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Zagal-Salinas AA, Ispanixtlahuatl-Meráz O, Olguín-Hernández JE, Rodríguez-Sosa M, García Cuéllar CM, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Chirino YI. Food grade titanium dioxide (E171) interferes with monocyte-macrophage cell differentiation and their phagocytic capacity. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 192:114912. [PMID: 39121895 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Food grade titanium dioxide E171 has been used in products such as confectionery, doughs and flours to enhance organoleptic properties. The European Union has warned about adverse effects on humans due to oral consumption. After oral exposure, E171 reaches the bloodstream which raises the concern about effects on blood cells such as monocytes. One of the main functions of these cells is the differentiation of macrophages leading to the phagocytosis of foreign particles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of E171 exposure on the phagocytic capacity and differentiation process of monocytes (THP-1) into macrophages. Physicochemical E171 properties were evaluated, and THP-1 monocytes were exposed to 4, 40 and 200 μg/ml. Cell viability, uptake capacity, cytokine release, the differentiation process, cytoskeletal arrangement and E171 internalization were assayed. Results showed that E171 particles had an amorphous shape with a mean of hydrodynamic size of ∼46 nm in cell culture media. Cell viability decreased until the 9th day of exposure, while the uptake capacity decreased up to 62% in a concentration dependent manner in monocytes. Additionally, the E171 exposure increased the proinflammatory cytokines release and decreased the cell differentiation by a 61% in macrophages. E171 induced changes in cytoskeletal arrangement and some of the E171 particles were located inside the nuclei. We conclude that E171 exposure in THP-1 monocytes induced an inflammatory response, impaired the phagocytic capacity, and interfered with cell differentiation from monocytes to macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Zagal-Salinas
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Octavio Ispanixtlahuatl-Meráz
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Jonadab E Olguín-Hernández
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Miriam Rodríguez-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia M García Cuéllar
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, CP 14080, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, CP 14080, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico.
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2
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Becht JM, Kohlleppel H, Schins RPF, Kämpfer AAM. Effect of Butyrate on Food-Grade Titanium Dioxide Toxicity in Different Intestinal In Vitro Models. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1501-1514. [PMID: 39213652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are an important energy source for colonocytes and crucial messenger molecules both locally in the intestine and systemically. Butyrate, one of the most prominent and best-studied SCFA, was demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory effects, improve barrier integrity, enhance mucus synthesis in the intestine, and promote cell differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. While the physiological relevance is undisputed, it remains unclear if and to what extent butyrate can influence the effects of xenobiotics, such as food-grade titanium dioxide (E171, fgTiO2), in the intestine. TiO2 has been controversially discussed for its DNA-damaging potential and banned as a food additive within the European Union (EU) since 2022. First, we used enterocyte Caco-2 monocultures to test if butyrate affects the cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential of fgTiO2 in a pristine state or following pretreatment under simulated gastric and intestinal pH conditions. We then investigated pretreated fgTiO2 in intestinal triple cultures of Caco-2, HT29-MTX-E12, and THP-1 cells in homeostatic and inflamed-like state for cytotoxicity, barrier integrity, cytokine release as well as gene expression of mucins, oxidative stress markers, and DNA repair. In Caco-2 monocultures, butyrate had an ambivalent role: pretreated but not pristine fgTiO2 induced cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells, which was not observed in the presence of butyrate. Conversely, fgTiO2 induced the release of interleukin 8 in the presence but not in the absence of butyrate. In the advanced in vitro models, butyrate did not affect the characteristics of the healthy or inflamed states and caused negligible effects in the investigated end points following fgTiO2 exposure. Taken together, the effects of fgTiO2 strongly depend on the applied testing approach. Our findings underline the importance of the experimental setup, including the choice of in vitro model and the physiological relevance of the exposure scenario, for the hazard testing of food-grade pigments like TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Becht
- IUF─Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Hendrik Kohlleppel
- IUF─Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF─Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Angela A M Kämpfer
- IUF─Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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3
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Bautista-Pérez R, Cano-Martínez A, Herrera-Rodríguez MA, Ramos-Godinez MDP, Pérez Reyes OL, Chirino YI, Rodríguez Serrano ZJ, López-Marure R. Oral Exposure to Titanium Dioxide E171 and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induces Multi-Organ Damage in Rats: Role of Ceramide. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5881. [PMID: 38892068 PMCID: PMC11172338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are common food additives for human consumption. We examined multi-organ toxicity of both compounds on Wistar rats orally exposed for 90 days. Rats were divided into three groups: (1) control (saline solution), (2) E171-exposed, and (3) ZnO NPs-exposed. Histological examination was performed with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ceramide (Cer), 3-nitrotyrosine (NT), and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP-2) were detected by immunofluorescence. Relevant histological changes were observed: disorganization, inflammatory cell infiltration, and mitochondrial damage. Increased levels of Cer, NT, and LAMP-2 were observed in the liver, kidney, and brain of E171- and ZnO NPs-exposed rats, and in rat hearts exposed to ZnO NPs. E171 up-regulated Cer and NT levels in the aorta and heart, while ZnO NPs up-regulated them in the aorta. Both NPs increased LAMP-2 expression in the intestine. In conclusion, chronic oral exposure to metallic NPs causes multi-organ injury, reflecting how these food additives pose a threat to human health. Our results suggest how complex interplay between ROS, Cer, LAMP-2, and NT may modulate organ function during NP damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Bautista-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Agustina Cano-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-M.)
| | | | | | - Olga Lidia Pérez Reyes
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Irasema Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico
| | - Zariá José Rodríguez Serrano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-M.)
| | - Rebeca López-Marure
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-M.)
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Khan J, Kim ND, Bromhead C, Truman P, Kruger MC, Mallard BL. Hepatotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38740968 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The food additive E171 (titanium dioxide, TiO2), is widely used in foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. It is a fine white powder, with at least one third of its particles sized in the nanoparticulate (˂100 nm range, TiO2 NPs). The use of E171 is controversial as its relevant risk assessment has never been satisfactorily accomplished. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown dose-dependent toxicity in various organs including the liver. TiO2 NPs have been shown to induce inflammation, cell death and structural and functional changes within the liver. The toxicity of TiO2 NPs in experimental models varies between organs and according to their physiochemical characteristics and parameters such as dosage and route of administration. Among these factors, ingestion is the most significant exposure route, and the liver is a key target organ. The aim of this review is to highlight the reported adverse effects of orally administered TiO2 NPs on the liver and to discuss the controversial state of its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangrez Khan
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas D Kim
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Collette Bromhead
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Penelope Truman
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Marlena C Kruger
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Beth L Mallard
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
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5
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Han HY, Kim BK, Rho J, Park SM, Choi MS, Kim S, Heo MB, Yang YS, Oh JH, Lee TG, Yoon S. Safety assessment and gastrointestinal retention of orally administered cerium oxide nanoparticles in rats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5657. [PMID: 38454018 PMCID: PMC10920649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs, NM-212) are well-known for their catalytic properties and antioxidant potential, and have many applications in various industries, drug delivery, and cosmetic formulations. CeO2 NPs exhibit strong antimicrobial activity and can be used to efficiently remove pathogens from different environments. However, knowledge of the toxicological evaluation of CeO2 NPs is too limited to support their safe use. In this study, CeO2 NPs were orally administered to Sprague Dawley rats for 13 weeks at the doses of 0, 10, 100, and 1000 mg/kg bw/day, followed by a four week recovery period. The hematology values for the absolute and relative reticulocyte counts in male rats treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day CeO2 NPs were lower than those in control rats. The clinical chemistry values for sodium and chloride in the treated male rat groups (100 and 1000 mg/kg/day) and total protein and calcium in the treated female rat groups (100 mg/kg/day) were higher than those in the control groups. However, these changes were not consistent in both sexes, and no abnormalities were found in the corresponding pathological findings. The results showed no adverse effects on any of the parameters assessed. CeO2 NPs accumulated in the jejunum, colon, and stomach wall of rats administered 1000 mg/kg CeO2 NPs for 90 days. However, these changes were not abnormal in the corresponding histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Therefore, 1000 mg/kg bw/day may be considered the "no observed adverse effect level" of CeO2 NPs (NM-212) in male and female SD rats under the present experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Yun Han
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo-Kyung Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baekhak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyung Rho
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baekhak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Myo Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Choi
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Beom Heo
- Nanosafety Metrology Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yang
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baekhak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Nanosafety Metrology Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoo Yoon
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Correa Segura F, Macías Macías FI, Velázquez Delgado KA, Ramos-Godinez MDP, Ruiz-Ramírez A, Flores P, Huerta-García E, López-Marure R. Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) and zinc oxide nanoparticles induce mitochondrial permeability and cardiac damage after oral exposure in rats. Nanotoxicology 2024; 18:122-133. [PMID: 38436290 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2024.2323069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are found in diverse products for human use. E171 is used as whitening agent in food and cosmetics, and ZnO NPs in food packaging. Their potential multi-organ toxicity has raised concerns on their safety. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is a key aspect of cardio-pathologies, here, we evaluate the effect of chronic exposure to E171 and ZnO NPs in rats on cardiac mitochondria. Changes in cardiac electrophysiology and body weight were measured. E171 reduced body weight more than 10% after 5 weeks. Both E171 and ZnO NPs increased systolic blood pressure (SBP) from 110-120 to 120-140 mmHg after 45 days of treatment. Both NPs altered the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), reducing calcium requirement for permeability by 60% and 93% in E171- and ZnO NPs-exposed rats, respectively. Treatments also affected conformational state of adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT). E171 reduced the binding of EMA to Cys 159 in 30% and ZnO NPs in 57%. Mitochondrial aconitase activity was reduced by roughly 50% with both NPs, indicating oxidative stress. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed changes in mitochondrial morphology including sarcomere discontinuity, edema, and hypertrophy in rats exposed to both NPs. In conclusion, chronic oral exposure to NPs induces functional and morphological damage in cardiac mitochondria, with ZnO NPs being more toxic than E171, possibly due to their dissociation in free Zn2+ ion form. Therefore, chronic intake of these food additives could increase risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Correa Segura
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | | | - Angélica Ruiz-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Pedro Flores
- Departamento de Instrumentación, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elizabeth Huerta-García
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, México
| | - Rebeca López-Marure
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
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Vermeire TG, Hoet P, Ion RM, Krätke R, Proykova A, Scott M, de Jong WH. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on health, environmental and emerging risks on the safety of titanium dioxide in toys. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 146:105527. [PMID: 38056706 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks advises the European Commission on whether the uses of titanium dioxide in toys and toy materials can be considered to be safe in light of the identified exposure, and the classification of titanium dioxide as carcinogenic category 2 after inhalation. Four toy products including casting kits, chalk, powder paints and white colour pencils containing various amounts of TiO2 as colouring agent were evaluated for inhalation risks. For the oral route, childrens' lip gloss/lipstick, finger paint and white colour pencils were evaluated. When it can be demonstrated with high certainty that no ultrafine fraction is present in pigmentary TiO2 preparations used in toys and toy materials, safe use with no or negligible risk for all products considered is indicated based on the exposure estimations of this Opinion. However, if an ultrafine fraction is assumed to be present, safe use is not indicated, except for white colour pencils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo G Vermeire
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Hoet
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rodica-Mariana Ion
- National Institute of R&D for Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Renate Krätke
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Wim H de Jong
- National Institute for Public Health (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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8
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Akagi JI, Mizuta Y, Akane H, Toyoda T, Ogawa K. Oral toxicological study of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a crystallite diameter of 6 nm in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2023; 20:23. [PMID: 37340415 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-023-00533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though titanium dioxide (TiO2) is generally considered to have a low impact in the human body, the safety of TiO2 containing nanosized particles (NPs) has attracted attention. We found that the toxicity of silver NPs markedly varied depending on their particle size, as silver NPs with a diameter of 10 nm exhibited fatal toxicity in female BALB/c mice, unlike those with diameters of 60 and 100 nm. Therefore, the toxicological effects of the smallest available TiO2 NPs with a crystallite size of 6 nm were examined in male and female F344/DuCrlCrlj rats by repeated oral administration of 10, 100, and 1000 mg/kg bw/day (5/sex/group) for 28 days and of 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg bw/day (10/sex/group) for 90 days. RESULTS In both 28- and 90-day studies, no mortality was observed in any group, and no treatment-related adverse effects were observed in body weight, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, or organ weight. Histopathological examination revealed TiO2 particles as depositions of yellowish-brown material. The particles observed in the gastrointestinal lumen were also found in the nasal cavity, epithelium, and stromal tissue in the 28-day study. In addition, they were observed in Peyer's patches in the ileum, cervical lymph nodes, mediastinal lymph nodes, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, and trachea in the 90-day study. Notably, no adverse biological responses, such as inflammation or tissue injury, were observed around the deposits. Titanium concentration analysis in the liver, kidneys, and spleen revealed that TiO2 NPs were barely absorbed and accumulated in these tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis of colonic crypts showed no extension of the proliferative cell zone or preneoplastic cytoplasmic/nuclear translocation of β-catenin either in the male or female 1000 mg/kg bw/day group. Regarding genotoxicity, no significant increase in micronucleated or γ-H2AX positive hepatocytes was observed. Additionally, the induction of γ-H2AX was not observed at the deposition sites of yellowish-brown materials. CONCLUSIONS No effects were observed after repeated oral administration of TiO2 with a crystallite size of 6 nm at up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day regarding general toxicity, accumulation of titanium in the liver, kidneys, and spleen, abnormality of colonic crypts, and induction of DNA strand breaks and chromosomal aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Akagi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mizuta
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Akane
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Hernández-Luna J, Aiello-Mora M, Brito-Aguilar R, Evelson PA, Villarreal-Ríos R, Torres-Jardón R, Ayala A, Mukherjee PS. APOE Peripheral and Brain Impact: APOE4 Carriers Accelerate Their Alzheimer Continuum and Have a High Risk of Suicide in PM 2.5 Polluted Cities. Biomolecules 2023; 13:927. [PMID: 37371506 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This Review emphasizes the impact of APOE4-the most significant genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD)-on peripheral and neural effects starting in childhood. We discuss major mechanistic players associated with the APOE alleles' effects in humans to understand their impact from conception through all life stages and the importance of detrimental, synergistic environmental exposures. APOE4 influences AD pathogenesis, and exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), manufactured nanoparticles (NPs), and ultrafine particles (UFPs) associated with combustion and friction processes appear to be major contributors to cerebrovascular dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. In the context of outdoor and indoor PM pollution burden-as well as Fe, Ti, and Al alloys; Hg, Cu, Ca, Sn, and Si UFPs/NPs-in placenta and fetal brain tissues, urban APOE3 and APOE4 carriers are developing AD biological disease hallmarks (hyperphosphorylated-tau (P-tau) and amyloid beta 42 plaques (Aβ42)). Strikingly, for Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) young residents ≤ 40 y, APOE4 carriers have 4.92 times higher suicide odds and 23.6 times higher odds of reaching Braak NFT V stage versus APOE4 non-carriers. The National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) framework could serve to test the hypothesis that UFPs and NPs are key players for oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, protein aggregation and misfolding, faulty complex protein quality control, and early damage to cell membranes and organelles of neural and vascular cells. Noninvasive biomarkers indicative of the P-tau and Aβ42 abnormal protein deposits are needed across the disease continuum starting in childhood. Among the 21.8 million MMC residents, we have potentially 4 million APOE4 carriers at accelerated AD progression. These APOE4 individuals are prime candidates for early neuroprotective interventional trials. APOE4 is key in the development of AD evolving from childhood in highly polluted urban centers dominated by anthropogenic and industrial sources of pollution. APOE4 subjects are at higher early risk of AD development, and neuroprotection ought to be implemented. Effective reductions of PM2.5, UFP, and NP emissions from all sources are urgently needed. Alzheimer's Disease prevention ought to be at the core of the public health response and physicians-scientist minority research be supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- College of Health, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | | | - Mario Aiello-Mora
- Otorrinolaryngology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | | | - Pablo A Evelson
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113 AAD, Argentina
| | | | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Alberto Ayala
- Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Partha S Mukherjee
- Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India
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10
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Chen J, Guo Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Gong P, Su Z, Fan L, Li G. Emerging Nanoparticles in Food: Sources, Application, and Safety. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3564-3582. [PMID: 36791411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are small-sized, with high surface activity and antibacterial and antioxidant properties. As a result, some NPs are used as functional ingredients in food additives, food packaging materials, nutrient delivery, nanopesticides, animal feeds, and fertilizers to improve the bioavailability, quality, and performance complement or upgrade. However, the widespread use of NPs in the industry increases the exposure risk of NPs to humans due to their migration from the environment to food. Nevertheless, some NPs, such as carbon dots, NPs found in various thermally processed foods, are also naturally produced from the food during food processing. Given their excellent ability to penetrate biopermeable barriers, the potential safety hazards of NPs on human health have attracted increased attention. Herein, three emerging NPs are introduced including carbon-based NPs (e.g., CNTs), nanoselenium NPs (SeNPs), and rare earth oxide NPs (e.g., CeO2 NPs). In addition, their applications in the food industry, absorption pathways into the human body, and potential risk mechanisms are discussed. Challenges and prospects for the use of NPs in food are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxi Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Pin Gong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoqun Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Fan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021 People's Republic of China
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11
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Chang H, Li L, Deng Y, Song G, Wang Y. Protective effects of lycopene on TiO 2 nanoparticle-induced damage in the liver of mice. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:913-928. [PMID: 36632672 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2 ) is one of the most widely used and produced nanomaterials. Studies have demonstrated that nano-TiO2 could induce hepatotoxicity through oxidative stress, and lycopene has strong antioxidant capacity. The present study aimed to explore if lycopene protects the liver of mice from nano-TiO2 damage. Ninety-six ICR mice were randomly divided into eight groups. They were control group, nano-TiO2 -treated group (50 mg/kg BW), lycopene-treated groups (5, 20, and 40 mg/kg BW), and 50 mg/kg BW nano-TiO2 - and lycopene-co-treated groups (nano-TiO2 + 5 mg/kg BW of lycopene, nano-TiO2 + 20 mg/kg BW of lycopene, nano-TiO2 + 40 mg/kg BW of lycopene). After treated by gavage for 30 days, the histopathology of the liver was observed. Liver function was evaluated using changes in serum biochemical indicators of the liver (AST, ALT, ALP); and the level of ROS was indirectly reflected by the level of SOD, GSH-Px, MDA, GSH, and T-AOC. TUNEL assay was performed to examine the apoptosis of hepatocytes. Proteins of p53, cleaved-caspase 9, cleaved-caspase 3, Bcl-2, and Bax as well as p38 were detected. Results showed that lycopene alleviated the liver pathological damage and reduced the injury to liver function induced by nano-TiO2 , as well as decreased nano-TiO2 -induced ROS. Meanwhile, lycopene mitigated apoptosis resulting from nano-TiO2 , accompanied by the reversed expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Furthermore, lycopene significantly reversed the upregulation of p-p38 induced by nano-TiO2 . In conclusion, this study demonstrated that nano-TiO2 resulted in hepatocyte apoptosis through ROS/ROS-p38 MAPK pathway and led to liver function injury. Lycopene protected mice liver against the hepatotoxicity of nano-TiO2 through antioxidant property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Chang
- Department of Preventive Medicine/the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine/the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yaxin Deng
- Shiyan centers for disease control and prevention, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Guanling Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine/the Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
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12
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Ammendolia MG, De Berardis B. Nanoparticle Impact on the Bacterial Adaptation: Focus on Nano-Titania. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3616. [PMID: 36296806 PMCID: PMC9609019 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-titania/TiO2 NPs) are used in different fields and applications. However, the release of TiO2 NPs into the environment has raised concerns about their biosafety and biosecurity. In light of the evidence that TiO2 NPs could be used to counteract antibiotic resistance, they have been investigated for their antibacterial activity. Studies reported so far indicate a good performance of TiO2 NPs against bacteria, alone or in combination with antibiotics. However, bacteria are able to invoke multiple response mechanisms in an attempt to adapt to TiO2 NPs. Bacterial adaption arises from global changes in metabolic pathways via the modulation of regulatory networks and can be related to single-cell or multicellular communities. This review describes how the impact of TiO2 NPs on bacteria leads to several changes in microorganisms, mainly during long-term exposure, that can evolve towards adaptation and/or increased virulence. Strategies employed by bacteria to cope with TiO2 NPs suggest that their use as an antibacterial agent has still to be extensively investigated from the point of view of the risk of adaptation, to prevent the development of resistance. At the same time, possible effects on increased virulence following bacterial target modifications by TiO2 NPs on cells or tissues have to be considered.
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13
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Rolo D, Assunção R, Ventura C, Alvito P, Gonçalves L, Martins C, Bettencourt A, Jordan P, Vital N, Pereira J, Pinto F, Matos P, Silva MJ, Louro H. Adverse Outcome Pathways Associated with the Ingestion of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles-A Systematic Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193275. [PMID: 36234403 PMCID: PMC9565478 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are widely used, and humans are exposed through food (E171), cosmetics (e.g., toothpaste), and pharmaceuticals. The oral and gastrointestinal (GIT) tract are the first contact sites, but it may be systemically distributed. However, a robust adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has not been developed upon GIT exposure to TiO2-NPs. The aim of this review was to provide an integrative analysis of the published data on cellular and molecular mechanisms triggered after the ingestion of TiO2-NPs, proposing plausible AOPs that may drive policy decisions. A systematic review according to Prisma Methodology was performed in three databases of peer-reviewed literature: Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A total of 787 records were identified, screened in title/abstract, being 185 used for data extraction. The main endpoints identified were oxidative stress, cytotoxicity/apoptosis/cell death, inflammation, cellular and systemic uptake, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. From the results, AOPs were proposed where colorectal cancer, liver injury, reproductive toxicity, cardiac and kidney damage, as well as hematological effects stand out as possible adverse outcomes. The recent transgenerational studies also point to concerns with regard to population effects. Overall, the findings further support a limitation of the use of TiO2-NPs in food, announced by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Rolo
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- IUEM, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Célia Ventura
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvito
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lídia Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Martins
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Bettencourt
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Jordan
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nádia Vital
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Pereira
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fátima Pinto
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Silva
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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14
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Mohanty S, Patel P, Jha E, Panda PK, Kumari P, Singh S, Sinha A, Saha AK, Kaushik NK, Raina V, Verma SK, Suar M. In vivo intrinsic atomic interaction infer molecular eco-toxicity of industrial TiO 2 nanoparticles via oxidative stress channelized steatosis and apoptosis in Paramecium caudatum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113708. [PMID: 35667312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicological effect of after-usage released TiO2 nanoparticles in aquatic resources has been a major concern owing to their production and utilization in different applications. Addressing the issue, this study investigates the detailed in vivo molecular toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles with Paramecium caudatum. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized at a lab scale using high energy ball milling technique; characterized for their physicochemical properties and investigated for their ecotoxicological impact on oxidative stress, steatosis, and apoptosis of cells through different biochemical analysis, flow cytometry, and fluorescent microscopy. TiO2 nanoparticles; TiO2 (N15); of size 36 ± 12 nm were synthesized with a zeta potential of - 20.2 ± 8.8 mV and bandgap of 4.6 ± 0.3 eV and exhibited a blue shift in UV-spectrum. Compared to the Bulk TiO2, the TiO2 (N15) exhibited higher cytotoxicity with a 24 h LC50 of 202.4 µg/ml with P. Caudatum. The mechanism was elucidated as the size and charge-dependent internalization of nanoparticles leading to abnormal physiological metabolism in oxidative stress, steatosis, and apoptosis because of their influential effect on the activity of metabolic proteins like SOD, GSH, MDA, and catalase. The study emphasized the controlled usage TiO2 nanoparticles in daily activity with a concern for ecological and biomedical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swabhiman Mohanty
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Paritosh Patel
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ealisha Jha
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Pritam Kumar Panda
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Puja Kumari
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 60300, Czech Republic; Advanced Science and Technology Research Centre, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribagh 825301, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sonal Singh
- Advanced Science and Technology Research Centre, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribagh 825301, Jharkhand, India
| | - Adrija Sinha
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Saha
- Advanced Science and Technology Research Centre, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribagh 825301, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Vishakha Raina
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Suresh K Verma
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India.
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15
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Baranowska-Wójcik E, Szwajgier D, Winiarska-Mieczan A. A review of research on the impact of E171/TiO 2 NPs on the digestive tract. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 72:126988. [PMID: 35561571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology utilises particles of between 1 and 100 nm in size. In recent years, it has enjoyed widespread application in a variety of areas. However, this has also raised increasing concerns regarding the effects that the use of nanoparticles may have on human health. The nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2 NPs) are among the most promising nanomaterials and have already found wide use in cosmetics, medicine and, the food industry. A nano-sized (diameter < 100 nm) fraction of TiO2 is present, at a certain percentage, in the E171 ( in the EU) pigment commonly used as an additive in food, whose presence raises particular concerns in terms of its potential negative health impact. The consumption of E171 food additive is increasingly associated with disorders of the intestinal barrier, including intestinal dysbiosis. It may disrupt the normal functions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) including: enzymatic digestion of primary nutrients (lipids, proteins, or carbohydrates). The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and reliable overview of studies conducted in recent years in terms of the substance's potentially negative impact on human and animal alimentary systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Baranowska-Wójcik
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, Lublin 20-704, Poland.
| | - Dominik Szwajgier
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, Lublin 20-704, Poland
| | - Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin 20-950, Poland
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16
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Titanium Dioxide (E171) Induces Toxicity in H9c2 Rat Cardiomyoblasts and Ex Vivo Rat Hearts. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:713-726. [PMID: 35633469 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Food-grade TiO2 (E171) is the most widely used additive in the food industry. Existing evidence shows TiO2 nanoparticles reach systemic circulation through biological barriers, penetrate cell membranes, accumulate in cells of different organs, and cause damage; however, their effects on cardiac cells and the development of heart diseases are still unexplored. Therefore, in this work, we tested E171 toxicity in rat cardiomyoblasts and hearts. E171 internalization and impact on cell viability, proliferation, mitochondria, lysosomes, F-actin distribution, and cell morphology were evaluated in H9c2 cells. Additionally, effects of E171 were measured on cardiac function in ex vivo rat hearts. E171 was uptaken by cells and translocated into the cytoplasm. E171 particles changed cell morphology reducing proliferation and metabolic activity. Higher caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression as well as Tunel-positive cells induced by E171 exposure indicate apoptotic death. Mitochondrial and lysosome alterations resulting from mitophagy were detected after 24 and 48 h exposure, respectively. Additionally, high E171 concentrations caused rearrangements of the F-actin cytoskeleton. Finally, hearts exposed to E171 showed impaired cardiac function. These results support E171 toxicity in cardiac cells in vitro altering cardiac function in an ex vivo model, indicating that consumption of this food additive could be toxic and may lead to the development of cardiovascular disease.
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17
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Sitia G, Fiordaliso F, Violatto MB, Alarcon JF, Talamini L, Corbelli A, Ferreira LM, Tran NL, Chakraborty I, Salmona M, Parak WJ, Diomede L, Bigini P. Food-Grade Titanium Dioxide Induces Toxicity in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and Acute Hepatic and Pulmonary Responses in Mice. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1669. [PMID: 35630890 PMCID: PMC9147568 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) contains variable percentages of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs), posing concerns for its potential effects on human and animal health. Despite many studies, the actual relationship between the physicochemical properties of E171 NPs and their interaction with biological targets is still far from clear. We evaluated the impact of acute E171 administration on invertebrate and vertebrate animals. In the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, the administration of up to 1.0 mg/mL of E171 did not affect the worm's viability and lifespan, but significantly impaired its pharyngeal function, reproduction, and development. We also investigated whether the intravenous administration of E171 in mice (at the dose of 6 mg/kg/body weight) could result in an acute over-absorption of filter organs. A significant increase of hepatic titanium concentration and the formation of microgranulomas were observed. Interstitial inflammation and parenchymal modification were found in the lungs, coupled with titanium accumulation. This was probably due to the propensity of TiO2 NPs to agglomerate, as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy experiments showing that the incubation of E171 with serum promoted the formation of compact clusters. Overall, these data emphasize the actual risk for human and animal exposure to E171.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sitia
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (G.S.); (L.M.F.); (N.L.T.)
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.B.V.); (J.F.A.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Martina B. Violatto
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.B.V.); (J.F.A.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Jennifer Fernandez Alarcon
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.B.V.); (J.F.A.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Laura Talamini
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.B.V.); (J.F.A.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Alessandro Corbelli
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.B.V.); (J.F.A.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Lorena Maria Ferreira
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (G.S.); (L.M.F.); (N.L.T.)
| | - Ngoc Lan Tran
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (G.S.); (L.M.F.); (N.L.T.)
| | - Indranath Chakraborty
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Hamburg University, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (I.C.); (W.J.P.)
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.B.V.); (J.F.A.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Wolfgang J. Parak
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Hamburg University, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (I.C.); (W.J.P.)
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.B.V.); (J.F.A.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Paolo Bigini
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.B.V.); (J.F.A.); (L.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
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18
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Medina‐Reyes EI, Rodríguez‐Ibarra C, Díaz‐Urbina D, Déciga‐Alcaraz A, Delgado‐Buenrostro NL, Chirino YI, Pedraza‐Chaverri J. Food‐grade titanium dioxide decreases hematocrit and hemoglobin and increases compulsive‐like behavior in male mice. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1411-1419. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.4296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estefany I. Medina‐Reyes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán CP Ciudad de México México
| | - Carolina Rodríguez‐Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla de Baz Estado de México México
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, UNAM
| | - Daniel Díaz‐Urbina
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Alimentación. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla de Baz Estado de México México
| | - Alejandro Déciga‐Alcaraz
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla de Baz Estado de México México
- Programa de Cátedras del Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología (COMECyT) Estado de México
| | - Normal L. Delgado‐Buenrostro
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla de Baz Estado de México México
| | - Yolanda I. Chirino
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla de Baz Estado de México México
| | - José Pedraza‐Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán CP Ciudad de México México
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Barreau F, Tisseyre C, Ménard S, Ferrand A, Carriere M. Titanium dioxide particles from the diet: involvement in the genesis of inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:26. [PMID: 34330311 PMCID: PMC8323234 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex interface between the external environment and the immune system. Its ability to control uptake across the mucosa and to protect the body from damage of harmful substances from the lumen is defined as the intestinal barrier function (IBF). The IBF involves four elements: the intestinal microbiota, the mucus layer, the epithelium and the immune system. Its dysfunction is linked with human diseases including inflammatory, metabolic, infectious, autoimmune and neurologic disorders. Most of these diseases are complex and involve genetic, psychological and environmental factors. Over the past 10 years, many genetic polymorphisms predisposing to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been identified. Yet, it is now clear that they are insufficient to explain the onset of these chronic diseases. Although it has been evidenced that some environmental factors such as cigarette smoking or carbohydrate intake are associated with IBD, other environmental factors also present potential health risks such as ingestion of food additives introduced in the human diet, including those composed of mineral particles, by altering the four elements of the intestinal barrier function. The aim of this review is to provide a critical opinion on the potential of TiO2 particles, especially when used as a food additive, to alter the four elements of the intestinal barrier function, and consequently to evaluate if this additive would likely play a role in the development and/or exacerbation of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérick Barreau
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France. .,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Céline Tisseyre
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Ménard
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Carriere
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel K, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gundert‐Remy U, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Manco M, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Passamonti S, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Corsini E, Cubadda F, De Groot D, FitzGerald R, Gunnare S, Gutleb AC, Mast J, Mortensen A, Oomen A, Piersma A, Plichta V, Ulbrich B, Van Loveren H, Benford D, Bignami M, Bolognesi C, Crebelli R, Dusinska M, Marcon F, Nielsen E, Schlatter J, Vleminckx C, Barmaz S, Carfí M, Civitella C, Giarola A, Rincon AM, Serafimova R, Smeraldi C, Tarazona J, Tard A, Wright M. Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06585. [PMID: 33976718 PMCID: PMC8101360 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present opinion deals with an updated safety assessment of the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171) based on new relevant scientific evidence considered by the Panel to be reliable, including data obtained with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and data from an extended one-generation reproductive toxicity (EOGRT) study. Less than 50% of constituent particles by number in E 171 have a minimum external dimension < 100 nm. In addition, the Panel noted that constituent particles < 30 nm amounted to less than 1% of particles by number. The Panel therefore considered that studies with TiO2 NPs < 30 nm were of limited relevance to the safety assessment of E 171. The Panel concluded that although gastrointestinal absorption of TiO2 particles is low, they may accumulate in the body. Studies on general and organ toxicity did not indicate adverse effects with either E 171 up to a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day or with TiO2 NPs (> 30 nm) up to the highest dose tested of 100 mg/kg bw per day. No effects on reproductive and developmental toxicity were observed up to a dose of 1,000 mg E 171/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested in the EOGRT study. However, observations of potential immunotoxicity and inflammation with E 171 and potential neurotoxicity with TiO2 NPs, together with the potential induction of aberrant crypt foci with E 171, may indicate adverse effects. With respect to genotoxicity, the Panel concluded that TiO2 particles have the potential to induce DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage, but not gene mutations. No clear correlation was observed between the physico-chemical properties of TiO2 particles and the outcome of either in vitro or in vivo genotoxicity assays. A concern for genotoxicity of TiO2 particles that may be present in E 171 could therefore not be ruled out. Several modes of action for the genotoxicity may operate in parallel and the relative contributions of different molecular mechanisms elicited by TiO2 particles are not known. There was uncertainty as to whether a threshold mode of action could be assumed. In addition, a cut-off value for TiO2 particle size with respect to genotoxicity could not be identified. No appropriately designed study was available to investigate the potential carcinogenic effects of TiO2 NPs. Based on all the evidence available, a concern for genotoxicity could not be ruled out, and given the many uncertainties, the Panel concluded that E 171 can no longer be considered as safe when used as a food additive.
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