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Kurogi K, Cao Y, Segawa K, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Uetrecht J, Liu MC. Sulfation of 12-hydroxy-nevirapine by human SULTs and the effects of genetic polymorphisms of SULT1A1 and SULT2A1. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115243. [PMID: 36084709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nevirapine (NVP) is an effective drug for the treatment of HIV infections, but its use is limited by a high incidence of severe skin rash and liver injury. 12-Hydroxynevirapine (12-OH-NVP) is the major metabolite of nevirapine. There is strong evidence that the sulfate of 12-OH-NVP is responsible for the skin rash. While several cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) have been shown to be capable of sulfating 12-OH-NVP, the exact mechanism of sulfation in vivo is unclear. The current study aimed to clarify human SULT(s) and human organs that are capable of sulfating 12-OH-NVP and investigate the metabolic sulfation of 12-OH-NVP using cultured HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Enzymatic assays revealed that of the thirteen human SULTs, SULT1A1 and SULT2A1 displayed strong 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity. 1-Phenyl-1-hexanol (PHHX), which applied topically prevents the skin rash in rats, inhibited 12-OH-NVP sulfation by SULT1A1 and SULT2A1, implying the involvement of these two enzymes in the sulfation of 12-OH-NVP in vivo. Among five human organ cytosols analyzed, liver cytosol displayed the strongest 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity, while a low but significant activity was detected with skin cytosol. Cultured HepG2 cells were shown to be capable of sulfating 12-OH-NVP. The effects of genetic polymorphisms of SULT1A1 and SULT2A1 genes on the sulfation of 12-OH-NVP by SULT1A1 and SULT2A1 allozymes were investigated. Two SULT1A1 allozymes, Arg37Asp and Met223Val, showed no detectable 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity, while a SULT2A1 allozyme, Met57Thr, displayed significantly higher 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity compared with the wild-type enzyme. Collectively, these results contribute to a better understanding of the involvement of sulfation in NVP-induced skin rash and provide clues to the possible role of SULT genetic polymorphisms in the risk of this adverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yanshan Cao
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S3M2, Canada
| | - Koshi Segawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S3M2, Canada
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Wang K, Chan YC, So PK, Liu X, Feng L, Cheung WT, Lee SST, Au SWN. Structure of mouse cytosolic sulfotransferase SULT2A8 provides insight into sulfonation of 7α-hydroxyl bile acids. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100074. [PMID: 33872606 PMCID: PMC8134075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the transfer of a sulfonate group from the cofactor 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphosulfate to a hydroxyl (OH) containing substrate and play a critical role in the homeostasis of endogenous compounds, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and bile acids. In human, SULT2A1 sulfonates the 3-OH of bile acids; however, bile acid metabolism in mouse is dependent on a 7α-OH sulfonating SULT2A8 via unknown molecular mechanisms. In this study, the crystal structure of SULT2A8 in complex with adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate and cholic acid was resolved at a resolution of 2.5 Å. Structural comparison with human SULT2A1 reveals different conformations of substrate binding loops. In addition, SULT2A8 possesses a unique substrate binding mode that positions the target 7α-OH of the bile acid close to the catalytic site. Furthermore, mapping of the critical residues by mutagenesis and enzyme activity assays further highlighted the importance of Lys44 and His48 for enzyme catalysis and Glu237 in loop 3 on substrate binding and stabilization. In addition, limited proteolysis and thermal shift assays suggested that the cofactor and substrates have protective roles in stabilizing SULT2A8 protein. Together, the findings unveil the structural basis of bile acid sulfonation targeting 7α-OH and shed light on the functional diversity of bile acid metabolism across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Yan-Chun Chan
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Pui-Kin So
- University Research Facility in Life Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Xing Liu
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Lu Feng
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wing-Tai Cheung
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Susanna Sau-Tuen Lee
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Shannon Wing-Ngor Au
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; Center for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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Manjunatha B, Sreevidya B, Lee SJ. Developmental toxicity triggered by benzyl alcohol in the early stage of zebrafish embryos: Cardiovascular defects with inhibited liver formation and degenerated neurogenesis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141631. [PMID: 32889257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Benzyl alcohol (BnOH) is an aromatic alcohol used worldwide as an excipient in foods, cosmetics, household products, and medications. Although BnOH is a bacteriostatic agent found in many parenteral preparations, this agent is responsible for precipitating the gasping syndrome in premature neonates. Increasing evidence of human exposure to BnOH and environmental contamination of BnOH requires a detailed toxicity assessment of this aromatic chemical. Few studies on the toxicity of BnOH have been reported on different animal models, but its developmental toxicity effects are not fully understood yet. Studies on the effects of BnOH on the specific endpoints of organ toxicity are rare. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the developmental toxicity effects of BnOH by using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo as a biological disease model. Four-hour post fertilization zebrafish embryos were exposed to BnOH for 72 h to assess BnOH toxicity on an ecological viewpoint. The median lethal concentrations of varying BnOH concentrations in zebrafish embryos were estimated. The embryonic toxicity induced by BnOH was revealed by the apoptosis in embryos and pathological alterations, such as increased mortality, inhibited hatching rate, and decreased somite number. Moreover, pericardial edema and string heartbeat were observed because of arrhythmia and cardiac malformation. The number of normal vessels in the head and trunk regions was remarkably reduced in transgenic zebrafish line Tg (Fli-1: EGFP). Morphological defects and yolk sac retention were related to the degenerated liver formation in Tg (Lfabp: dsRED). Furthermore, BnOH exposure led to the disruption of motor neuron axonal integrity and the alteration of the axon pattern in Tg (olig2: dsRED). In addition, the results exhibited the pathological effects of BnOH exposure on major organs. We believe that this study is the second to report the developmental organ toxicity of BnOH to zebrafish embryos. This study provides important information for further elucidating the mechanism of BnOH-induced developmental organ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangeppagari Manjunatha
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea.
| | - B Sreevidya
- Narayana Medical College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh 524003, India
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea.
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Wang W, Xie G, Ren Z, Xie T, Li J. Gene Selection for the Discrimination of Colorectal Cancer. Curr Mol Med 2019; 20:415-428. [PMID: 31746296 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666191119105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Cancer discrimination is a typical application of gene expression analysis using a microarray technique. However, microarray data suffer from the curse of dimensionality and usual imbalanced class distribution between the majority (tumor samples) and minority (normal samples) classes. Feature gene selection is necessary and important for cancer discrimination. OBJECTIVES To select feature genes for the discrimination of CRC. METHODS We improve the feature selection algorithm based on differential evolution, DEFSw by using RUSBoost classifier and weight accuracy instead of the common classifier and evaluation measure for selecting feature genes from imbalance data. We firstly extract differently expressed genes (DEGs) from the CRC dataset of the TCGA and then select the feature genes from the DEGs using the improved DEFSw algorithm. Finally, we validate the selected feature gene sets using independent datasets and retrieve the cancer related information for these genes based on text mining through the Coremine Medical online database. RESULTS We select out 16 single-gene feature sets for colorectal cancer discrimination and 19 single-gene feature sets only for colon cancer discrimination. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we find a series of high potential candidate biomarkers or signatures, which can discriminate either or both of colon cancer and rectal cancer with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wang
- Network Information Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanglei Xie
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhonglu Ren
- College of Medical Information Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingyan Xie
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinming Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Jin L, Yu H, Geng L, Ma G, Wei X. In silico study for inhibiting thyroid hormone sulfotransferase activity by halogenated phenolic chemicals. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:146-151. [PMID: 31082578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential to proper growth and development of human bodies. Inhibiting the sulfation metabolism of THs has been demonstrated to be an important way for some environmental pollutants, such as halogenated phenolic compounds, to interfere THs homeostasis, thereby causing health problems. However, the important property characteristics that govern the sulfation inhibition of these chemicals are not well understood, and the experimental data on inhibition potential is limited. In this work, an in silico approach was developed to investigate the structure-activity relationship for their sulfotransferases (SULTs) inhibition. A series of quantum chemical descriptors that quantify the electronic and energy properties of 22 halogenated phenolic compounds have been calculated to establish a predictive model and analyzed their corresponding contributions to SULTs inhibition. Density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP/6-31G** has been employed to optimize molecular geometries to obtain a total of 15 descriptors for every compound. The implementation of linear regression shows three descriptors that represent molecular mass, positive charges on hydrogen atoms, and energy of frontier orbitals strongly correlate with SULTs inhibition potential. This indicates molecular size, hydrogen-bond strength, and nucleophilic-electrophilic reactivity may play important roles in SULTs inhibition. The derived regression model has good statistical performance (r2 = 0.84, rms = 0.35), and different validation strategies indicate it can serve as an efficient predictive tool for other chemicals in application domain but with no experimental data, consequently assisting in their THs sulfation inhibition and health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmin Jin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Liming Geng
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Guangcai Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua, 321004, China
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Godinho ALA, Martins IL, Nunes J, Charneira C, Grilo J, Silva DM, Pereira SA, Soto K, Oliveira MC, Marques MM, Jacob CC, Antunes AMM. High resolution mass spectrometry-based methodologies for identification of Etravirine bioactivation to reactive metabolites: In vitro and in vivo approaches. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 119:70-82. [PMID: 29592839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Drug bioactivation to reactive metabolites capable of covalent adduct formation with bionucleophiles is a major cause of drug-induced adverse reactions. Therefore, elucidation of reactive metabolites is essential to unravel the toxicity mechanisms induced by drugs and thereby identify patient subgroups at higher risk. Etravirine (ETR) was the first second-generation Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI) to be approved, as a therapeutic option for HIV-infected patients who developed resistance to the first-generation NNRTIs. Additionally, ETR came into market aiming to overcome some adverse effects associated with the previously used efavirenz (neurotoxicity) and nevirapine (hepatotoxicity) therapies. Nonetheless, post-marketing reports of severe ETR-induced skin rash and hypersensitivity reactions have prompted the U.S. FDA to issue a safety alert on ETR. Taking into consideration that ETR usage may increase in the near future, due to the possible use of the drug for coinfection with malaria and HIV, the development of reliable prognostic tools for early risk/benefit estimations is urgent. In the current study, high resolution mass spectrometry-based methodologies were integrated with MS3 experiments for the identification of reactive ETR metabolites/adducts: 1) in vitro incubation of the drug with human and rat liver S9 fractions in the presence of Phase I and II co-factors, including glutathione, as a trapping bionucleophile; and 2) in vivo, using urine samples from HIV-infected patients on ETR therapy. We obtained evidence for multiple bioactivation pathways leading to the formation of covalent adducts with glutathione and N-acetyl-L-cysteine. These results suggest that similar reactions may occur with cysteine residues of proteins, supporting a role for ETR bioactivation in the onset of the toxic effects elicited by the drug. Additionally, ETR metabolites stemming from amine oxidation, with potential toxicological significance, were identified in vitro and in vivo. Also noteworthy is the fact that new metabolic conjugation pathways of glucuronide metabolites were demonstrated for the first time, raising questions about their potential toxicological implications. In conclusion, these results represent not only a contribution towards the elucidation of new metabolic pathways of drugs in general but also an important step towards the elucidation of potentially toxic ETR pathways, whose understanding may be crucial for reliable risk/benefit estimations of ETR-based regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L A Godinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês L Martins
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Nunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Charneira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Grilo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diogo M Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Karina Soto
- Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca E.P.E., IC 19, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal
| | - M Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina C Jacob
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra M M Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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