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Cao Y, Chen J, Bian Q, Ning J, Yong L, Ou T, Song Y, Wei S. Genotoxicity Evaluation of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles In Vivo and In Vitro: A Meta-Analysis. TOXICS 2023; 11:882. [PMID: 37999534 PMCID: PMC10675837 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have raised concerns about genotoxic effects associated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), which are commonly used. This meta-analysis aims to investigate the potential genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs and explore influencing factors. METHODS This study systematically searched Chinese and English literature. The literature underwent quality evaluation, including reliability evaluation using the toxicological data reliability assessment method and relevance evaluation using routine evaluation forms. Meta-analysis and subgroup analyses were performed using R software, with the standardized mean difference (SMD) as the combined effect value. RESULTS A total of 26 studies met the inclusion criteria and passed the quality assessment. Meta-analysis results indicated that the SMD for each genotoxic endpoint was greater than 0. This finding implies a significant association between TiO2 NP treatment and DNA damage and chromosome damage both in vivo and in vitro and gene mutation in vitro. Subgroup analysis revealed that short-term exposure to TiO2 NPs increased DNA damage. Rats and cancer cells exhibited heightened susceptibility to DNA damage triggered by TiO2 NPs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS TiO2 NPs could induce genotoxicity, including DNA damage, chromosomal damage, and in vitro gene mutations. The mechanism of DNA damage response plays a key role in the genotoxicity induced by TiO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China; (Y.C.); (L.Y.); (T.O.)
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Qian Bian
- Institute of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Road, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Junyu Ning
- Institute of Toxicology, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Hepingli Middle Street, Beijing 100013, China;
| | - Ling Yong
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China; (Y.C.); (L.Y.); (T.O.)
| | - Tong Ou
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China; (Y.C.); (L.Y.); (T.O.)
| | - Yan Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Guangqu Road, Beijing 100022, China; (Y.C.); (L.Y.); (T.O.)
| | - Sheng Wei
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
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Vaudagna M, Aiassa V, Marcotti A, Beti MFP, Constantín MF, Pérez MF, Zoppi A, Becerra MC, Silvero C MJ. Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in sunscreens and skin photo-damage. Development, synthesis and characterization of a novel biocompatible alternative based on their in vitro and in vivo study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2023.100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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3
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A weight of evidence review of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 136:105263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Shi J, Han S, Zhang J, Liu Y, Chen Z, Jia G. Advances in genotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro. NANOIMPACT 2022; 25:100377. [PMID: 35559883 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are currently one of the most widely used nanomaterials. Due to an increasing scope of applications, the exposure of humans to TiO2 NP is inevitable, such as entering the body through the mouth with food additives or drugs, invading the damaged skin with cosmetics, and entering the body through the respiratory tract during the process of production and handling. Compared with TiO2 coarse particles, TiO2 NPs have stronger conductivity, reaction activity, photocatalysis, and permeability, which may lead to greater toxicity to organisms. Given that TiO2 was classified as a category 2B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to humans), the genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs has become the focus of attention. There have been a series of previous studies investigating the potential genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs, but the existing research results are still controversial and difficult to conclude. More than half of studies have shown that TiO2 NPs can cause genotoxicity, suggesting that TiO2 NPs are likely to be genotoxic to humans. And the genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs is closely related to the exposure concentration, mode and time, and experimental cells/animals as well as its physicochemical properties (crystal type, size, and shape). This review summarized the latest research progress of related genotoxic effects through in vivo studies and in vitro cell tests, hoping to provide ideas for the evaluation of TiO2 NPs genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jiahe Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhangjian Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel K, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gundert‐Remy U, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Manco M, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Passamonti S, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Corsini E, Cubadda F, De Groot D, FitzGerald R, Gunnare S, Gutleb AC, Mast J, Mortensen A, Oomen A, Piersma A, Plichta V, Ulbrich B, Van Loveren H, Benford D, Bignami M, Bolognesi C, Crebelli R, Dusinska M, Marcon F, Nielsen E, Schlatter J, Vleminckx C, Barmaz S, Carfí M, Civitella C, Giarola A, Rincon AM, Serafimova R, Smeraldi C, Tarazona J, Tard A, Wright M. Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06585. [PMID: 33976718 PMCID: PMC8101360 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present opinion deals with an updated safety assessment of the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171) based on new relevant scientific evidence considered by the Panel to be reliable, including data obtained with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and data from an extended one-generation reproductive toxicity (EOGRT) study. Less than 50% of constituent particles by number in E 171 have a minimum external dimension < 100 nm. In addition, the Panel noted that constituent particles < 30 nm amounted to less than 1% of particles by number. The Panel therefore considered that studies with TiO2 NPs < 30 nm were of limited relevance to the safety assessment of E 171. The Panel concluded that although gastrointestinal absorption of TiO2 particles is low, they may accumulate in the body. Studies on general and organ toxicity did not indicate adverse effects with either E 171 up to a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day or with TiO2 NPs (> 30 nm) up to the highest dose tested of 100 mg/kg bw per day. No effects on reproductive and developmental toxicity were observed up to a dose of 1,000 mg E 171/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested in the EOGRT study. However, observations of potential immunotoxicity and inflammation with E 171 and potential neurotoxicity with TiO2 NPs, together with the potential induction of aberrant crypt foci with E 171, may indicate adverse effects. With respect to genotoxicity, the Panel concluded that TiO2 particles have the potential to induce DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage, but not gene mutations. No clear correlation was observed between the physico-chemical properties of TiO2 particles and the outcome of either in vitro or in vivo genotoxicity assays. A concern for genotoxicity of TiO2 particles that may be present in E 171 could therefore not be ruled out. Several modes of action for the genotoxicity may operate in parallel and the relative contributions of different molecular mechanisms elicited by TiO2 particles are not known. There was uncertainty as to whether a threshold mode of action could be assumed. In addition, a cut-off value for TiO2 particle size with respect to genotoxicity could not be identified. No appropriately designed study was available to investigate the potential carcinogenic effects of TiO2 NPs. Based on all the evidence available, a concern for genotoxicity could not be ruled out, and given the many uncertainties, the Panel concluded that E 171 can no longer be considered as safe when used as a food additive.
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Ursini CL, Di Basilio M, Ciervo A, Fresegna AM, Maiello R, Buresti G, Campopiano A, Angelosanto F, Papacchini M, Iavicoli S, Cavallo D. Biomonitoring of workers employed in a titanium dioxide production plant: Use of buccal micronucleus cytome assay as noninvasive biomarker to evaluate genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:242-251. [PMID: 33720463 DOI: 10.1002/em.22431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate whether TiO2 production process induces genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on the first target organ of inhalable particles by a sensitive and noninvasive biomarker of effect. Final aim was to find a useful and suitable tool to assess and manage the risk of TiO2 occupational exposure. We enrolled 40 workers employed in TiO2 production, 5 office workers, and 18 external controls. Buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt assay) was applied because it allows to evaluate micronucleus (MN), nuclear buds (NB), and broken eggs (BE) indicating the presence of chromosomal instability and gene amplification and binucleated cells (BIN), karyolytic cells (KL), and condensed chromatin (CC) indicating cytokinesis defect or arrest, cell death and apoptosis respectively. We characterized the exposure measuring inhalable and respirable particles by personal monitoring. BMCyt-assay showed in exposed workers compared with external controls a higher value of MN frequency (2.57 vs. 0.05‰, p < .001) and MN positivity, evaluated as percentage of subjects with MN frequency higher than a 1.5‰ cut-off value (52.5 vs. 0%). We also found in exposed workers higher frequency of BE + NB (2.41 vs. 0.22‰, p = .002), BIN (9.45 vs. 8.44‰, p = .047) and CC (1.80 vs. 0.21, p = .001) than in controls. Moreover, we found a relationship between personal monitoring results and presence of MN and other cellular anomalies. This study demonstrates induction of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on buccal cells of workers involved in TiO2 production, suggesting the suitability of BMCyt assay as tool for risk assessment and management of TiO2 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Basilio
- Department of Technological Innovation and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Buresti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Campopiano
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Angelosanto
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Papacchini
- Department of Technological Innovation and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
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7
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Ahamed A, Liang L, Lee MY, Bobacka J, Lisak G. Too small to matter? Physicochemical transformation and toxicity of engineered nTiO 2, nSiO 2, nZnO, carbon nanotubes, and nAg. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124107. [PMID: 33035908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) refer to a relatively novel class of materials that are increasingly prevalent in various consumer products and industrial applications - most notably for their superlative physicochemical properties when compared with conventional materials. However, consumer products inevitably degrade over the course of their lifetime, releasing ENMs into the environment. These ENMs undergo physicochemical transformations and subsequently accumulate in the environment, possibly leading to various toxic effects. As a result, a significant number of studies have focused on identifying the possible transformations and environmental risks of ENMs, with the objective of ensuring a safe and responsible application of ENMs in consumer products. This review aims to consolidate the results from previous studies related to each stage of the pathway of ENMs from being embodied in a product to disintegration/transformation in the environment. The scope of this work was defined to include the five most prevalent ENMs based on recent projected production market data, namely: nTiO2, nSiO2, nZnO, carbon nanotubes, and nAg. The review focuses on: (i) models developed to estimate environmental concentrations of ENMs; (ii) the possible physicochemical transformations; (iii) cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects specific to each ENM selected; and (iv) a discussion to identify potential gaps in the studies conducted and recommend areas where further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashiq Ahamed
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141 Singapore; Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Lili Liang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141 Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141 Singapore
| | - Ming Yang Lee
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Johan Bobacka
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141 Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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8
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Zijno A, Cavallo D, Di Felice G, Ponti J, Barletta B, Butteroni C, Corinti S, De Berardis B, Palamides J, Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Barone F. Use of a common European approach for nanomaterials' testing to support regulation: a case study on titanium and silicon dioxide representative nanomaterials. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1511-1525. [PMID: 32608137 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The European Union (EU) continuously takes ensuring the safe use of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) in consumer products into consideration. The application of a common approach for testing MNMs, including the use of optimized protocols and methods' selection, becomes increasingly important to obtain reliable and comparable results supporting the regulatory framework. In the present study, we tested four representative MNMs, two titanium dioxides (NM100 and NM101) and two silicon dioxides (NM200 and NM203), using the EU FP7-NANoREG approach, starting from suspension and dispersion preparations, through to their characterization and final evaluation of biological effects. MNM dispersions were prepared following a refined NANOGENOTOX protocol and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) in water/bovine serum albumin and in media used for in vitro testing. Potential genotoxic effects were evaluated on human bronchial BEAS-2B cells using micronucleus and Comet assays, and pro-inflammatory effects by cytokines release. Murine macrophages RAW 264.7 were used to detect potential innate immune responses using two functional endpoints (pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide [NO] production). The interaction of MNMs with RAW 264.7 cells was studied by electron microscopy. No chromosomal damage and slight DNA damage and an oxidative effect, depending on MNMs, were observed in bronchial cells. In murine macrophages, the four MNMs directly induced tumor necrosis factor α or interleukin 6 secretion, although at very low levels; lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production was significantly decreased by the titania and one silica MNM. The application of this approach for the evaluation of MNM biological effects could be useful for both regulators and industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zijno
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Felice
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Ponti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Bianca Barletta
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Butteroni
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Corinti
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara De Berardis
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies for Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Palamides
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia L Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna M Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Barone
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Brandão F, Fernández-Bertólez N, Rosário F, Bessa MJ, Fraga S, Pásaro E, Teixeira JP, Laffon B, Valdiglesias V, Costa C. Genotoxicity of TiO 2 Nanoparticles in Four Different Human Cell Lines (A549, HEPG2, A172 and SH-SY5Y). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E412. [PMID: 32120981 PMCID: PMC7152841 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have a wide variety of applications in many consumer products, including as food additives, increasing the concern about the possible hazards that TiO2 NPs may pose to human health. Although most previous studies have focused on the respiratory system, ingestion must also be considered as an important exposure route. Furthermore, after inhalation or ingestion, TiO2 NPs can reach several organs, such as the liver, brain or lungs. Taking this into consideration, the present study focuses on the uptake and potential genotoxicity (micronuclei induction) of TiO2 NPs on four human cell lines of diverse origin: lung cells (A549), liver cells (HepG2), glial cells (A172) and neurons (SH-SY5Y), using flow cytometry methods. Results showed a concentration-, time- and cell-type- dependent increase in TiO2 NPs uptake but no significant induction of micronuclei in any of the tested conditions. Data obtained reinforce the importance of cell model and testing protocols choice for toxicity assessment. However, some questions remain to be answered, namely on the role of cell culture media components on the agglomeration state and mitigation of TiO2 NPs toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Brandão
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (F.B.); (F.R.); (M.J.B.); (S.F.); (C.C.)
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U. Porto—University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Natalia Fernández-Bertólez
- Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (N.F.-B.); (E.P.); (B.L.); (V.V.)
| | - Fernanda Rosário
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (F.B.); (F.R.); (M.J.B.); (S.F.); (C.C.)
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bessa
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (F.B.); (F.R.); (M.J.B.); (S.F.); (C.C.)
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U. Porto—University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Fraga
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (F.B.); (F.R.); (M.J.B.); (S.F.); (C.C.)
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Pásaro
- Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (N.F.-B.); (E.P.); (B.L.); (V.V.)
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (F.B.); (F.R.); (M.J.B.); (S.F.); (C.C.)
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal
| | - Blanca Laffon
- Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (N.F.-B.); (E.P.); (B.L.); (V.V.)
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (N.F.-B.); (E.P.); (B.L.); (V.V.)
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Campus Elviña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carla Costa
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (F.B.); (F.R.); (M.J.B.); (S.F.); (C.C.)
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal
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Micronuclei Detection by Flow Cytometry as a High-Throughput Approach for the Genotoxicity Testing of Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121677. [PMID: 31771274 PMCID: PMC6956333 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of nanomaterials (NMs)-containing products are currently under development or incorporated in the consumer market, despite our very limited understanding of their genotoxic potential. Taking into account that the toxicity and genotoxicity of NMs strongly depend on their physicochemical characteristics, many variables must be considered in the safety evaluation of each given NM. In this scenario, the challenge is to establish high-throughput methodologies able to generate rapid and robust genotoxicity data that can be used to critically assess and/or predict the biological effects associated with those NMs being under development or already present in the market. In this study, we have evaluated the advantages of using a flow cytometry-based approach testing micronucleus (MNs) induction (FCMN assay). In the frame of the EU NANoREG project, we have tested six different NMs—namely NM100 and NM101 (TiO2NPs), NM110 (ZnONPs), NM212 (CeO2NPs), NM300K (AgNPs) and NM401 (multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)). The obtained results confirm the ability of AgNPs and MWCNTs to induce MN in the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cell line, whereas the other tested NMs retrieved non-significant increases in the MN frequency. Based on the alignment of the results with the data reported in the literature and the performance of the FCMN assay, we strongly recommend this assay as a reference method to systematically evaluate the potential genotoxicity of NMs.
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Kazimirova A, Baranokova M, Staruchova M, Drlickova M, Volkovova K, Dusinska M. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles tested for genotoxicity with the comet and micronucleus assays in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 843:57-65. [PMID: 31421740 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) was assessed with the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in TK6 lymphoblastoid cells, lymphocytes from human volunteers, and bone marrow erythrocytes from rats exposed in vivo; and with the comet assay (detecting both strand breaks and oxidised purines) in human and rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). NPs were dispersed using three different methods giving different size distribution and stability. On average, TiO2 NPs caused no increase in micronuclei in TK6 cells, rat bone marrow erythrocytes or human lymphocytes (though lymphocytes from 3 out of 13 human subjects showed significant increases). PBMCs from rats treated in vivo with a single dose of NPs dispersed by a method with low agglomeration showed an increase in strand breaks after 1 day. TiO2 NPs dispersed in a stable, non-agglomerated state induced DNA strand breaks at 75 μg/cm2 after 4 h exposure of human PBMCs and at 15 μg/cm2 and 75 μg/cm2 after 24 h exposure, but no increase in DNA oxidation was seen. Overall, NPs in an agglomerated state did not cause DNA damage. However, at the individual level, significant increases in strand breaks were seen in PBMCs from most of the volunteers. Cells from one volunteer showed positive effects in all conditions and both tests, while cells from another volunteer appeared to be completely resitant to TiO2 NPs. The implication is that some individuals may be more sensitive than others to effects of this nanomaterial. Differences seen in results obtained with the micronucleus and the comet assay may be due to the mechanisms underlying the genotoxic effects of TiO2 NPs and the different endpoints represented by the two assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kazimirova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Magdalena Baranokova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta Staruchova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Drlickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Volkovova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
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