY1) for use in evaluating eye irritancy by in vitro test methods. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:742-8. [PMID: 27130679 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In vitro test methods that use human corneal epithelial cells to evaluate the eye irritation potency of chemical substances do not use human corneal epithelium because it has been difficult to maintain more than four passages. In this study, we make a new cell line comprising immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (iHCE-NY1). The IC50 of iHCE-NY1 cells is slightly higher than that of Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea (SIRC) cells, which are currently used in some in vitro test methods. CDKN1A in iHCE-NY1 cells was used as a marker of gene expression to indicate cell cycle activity. This enabled us to evaluate cell recovery characteristics at concentrations lower than the IC50 of cytotoxic tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fujita Health University Institute of Joint Research, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Yoshinao Kato
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, 2-7 Torimi-cho, Nishi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 451-0071, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sato
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, 2-7 Torimi-cho, Nishi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 451-0071, Japan
| | - Noriko Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fujita Health University Institute of Joint Research, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fujita Health University Institute of Joint Research, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Mahito Ohkuma
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Ei-Ichi Miyachi
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masayuki Horiguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Koji Hirano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM), Division of Pharmacology, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyouga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yamaguchi H, Kojima H, Takezawa T. Predictive performance of the Vitrigel-eye irritancy test method using 118 chemicals. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:1025-37. [PMID: 26472347 PMCID: PMC5057344 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently developed a novel Vitrigel‐eye irritancy test (EIT) method. The Vitrigel‐EIT method is composed of two parts, i.e., the construction of a human corneal epithelium (HCE) model in a collagen vitrigel membrane chamber and the prediction of eye irritancy by analyzing the time‐dependent profile of transepithelial electrical resistance values for 3 min after exposing a chemical to the HCE model. In this study, we estimated the predictive performance of Vitrigel‐EIT method by testing a total of 118 chemicals. The category determined by the Vitrigel‐EIT method in comparison to the globally harmonized system classification revealed that the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 90.1%, 65.9% and 80.5%, respectively. Here, five of seven false‐negative chemicals were acidic chemicals inducing the irregular rising of transepithelial electrical resistance values. In case of eliminating the test chemical solutions showing pH 5 or lower, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were improved to 96.8%, 67.4% and 84.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, nine of 16 false‐positive chemicals were classified irritant by the US Environmental Protection Agency. In addition, the disappearance of ZO‐1, a tight junction‐associated protein and MUC1, a cell membrane‐spanning mucin was immunohistologically confirmed in the HCE models after exposing not only eye irritant chemicals but also false‐positive chemicals, suggesting that such false‐positive chemicals have an eye irritant potential. These data demonstrated that the Vitrigel‐EIT method could provide excellent predictive performance to judge the widespread eye irritancy, including very mild irritant chemicals. We hope that the Vitrigel‐EIT method contributes to the development of safe commodity chemicals. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Applied Toxicology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of Vitrigel‐EIT method in comparison to GHS were 90.1%, 65.9% and 80.5%, respectively. In case of eliminating nine chemicals showing pH 5 or lower, those were improved to 96.8%, 67.4% and 84.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, nine of 16 false‐positive chemicals were classified irritant by EPA and immunohistologically confirmed to have an eye irritant potential. These data demonstrated that the Vitrigel‐EIT method could provide excellent predictive performance to judge the widespread eye irritancy, including mild irritant chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM), Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Hearth Sciences, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Takezawa
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|