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Al-Rekabi Z, Dondi C, Faruqui N, Siddiqui NS, Elowsson L, Rissler J, Kåredal M, Mudway I, Larsson-Callerfelt AK, Shaw M. Uncovering the cytotoxic effects of air pollution with multi-modal imaging of in vitro respiratory models. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221426. [PMID: 37063998 PMCID: PMC10090883 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Annually, an estimated seven million deaths are linked to exposure to airborne pollutants. Despite extensive epidemiological evidence supporting clear associations between poor air quality and a range of short- and long-term health effects, there are considerable gaps in our understanding of the specific mechanisms by which pollutant exposure induces adverse biological responses at the cellular and tissue levels. The development of more complex, predictive, in vitro respiratory models, including two- and three-dimensional cell cultures, spheroids, organoids and tissue cultures, along with more realistic aerosol exposure systems, offers new opportunities to investigate the cytotoxic effects of airborne particulates under controlled laboratory conditions. Parallel advances in high-resolution microscopy have resulted in a range of in vitro imaging tools capable of visualizing and analysing biological systems across unprecedented scales of length, time and complexity. This article considers state-of-the-art in vitro respiratory models and aerosol exposure systems and how they can be interrogated using high-resolution microscopy techniques to investigate cell-pollutant interactions, from the uptake and trafficking of particles to structural and functional modification of subcellular organelles and cells. These data can provide a mechanistic basis from which to advance our understanding of the health effects of airborne particulate pollution and develop improved mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Al-Rekabi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - Camilla Dondi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - Nilofar Faruqui
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - Nazia S. Siddiqui
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Linda Elowsson
- Lung Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Rissler
- Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lund, Sweden
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Monica Kåredal
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ian Mudway
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, London, UK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Shaw
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
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2
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Trends in biomedical analysis of red blood cells – Raman spectroscopy against other spectroscopic, microscopic and classical techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Jiang X, Kong L, Ying Y, Gu Q, Lv J, Dai Z, Si G. Super-Resolution Imaging with Graphene. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:307. [PMID: 34562897 PMCID: PMC8471375 DOI: 10.3390/bios11090307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution optical imaging is a consistent research hotspot for promoting studies in nanotechnology and biotechnology due to its capability of overcoming the diffraction limit, which is an intrinsic obstacle in pursuing higher resolution for conventional microscopy techniques. In the past few decades, a great number of techniques in this research domain have been theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Graphene, a special two-dimensional material, has become the most meritorious candidate and attracted incredible attention in high-resolution imaging domain due to its distinctive properties. In this article, the working principle of graphene-assisted imaging devices is summarized, and recent advances of super-resolution optical imaging based on graphene are reviewed for both near-field and far-field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Jiang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China; (X.J.); (L.K.); (Q.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Lu Kong
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China; (X.J.); (L.K.); (Q.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Yu Ying
- College of Information and Control Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China;
| | - Qiongchan Gu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China; (X.J.); (L.K.); (Q.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiangtao Lv
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China; (X.J.); (L.K.); (Q.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Zhigao Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Guangyuan Si
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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4
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Andolfi L, Battistella A, Zanetti M, Lazzarino M, Pascolo L, Romano F, Ricci G. Scanning Probe Microscopies: Imaging and Biomechanics in Reproductive Medicine Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083823. [PMID: 33917060 PMCID: PMC8067746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic and translational research in reproductive medicine can provide new insights with the application of scanning probe microscopies, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). These microscopies, which provide images with spatial resolution well beyond the optical resolution limit, enable users to achieve detailed descriptions of cell topography, inner cellular structure organization, and arrangements of single or cluster membrane proteins. A peculiar characteristic of AFM operating in force spectroscopy mode is its inherent ability to measure the interaction forces between single proteins or cells, and to quantify the mechanical properties (i.e., elasticity, viscoelasticity, and viscosity) of cells and tissues. The knowledge of the cell ultrastructure, the macromolecule organization, the protein dynamics, the investigation of biological interaction forces, and the quantification of biomechanical features can be essential clues for identifying the molecular mechanisms that govern responses in living cells. This review highlights the main findings achieved by the use of AFM and SNOM in assisted reproductive research, such as the description of gamete morphology; the quantification of mechanical properties of gametes; the role of forces in embryo development; the significance of investigating single-molecule interaction forces; the characterization of disorders of the reproductive system; and the visualization of molecular organization. New perspectives of analysis opened up by applying these techniques and the translational impacts on reproductive medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andolfi
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (M.Z.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (G.R.)
| | - Alice Battistella
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (M.Z.); (M.L.)
- Doctoral School in Nanotechnology, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Zanetti
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (M.Z.); (M.L.)
- Doctoral School in Nanotechnology, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Lazzarino
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (M.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Lorella Pascolo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (L.P.); (F.R.)
| | - Federico Romano
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (L.P.); (F.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Ricci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (L.P.); (F.R.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (G.R.)
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Spadea A, Denbigh J, Lawrence MJ, Kansiz M, Gardner P. Analysis of Fixed and Live Single Cells Using Optical Photothermal Infrared with Concomitant Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3938-3950. [PMID: 33595297 PMCID: PMC8018697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
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This paper reports the first use of a novel completely optically
based photothermal method (O-PTIR) for obtaining infrared spectra
of both fixed and living cells using a quantum cascade laser (QCL)
and optical parametric oscillator (OPO) laser as excitation sources,
thus enabling all biologically relevant vibrations to be analyzed
at submicron spatial resolution. In addition, infrared data acquisition
is combined with concomitant Raman spectra from exactly the same excitation
location, meaning the full vibrational profile of the cell can be
obtained. The pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 and the breast
cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 are used as model cells to demonstrate
the capabilities of the new instrumentation. These combined modalities
can be used to analyze subcellular structures in both fixed and, more
importantly, live cells under aqueous conditions. We show that the
protein secondary structure and lipid-rich bodies can be identified
on the submicron scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Spadea
- NorthWest Centre for Advanced Drug Delivery (NoWCADD), School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.,Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Joanna Denbigh
- Seda Pharmaceutical Development Services, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K.,School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, U.K
| | - M Jayne Lawrence
- NorthWest Centre for Advanced Drug Delivery (NoWCADD), School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.,Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Mustafa Kansiz
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp. 325 Chapala Street, Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| | - Peter Gardner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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6
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Troian B, Boscolo R, Ricci G, Lazzarino M, Zito G, Prato S, Andolfi L. Ultra-structural analysis of human spermatozoa by aperture scanning near-field optical microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e2418. [PMID: 31991052 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) represents a potential candidate for investigation of ultrastructure in human spermatozoa. It is a noninvasive optical technique that offers two main advantages: minimal sample preparation and simultaneous topographical and optical images acquisition with a spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit. This enables the combination of surface characterization and information from the inner cellular organization in a single acquisition providing an immediate and comprehensive analysis of the cellular portions. In this work spermatozoa are immobilized on poly-L-lysine coated coverslips, fixed according to a standard protocol and imaged by aperture-SNOM in air. In the SNOM images, all peculiar sperm portions show well-resolved optical features, which exhibit good similarities with the structures revealed in transmission electron microscopy images, as compared with literature data. The optical features of anomalous spermatozoa are clearly different as respect with those observed for healthy ones. This analysis reveals the potentialities of SNOM and opens to its application to high-resolution analysis of sperm morphological alterations, which might be relevant in reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Boscolo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ricci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Lazzarino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriella Zito
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Laura Andolfi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR, Trieste, Italy
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Abramczyk H, Brozek-Pluska B, Jarota A, Surmacki J, Imiela A, Kopec M. A look into the use of Raman spectroscopy for brain and breast cancer diagnostics: linear and non-linear optics in cancer research as a gateway to tumor cell identity. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:99-115. [PMID: 32013616 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1724092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Currently, intensely developing of linear and non-linear optical methods for cancer detection provides a valuable tool to improve sensitivity and specificity. One of the main reasons for insufficient progress in cancer diagnostics is related to the fact that most cancer types are not only heterogeneous in their genetic composition but also reside in varying microenvironments and interact with different cell types. Until now, no technology has been fully proven for effective detecting of invasive cancer, which infiltrating the extracellular matrix.Areas covered: This review investigates the current status of Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging for brain and breast cancer diagnostics. Moreover, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the applicability of atomic force microscopy (AFM), linear and non-linear optics in cancer research as a gateway to tumor cell identity.Expert commentary: A combination of linear and non-linear optics, particularly Raman-driven methods, has many additional advantages to identify alterations in cancer cells that are crucial for their proliferation and that distinguish them from normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Abramczyk
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Brozek-Pluska
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Jarota
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Surmacki
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Imiela
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Kopec
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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8
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Arandian A, Bagheri Z, Ehtesabi H, Najafi Nobar S, Aminoroaya N, Samimi A, Latifi H. Optical Imaging Approaches to Monitor Static and Dynamic Cell-on-Chip Platforms: A Tutorial Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900737. [PMID: 31087503 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized laboratories on chip platforms play an important role in handling life sciences studies. The platforms may contain static or dynamic biological cells. Examples are a fixed medium of an organ-on-a-chip and individual cells moving in a microfluidic channel, respectively. Due to feasibility of control or investigation and ethical implications of live targets, both static and dynamic cell-on-chip platforms promise various applications in biology. To extract necessary information from the experiments, the demand for direct monitoring is rapidly increasing. Among different microscopy methods, optical imaging is a straightforward choice. Considering light interaction with biological agents, imaging signals may be generated as a result of scattering or emission effects from a sample. Thus, optical imaging techniques could be categorized into scattering-based and emission-based techniques. In this review, various optical imaging approaches used in monitoring static and dynamic platforms are introduced along with their optical systems, advantages, challenges, and applications. This review may help biologists to find a suitable imaging technique for different cell-on-chip studies and might also be useful for the people who are going to develop optical imaging systems in life sciences studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Arandian
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Zeinab Bagheri
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Hamide Ehtesabi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Shima Najafi Nobar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, 1969764499, Iran
| | - Neda Aminoroaya
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Ashkan Samimi
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Hamid Latifi
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
- Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
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9
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Rygula A, Oleszkiewicz T, Grzebelus E, Pacia MZ, Baranska M, Baranski R. Raman, AFM and SNOM high resolution imaging of carotene crystals in a model carrot cell system. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 197:47-55. [PMID: 29402560 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three non-destructive and complementary techniques, Raman imaging, Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy were used simultaneously to show for the first time chemical and structural differences of carotenoid crystals. Spectroscopic and microscopic scanning probe measurements were applied to the released crystals or to crystals accumulated in a unique, carotenoids rich callus tissue growing in vitro that is considered as a new model system for plant carotenoid research. Three distinct morphological crystal types of various carotenoid composition were identified, a needle-like, rhomboidal and helical. Raman imaging using 532 and 488 nm excitation lines provided evidence that the needle-like and rhomboidal crystals had similar carotenoid composition and that they were composed mainly of β-carotene accompanied by α-carotene. However, the presence of α-carotene was not identified in the helical crystals, which had the characteristic spatial structure. AFM measurements of crystals identified by Raman imaging revealed the crystal topography and showed the needle-like and rhomboidal crystals were planar but they differed in all three dimensions. Combining SNOM and Raman imaging enabled indication of carotenoid rich structures and visualised their distribution in the cell. The morphology of identified subcellular structures was characteristic for crystalline, membraneous and tubular chromoplasts that are plant organelles responsible for carotenoid accumulation in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rygula
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, AL. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Grzebelus
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, AL. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Z Pacia
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafal Baranski
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, AL. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Krakow, Poland.
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A Review of Three-Dimensional Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (3D-SNOM) and Its Applications in Nanoscale Light Management. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Zapotoczny B, Szafranska K, Owczarczyk K, Kus E, Chlopicki S, Szymonski M. Atomic Force Microscopy Reveals the Dynamic Morphology of Fenestrations in Live Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7994. [PMID: 28801568 PMCID: PMC5554186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based imaging method for resolving the fine nanostructures (e.g., fenestrations) in the membranes of live primary murine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). From data on topographical and nanomechanical properties of the selected cell areas collected within 1 min, we traced the dynamic rearrangement of the cell actin cytoskeleton connected with the formation or closing of cell fenestrations, both in non-stimulated LSECs as well as in response to cytochalasin B and antimycin A. In conclusion, AFM-based imaging permitted the near real-time measurements of dynamic changes in fenestrations in live LSECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zapotoczny
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - K Szafranska
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, JCET, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - K Owczarczyk
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - E Kus
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, JCET, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - S Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, JCET, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Szymonski
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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