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Dalton C, Watkins R, Pritchard S, Graham S. Skin decontamination of Carfentanil in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2023; 388:56-63. [PMID: 37806367 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Skin decontamination of Chemical Biological Radioactive and Nuclear (CBRN) materials involves the timely and effective removal of the contaminants from the skin surface. The current work evaluated Fuller's Earth & The Reactive Skin Decontaminant Lotion Kit (RSDL®) to investigate whether they were as efficacious against free base Carfentanil skin contamination as they are against chemical warfare agents. The in vitro methodology used allowed for evaluation of decontamination regimens as specified by the decontaminant manufacturer rather than as an application of a bolus dose left in situ for the study duration. A selection of novel decontaminants, including Dermal Decontamination Gel (DDGel), Trivorex®, itaconic acid (IA), N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), 2-trifluoromethylacrylic acid (TFMAA) and NanoSan Sorb were also tested for efficacy. All the evaluated decontaminants were successful at removing the majority of the Carfentanil skin surface contamination. The current work has shown that the Fuller's Earth decontamination kit, removes as much (or more) free base carfentanil from the skin surface in comparison to other products tested in this study series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dalton
- Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | - Rachel Watkins
- Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Sarah Pritchard
- Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Stuart Graham
- Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
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2
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Shahinfar S, Maibach H. In vitro percutaneous penetration test overview. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1102433. [PMID: 37388444 PMCID: PMC10300277 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1102433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is a detailed, organized, and intricate niche in the human body. Topical and transdermal drugs are unique, in that their absorption is quite different from other routes of administration (oral, intramuscular, intravenous, etc.,.). A robust amount of research is required to approve the use of a drug-in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo studies collectively help manufacturers and government agencies with approval of various compounds. Use of human and animal studies poses ethical and financial concerns, making samples difficult to use. In vitro and ex vivo methods have improved over the past several decades-results show relevance when compared to in vivo methods. The history of testing is discussed, followed by a detailed account of known complexities of skin and the current state of percutaneous penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeva Shahinfar
- Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
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3
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Cruz-Hernandez A, Mendoza RP, Nguyen K, Harder A, Evans CM, Bauer AK, Tewari-Singh N, Brown JM. Mast Cells Promote Nitrogen Mustard-Mediated Toxicity in the Lung Associated With Proinflammatory Cytokine and Bioactive Lipid Mediator Production. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:127-141. [PMID: 34453837 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) has been widely used as a chemical warfare agent including most recently in Syria. Mice exposed to SM exhibit an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines followed by immune cell infiltration in the lung, however, the mechanisms leading to these inflammatory responses has not been completely elucidated. Mast cells are one of the first responding innate immune cells found at the mucosal surfaces of the lung and have been reported to be activated by SM in the skin. Therefore, we hypothesized that nitrogen mustard (NM: a surrogate for SM) exposure promotes activation of mast cells causing chronic respiratory inflammation. To assess the role of mast cells in NM-mediated pulmonary toxicity, we compared the effects of NM exposure between C57BL/6 and B6.Cg-KitW-sh/HNihrJaeBsmJ (KitW-sh; mast cell deficient) mice. Lung injury was observed in C57BL/6J mice following NM exposure (0.125 mg/kg) at 72 h, which was significantly abrogated in KitW-sh mice. Although both strains exhibited damage from NM, C57BL/6J mice had higher inflammatory cell infiltration and more elevated prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with KitW-sh mice. Additionally, we utilized murine bone marrow-derived mast cells to assess NM-induced early and late activation. Although NM exposure did not result in mast cell degranulation, we observed an upregulation in PGD2 and IL-6 levels following exposure to NM. Results suggest that mast cells play a prominent role in lung injury induced by NM and may contribute to the acute and potentially long-term lung injury observed caused by SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cruz-Hernandez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Ryan P Mendoza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Kathleen Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Anna Harder
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Christopher M Evans
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Alison K Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Jared M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Timperley CM, Forman JE, Abdollahi M, Al-Amri AS, Baulig A, Benachour D, Borrett V, Cariño FA, Curty C, Geist M, Gonzalez D, Kane W, Kovarik Z, Martínez-Álvarez R, Mourão NMF, Neffe S, Raza SK, Rubaylo V, Suárez AG, Takeuchi K, Tang C, Trifirò F, van Straten FM, Vanninen PS, Vučinić S, Zaitsev V, Zafar-Uz-Zaman M, Zina MS, Holen S, Alwan WS, Suri V, Hotchkiss PJ, Ghanei M. Advice on assistance and protection provided by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons: Part 3. On medical care and treatment of injuries from sulfur mustard. Toxicology 2021; 463:152967. [PMID: 34619302 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Blister agents damage the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and subcutaneous tissues. Other toxic effects may occur after absorption. The response of the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to a request from the OPCW Director-General in 2013 on the status of medical countermeasures and treatments to blister agents is updated through the incorporation of the latest information. The physical and toxicological properties of sulfur mustard and clinical effects and treatments are summarised. The information should assist medics and emergency responders who may be unfamiliar with the toxidrome of sulfur mustard and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Timperley
- Chair of the OPCW SAB from 2015-2018, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Jonathan E Forman
- Science Policy Adviser and Secretary to the SAB, OPCW, The Hague, 2417, JR, the Netherlands, from 2015-2018
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | | | - Augustin Baulig
- Secrétariat Général de la Défense et de la Sécurité Nationale (SGDSN), Paris, France
| | - Djafer Benachour
- LMPMP, Faculty of Technology, Ferhat Abbas University, Setif-1, Algeria
| | - Veronica Borrett
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David Gonzalez
- Facultad De Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | - Syed K Raza
- Chairperson Accreditation Committee, National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL), India
| | - Valentin Rubaylo
- State Scientific Research Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology (GosNIIOKhT), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alejandra Graciela Suárez
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Koji Takeuchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cheng Tang
- Office for the Disposal of Japanese Abandoned Chemical Weapons, Ministry of National Defence, Beijing, China
| | - Ferruccio Trifirò
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paula S Vanninen
- VERIFIN, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Slavica Vučinić
- National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Stian Holen
- Head of Strategy and Policy at the OPCW from 2009 to 2015
| | - Wesam S Alwan
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vivek Suri
- Intern in the OPCW Office of Strategy and Policy, Summer 2018
| | - Peter J Hotchkiss
- Senior Science Policy Officer and Secretary to the SAB, OPCW, The Hague, 2417, JR, the Netherlands.
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Rahman AJ, Kaur L, Pathak M, Singh A, Verma P, Singhal R, Kumar V, Ojha H. Spectroscopic studies of binding interactions of 2-chloroethylphenyl sulphide with bovine serum albumin. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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6
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Emadi SN, Abtahi-Naeini B, Rahmat Pour Rokni G, Emadi SE, Hamzelou S. The mucocutaneous manifestations of sulfur mustard gas on 1024 Iraqi victims: ISIS chemical attack in the South of Kirkuk. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1942064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Naser Emadi
- Skin Research Center, Razi and Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian Red Crescent Society, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Abtahi-Naeini
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Rahmat Pour Rokni
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Bou-Ali Sina Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Emad Emadi
- School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahin Hamzelou
- Department of Dermatology, Imam Khomeini and Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Laskin JD, Wahler G, Croutch CR, Sinko PJ, Laskin DL, Heck DE, Joseph LB. Skin remodeling and wound healing in the Gottingen minipig following exposure to sulfur mustard. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 115:104470. [PMID: 32445752 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM), a dermal vesicant that has been used in chemical warfare, causes inflammation, edema and epidermal erosions depending on the dose and time following exposure. Herein, a minipig model was used to characterize wound healing following dermal exposure to SM. Saturated SM vapor caps were placed on the dorsal flanks of 3-month-old male Gottingen minipigs for 30 min. After 48 h the control and SM wounded sites were debrided daily for 7 days with wet to wet saline gauze soaks. Animals were then euthanized, and full thickness skin biopsies prepared for histology and immunohistochemistry. Control skin contained a well differentiated epidermis with a prominent stratum corneum. A well-developed eschar covered the skin of SM treated animals, however, the epidermis beneath the eschar displayed significant wound healing with a hyperplastic epidermis. Stratum corneum shedding and a multilayered basal epithelium consisting of cuboidal and columnar cells were also evident in the neoepidermis. Nuclear expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was contiguous in cells along the basal epidermal layer of control and SM exposed skin; SM caused a significant increase in PCNA expression in basal and suprabasal cells. SM exposure was also associated with marked changes in expression of markers of wound healing including increases in keratin 10, keratin 17 and loricrin and decreases in E-cadherin. Trichrome staining of control skin showed a well-developed collagen network with no delineation between the papillary and reticular dermis. Conversely, a major delineation was observed in SM-exposed skin including a web-like papillary dermis composed of filamentous extracellular matrix, and compact collagen fibrils in the lower reticular dermis. Although the dermis below the wound site was disrupted, there was substantive epidermal regeneration following SM-induced injury. Further studies analyzing the wound healing process in minipig skin will be important to provide a model to evaluate potential vesicant countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Gabriella Wahler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | | | - Patrick J Sinko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States of America
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
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8
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Steinritz D, Lang S, Popp T, Siegert M, Rothmiller S, Kranawetvogl A, Schmidt A, John H, Gudermann T, Thiermann H, Kehe K. Skin sensitizing effects of sulfur mustard and other alkylating agents in accordance to OECD guidelines. Toxicol Lett 2019; 314:172-180. [PMID: 31404593 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vesicants cause a multitude of cutaneous reactions like erythema, blisters and ulcerations. After exposure to sulfur mustard (SM) and related compounds, patients present dermal symptoms typically known for chemicals categorized as skin sensitizer (e.g. hypersensitivity and flare-up phenomena). However, although some case reports led to the assumption that SM and other alkylating compounds represent sensitizers, a comprehensive investigation of SM-triggered immunological responses has not been conducted so far. Based on a well-structured system of in chemico and in vitro test methods, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) established procedures to categorize agents on their skin sensitizing abilities. In this study, the skin sensitizing potential of SM and three related alkylating agents (AAs) was assessed following the OECD test guidelines. Besides SM, investigated AAs were chlorambucil (CHL), nitrogen mustard (HN3) and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). The methods are described in detail in the EURL ECVAM DataBase service on ALternative Methods to animal experimentation (DB-ALM). In accordance to OECD recommendations, skin sensitization is a pathophysiological process starting with a molecular initiating step and ending with the in vivo outcome of an allergic contact dermatitis. This concept is called adverse outcome pathway (AOP). An AOP links an adverse outcome to various key events which can be assayed by established in chemico and in vitro test methods. Positive outcome in two out of three key events indicates that the chemical can be categorized as a skin sensitizer. In this study, key event 1 "haptenation" (covalent modification of epidermal proteins), key event 2 "activation of epidermal keratinocytes" and key event 3 "activation of dendritic cells" were investigated. Covalent modification of epidermal proteins measured by using the DPRA-assay provided distinct positive results for all tested substances. Same outcome was seen in the KeratinoSens assay, investigating the activation of epidermal keratinocytes. The h-CLAT assay performed to determine the activation of dendritic cells provided positive results for SM and CEES but not for CHL and HN3. Altogether, following OECD requirements, our results suggest the classification of all investigated substances as skin sensitizers. Finally, a tentative AOP for SM-induced skin sensitization is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Simon Lang
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Popp
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Siegert
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Annette Schmidt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany; Faculty of Human Sciences, Bundeswehr University, 85579, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Kehe
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Bundeswehr Medical Service Academy, 80937, Munich, Germany
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