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Kolomiytsev AS, Kotosonova AV, Il'in OI, Saenko AV, Shelaev AV, Baryshev AV. Novel technology for controlled fabrication of aperture cantilever sensors for scanning near-field optical microscopy. Micron 2024; 179:103610. [PMID: 38367292 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2024.103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents a new technique for forming SNOM (Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy) cantilevers. The technique is based on the continuous growth of a conical hollow tip using local ion-induced carbon deposition on standard tipless cantilever chips. This method offers precise control of the geometric parameters of the cantilever's tip, including the angle of the tip, the probe's curvature radius, and the input and output aperture diameter. Such control allows to optimize the probe for specific tasks. The use of local structure methods based on FIB (Focused Ion Beam) enables the production of SNOM cantilevers with high radiation transmittance, tip robustness, and the capability to measure sample topography in semi-contact AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) mode. The research focused on optimizing the technology for manufacturing tips with specific geometric characteristics, facilitating accurate navigation and positioning in the area of interest. The manufactured probe samples being tested demonstrate sufficient accuracy and mechanical durability of the tip. Overall, this technique offers a novel approach to forming SNOM cantilevers, providing precise control over geometric parameters and promising enhanced performance in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kolomiytsev
- Southern Federal University, Institute of Nanotechnologies, Electronics and Equipment Engineering, 2 Shevchenko st, Taganrog 347922, Russia.
| | - A V Kotosonova
- Southern Federal University, Institute of Nanotechnologies, Electronics and Equipment Engineering, 2 Shevchenko st, Taganrog 347922, Russia
| | - O I Il'in
- Southern Federal University, Institute of Nanotechnologies, Electronics and Equipment Engineering, 2 Shevchenko st, Taganrog 347922, Russia
| | - A V Saenko
- Southern Federal University, Institute of Nanotechnologies, Electronics and Equipment Engineering, 2 Shevchenko st, Taganrog 347922, Russia
| | - A V Shelaev
- Dukhov Automatics Research Institute (VNIIA), 22 st. Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127030, Russia; Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya St. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - A V Baryshev
- Dukhov Automatics Research Institute (VNIIA), 22 st. Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127030, Russia
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2
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Thomaschewski M, Prämassing M, Schill HJ, Zenin VA, Bozhevolnyi SI, Sorger VJ, Linden S. Near-Field Observation of the Photonic Spin Hall Effect. Nano Lett 2023; 23:11447-11452. [PMID: 37982385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The photonic spin Hall effect, referring to the spatial separation of photons with opposite spins due to spin-orbit interactions, has enabled potential for various spin-sensitive applications and devices. Here, using scattering-type near-field scanning optical microscopy, we observe spin-orbit interactions introduced by a subwavelength semiring antenna integrated in a plasmonic circuit. Clear evidence of unidirectional excitation of surface plasmon polaritons is obtained by direct comparison of the amplitude- and phase-resolved near-field maps of the plasmonic nanocircuit under excitation with photons of opposite spin states coupled to a plasmonic nanoantenna. We present details of the antenna design and experimental methods to investigate the spatial variation of complex electromagnetic fields in a spin-sensitive plasmonic circuit. The reported findings offer valuable insights into the generation, characterization, and application of the photonic spin Hall effect in photonic integrated circuits for future and emerging spin-selective nanophotonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Thomaschewski
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW 5000 Science & Engineering Hall, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Mike Prämassing
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schill
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Zenin
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sergey I Bozhevolnyi
- Center for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Volker J Sorger
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW 5000 Science & Engineering Hall, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
- Florida Semiconductor Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Stefan Linden
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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3
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Song M, Fumagalli P, Schmid M. Scanning near-field optical microscopy measurements and simulations of regularly arranged silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2023; 35:065702. [PMID: 37931313 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad0a0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles on a glass substrate are experimentally investigated by aperture scanning near-field optical microscopy (a-SNOM). To understand the experimental results, finite-element-method simulations are performed building a theoretical model of the a-SNOM geometry. We systematically vary parameters like aperture size, aluminum-coating thickness, tip cone angle, and tip-surface distance and discuss their influence on the near-field enhancement. All these investigations are performed comparatively for constant-height and constant-gap scanning modes. In the end, we establish a reliable and stable optical model for simulating a-SNOM measurements, which is capable of reproducing trends observed in experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Song
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Nanooptische Konzepte für die PV, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Fumagalli
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Schmid
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Nanooptische Konzepte für die PV, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Forsthausweg 2, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
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4
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Tkachuk VV, Korterik JP, Offerhaus HL. Quantitative comparison of excitation modes of tuning forks for shear force in probe microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 253:113772. [PMID: 37329810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a careful comparison between the electric and mechanical excitation of a tuning fork for shear force feedback in scanning probe microscopy, an analysis not found in present literature. A setup is designed and demonstrated for robust signal and noise measurements at comparable levels of physical movement of the probe. Two different signal amplification methods, combined with two excitation ways provide three possible configurations. For each method a quantitative analysis, supported by analytical elaboration and numerical simulations, is provided. Finally, it is shown that in practical circumstances electric excitation followed by detection with a transimpedance amplifier provides the best result.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Tkachuk
- Department of Science and Technology, Optical Sciences Group, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - J P Korterik
- Department of Science and Technology, Optical Sciences Group, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - H L Offerhaus
- Department of Science and Technology, Optical Sciences Group, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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5
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Lebsir Y, Boroviks S, Thomaschewski M, Bozhevolnyi SI, Zenin VA. Ultimate Limit for Optical Losses in Gold, Revealed by Quantitative Near-Field Microscopy. Nano Lett 2022; 22:5759-5764. [PMID: 35787133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report thorough measurements of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) running along nearly perfect air-gold interfaces formed by atomically flat surfaces of chemically synthesized gold monocrystals. By means of amplitude- and phase-resolved near-field microscopy, we obtain their propagation length and effective mode index at visible wavelengths (532, 594, 632.8, 729, and 800 nm). The measured values are compared with the values obtained from the dielectric functions of gold that are reported in literature. Importantly, a reported dielectric function of monocrystalline gold implies ∼1.5 times shorter propagation lengths than those observed in our experiments, whereas a dielectric function reported for properly fabricated polycrystalline gold leads to SPP propagation lengths matching our results. We argue that the SPP propagation lengths measured in our experiments signify the ultimate limit of optical losses in gold, encouraging further comprehensive characterization of optical material properties of pure gold as well as other plasmonic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Lebsir
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sergejs Boroviks
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Sergey I Bozhevolnyi
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Vladimir A Zenin
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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Lee YR, Huang CC, Huang WY, Chen CT, Huang PT, Wang JK. Nanometer-scaled landscape of polymer: fullerene blends mapped with visible s- SNOM. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:165702. [PMID: 34963107 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac46b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bulk heterojunction is one key concept leading to breakthrough in organic photovoltaics. The active layer is expectantly formed of distinct morphologies that carry out their respective roles in photovoltaic performance. The morphology-performance relationship however remains stymied, because unequivocal morphology at the nanoscale is not available. We used scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy operating with a visible light source (visibles-SNOM) to disclose the nanomorphology of P3HT:PCBM and pBCN:PCBM blends. Donor and acceptor domain as well as intermixed phase were identified and their intertwined distributions were mapped. We proposed energy landscapes of the BHJ active layer to shed light on the roles played by these morphologies in charge separation, transport and recombination. This study shows that visibles-SNOM is capable of profiling the morphological backdrop pertaining to the operation of high performance organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Rong Lee
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Huang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Huang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ti Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Tsung Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Juen-Kai Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Triolo C, De Giorgi ML, Lorusso A, Cretì A, Santangelo S, Lomascolo M, Anni M, Mazzeo M, Patané S. Light Emission Properties of Thermally Evaporated CH 3NH 3PbBr 3 Perovskite from Nano- to Macro-Scale: Role of Free and Localized Excitons. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12020211. [PMID: 35055230 PMCID: PMC8779009 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, interest about metal halide perovskites has rapidly increased, as they can find wide application in optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, although thermal evaporation is crucial for the development and engineering of such devices based on multilayer structures, the optical properties of thermally deposited perovskite layers (spontaneous and amplified spontaneous emission) have been poorly investigated. This paper is a study from a nano- to micro- and macro-scale about the role of light-emitting species (namely free carriers and excitons) and trap states in the spontaneous emission of thermally evaporated thin layers of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite after wet air UV light trap passivation. The map of light emission from grains, carried out by SNOM at the nanoscale and by micro-PL techniques, clearly indicates that free and localized excitons (EXs) are the dominant light-emitting species, the localized excitons being the dominant ones in the presence of crystallites. These species also have a key role in the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) process: for higher excitation densities, the relative contribution of localized EXs basically remains constant, while a clear competition between ASE and free EXs spontaneous emission is present, which suggests that ASE is due to stimulated emission from the free EXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Triolo
- Department of Civil, Energy, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICEAM), Mediterranean University, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Maria Luisa De Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.L.D.G.); (A.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonella Lorusso
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.L.D.G.); (A.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Arianna Cretì
- IMM-CNR Institute for Microelectronic and Microsystems, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Saveria Santangelo
- Department of Civil, Energy, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICEAM), Mediterranean University, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Mauro Lomascolo
- IMM-CNR Institute for Microelectronic and Microsystems, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Marco Anni
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.L.D.G.); (A.L.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Marco Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.L.D.G.); (A.L.); (M.M.)
- CNR NANOTEC—Institute of Nanotechnology, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Salvatore Patané
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
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8
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Solemanifar A, Guo X, Donose BC, Bertling K, Laycock B, Rakić AD. Probing peptide nanowire conductivity by THz nanoscopy. Nanotechnology 2021; 33:065503. [PMID: 34715680 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac34a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Significant efforts have recently been invested in assessing the physical and chemical properties of microbial nanowires for their promising role in developing alternative renewable sources of electricity, bioelectronic materials and implantable sensors. One of their outstanding properties, the ever-desirable conductivity has been the focus of numerous studies. However, the lack of a straightforward and reliable method for measuring it seems to be responsible for the broad variability of the reported data. Routinely employed methods tend to underestimate or overestimate conductivity by several orders of magnitude. In this work, synthetic peptide nanowires conductivity is interrogated employing a non-destructive measurement technique developed on a terahertz scanning near-field microscope to test if peptide aromaticity leads to higher electrical conductivity. Our novel peptide conductivity measurement technique, based on triple standards calibration method, shows that in the case of two biopolymer mimicking peptides, the sample incorporating aromatic residues (W6) is about six times more conductive than the negative control (L6). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a quantitative nano-scale terahertz s-SNOM investigation of peptides. These results prove the suitability of the terahertz radiation-based non-destructive approach in tandem with the designer peptides choice as model test subjects. This approach requires only simple sample preparation, avoids many of the pitfalls of typical contact-based conductivity measurement techniques and could help understanding fundamental aspects of nature's design of electron transfer in biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Solemanifar
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xiao Guo
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bogdan C Donose
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Karl Bertling
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Laycock
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Aleksandar D Rakić
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
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9
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Andolfi L, Battistella A, Zanetti M, Lazzarino M, Pascolo L, Romano F, Ricci G. Scanning Probe Microscopies: Imaging and Biomechanics in Reproductive Medicine Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083823. [PMID: 33917060 PMCID: PMC8067746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic and translational research in reproductive medicine can provide new insights with the application of scanning probe microscopies, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). These microscopies, which provide images with spatial resolution well beyond the optical resolution limit, enable users to achieve detailed descriptions of cell topography, inner cellular structure organization, and arrangements of single or cluster membrane proteins. A peculiar characteristic of AFM operating in force spectroscopy mode is its inherent ability to measure the interaction forces between single proteins or cells, and to quantify the mechanical properties (i.e., elasticity, viscoelasticity, and viscosity) of cells and tissues. The knowledge of the cell ultrastructure, the macromolecule organization, the protein dynamics, the investigation of biological interaction forces, and the quantification of biomechanical features can be essential clues for identifying the molecular mechanisms that govern responses in living cells. This review highlights the main findings achieved by the use of AFM and SNOM in assisted reproductive research, such as the description of gamete morphology; the quantification of mechanical properties of gametes; the role of forces in embryo development; the significance of investigating single-molecule interaction forces; the characterization of disorders of the reproductive system; and the visualization of molecular organization. New perspectives of analysis opened up by applying these techniques and the translational impacts on reproductive medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andolfi
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (M.Z.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (G.R.)
| | - Alice Battistella
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (M.Z.); (M.L.)
- Doctoral School in Nanotechnology, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Zanetti
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (M.Z.); (M.L.)
- Doctoral School in Nanotechnology, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Lazzarino
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (M.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Lorella Pascolo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (L.P.); (F.R.)
| | - Federico Romano
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (L.P.); (F.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Ricci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (L.P.); (F.R.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (G.R.)
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Vincent T, Hamer M, Grigorieva I, Antonov V, Tzalenchuk A, Kazakova O. Strongly Absorbing Nanoscale Infrared Domains within Strained Bubbles at hBN-Graphene Interfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:57638-57648. [PMID: 33314909 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has great potential for use in infrared (IR) nanodevices. At these length scales, nanoscale features, and their interaction with light, can be expected to play a significant role in device performance. Bubbles in van der Waals heterostructures are one such feature, which have recently attracted considerable attention, thanks to their ability to modify the optoelectronic properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials through strain. Here, we use scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (sSNOM) to measure the nanoscale IR response from a network of variously shaped bubbles in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN)-encapsulated graphene. We show that within individual bubbles there are distinct domains with strongly enhanced IR absorption. The IR domain boundaries coincide with ridges in the bubbles, which leads us to attribute them to nanoscale strain domains. We further validate the strain distribution in the graphene by means of confocal Raman microscopy and vector decomposition analysis. This shows intricate and varied strain configurations, in which bubbles of different shape induce more bi- or uniaxial strain configurations. This reveals pathways toward future strain-based graphene IR devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Vincent
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, U.K
| | - Matthew Hamer
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Irina Grigorieva
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Vladimir Antonov
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, U.K
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russia
| | - Alexander Tzalenchuk
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, U.K
| | - Olga Kazakova
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
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11
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Ruta FL, Sternbach AJ, Dieng AB, McLeod AS, Basov DN. Quantitative Nanoinfrared Spectroscopy of Anisotropic van der Waals Materials. Nano Lett 2020; 20:7933-7940. [PMID: 32936662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic dielectric tensors of uniaxial van der Waals (vdW) materials are difficult to investigate at infrared frequencies. The small dimensions of high-quality exfoliated crystals prevent the use of diffraction-limited spectroscopies. Near-field microscopes coupled to broadband lasers can function as Fourier transform infrared spectrometers with nanometric spatial resolution (nano-FTIR). Although dielectric functions of isotropic materials can be readily extracted from nano-FTIR spectra, the in- and out-of-plane permittivities of anisotropic vdW crystals cannot be easily distinguished. For thin vdW crystals residing on a substrate, nano-FTIR spectroscopy probes a combination of sample and substrate responses. We exploit the information in the screening of substrate resonances by vdW crystals to demonstrate that both the in- and out-of-plane dielectric permittivities are identifiable for realistic spectra. This novel method for the quantitative nanoresolved characterization of optical anisotropy was used to determine the dielectric tensor of a bulk 2H-WSe2 microcrystal in the mid-infrared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco L Ruta
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Aaron J Sternbach
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Adji B Dieng
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Alexander S McLeod
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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12
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Lu YH, Larson JM, Baskin A, Zhao X, Ashby PD, Prendergast D, Bechtel HA, Kostecki R, Salmeron M. Infrared Nanospectroscopy at the Graphene-Electrolyte Interface. Nano Lett 2019; 19:5388-5393. [PMID: 31306028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a new methodology that enables studies of the molecular structure of graphene-liquid interfaces with nanoscale spatial resolution. It is based on Fourier transform infrared nanospectroscopy (nano-FTIR), where the infrared (IR) field is plasmonically enhanced near the tip apex of an atomic force microscope (AFM). The graphene seals a liquid electrolyte reservoir while acting also as a working electrode. The photon transparency of graphene enables IR spectroscopy studies of its interface with liquids, including water, propylene carbonate, and aqueous ammonium sulfate electrolyte solutions. We illustrate the method by comparing IR spectra obtained by nano-FTIR and attenuated total reflection (which has a detection depth of a few microns) demonstrating that the nano-FTIR method makes it possible to determine changes in speciation and ion concentration in the electric double and diffuse layers as a function of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | | | | | - Hans A Bechtel
- Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | | | - Miquel Salmeron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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Chen X, Hu D, Mescall R, You G, Basov DN, Dai Q, Liu M. Modern Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy for Advanced Material Research. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1804774. [PMID: 30932221 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Infrared and optical spectroscopy represents one of the most informative methods in advanced materials research. As an important branch of modern optical techniques that has blossomed in the past decade, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) promises deterministic characterization of optical properties over a broad spectral range at the nanoscale. It allows ultrabroadband optical (0.5-3000 µm) nanoimaging, and nanospectroscopy with fine spatial (<10 nm), spectral (<1 cm-1 ), and temporal (<10 fs) resolution. The history of s-SNOM is briefly introduced and recent advances which broaden the horizons of this technique in novel material research are summarized. In particular, this includes the pioneering efforts to study the nanoscale electrodynamic properties of plasmonic metamaterials, strongly correlated quantum materials, and polaritonic systems at room or cryogenic temperatures. Technical details, theoretical modeling, and new experimental methods are also discussed extensively, aiming to identify clear technology trends and unsolved challenges in this exciting field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Debo Hu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ryan Mescall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Guanjun You
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical Systems and Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Qing Dai
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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Mooshammer F, Sandner F, Huber MA, Zizlsperger M, Weigand H, Plankl M, Weyrich C, Lanius M, Kampmeier J, Mussler G, Grützmacher D, Boland JL, Cocker TL, Huber R. Nanoscale Near-Field Tomography of Surface States on (Bi 0.5Sb 0.5) 2Te 3. Nano Lett 2018; 18:7515-7523. [PMID: 30419748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional topological insulators (TIs) have attracted tremendous interest for their possibility to host massless Dirac Fermions in topologically protected surface states (TSSs), which may enable new kinds of high-speed electronics. However, recent reports have outlined the importance of band bending effects within these materials, which results in an additional two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) with finite mass at the surface. TI surfaces are also known to be highly inhomogeneous on the nanoscale, which is masked in conventional far-field studies. Here, we use near-field microscopy in the mid-infrared spectral range to probe the local surface properties of custom-tailored (Bi0.5Sb0.5)2Te3 structures with nanometer precision in all three spatial dimensions. Applying nanotomography and nanospectroscopy, we reveal a few-nanometer-thick layer of high surface conductivity and retrieve its local dielectric function without assuming any model for the spectral response. This allows us to directly distinguish between different types of surface states. An intersubband transition within the massive 2DEG formed by quantum confinement in the bent conduction band manifests itself as a sharp, surface-bound, Lorentzian-shaped resonance. An additional broadband background in the imaginary part of the dielectric function may be caused by the TSS. Tracing the intersubband resonance with nanometer spatial precision, we observe changes of its frequency, likely originating from local variations of doping or/and the mixing ratio between Bi and Sb. Our results highlight the importance of studying the surfaces of these novel materials on the nanoscale to directly access the local optical and electronic properties via the dielectric function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Mooshammer
- Department of Physics , University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Fabian Sandner
- Department of Physics , University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Markus A Huber
- Department of Physics , University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Martin Zizlsperger
- Department of Physics , University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Helena Weigand
- Department of Physics , University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Markus Plankl
- Department of Physics , University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Christian Weyrich
- Peter Grünberg Institut 9 , Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Martin Lanius
- Peter Grünberg Institut 9 , Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Jörn Kampmeier
- Peter Grünberg Institut 9 , Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Gregor Mussler
- Peter Grünberg Institut 9 , Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Detlev Grützmacher
- Peter Grünberg Institut 9 , Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Jessica L Boland
- Department of Physics , University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Tyler L Cocker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Rupert Huber
- Department of Physics , University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg , Germany
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Deshpande R, Zenin VA, Ding F, Mortensen NA, Bozhevolnyi SI. Direct Characterization of Near-Field Coupling in Gap Plasmon-Based Metasurfaces. Nano Lett 2018; 18:6265-6270. [PMID: 30216727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces based on gap surface-plasmon resonators allow one to arbitrarily control the phase, amplitude, and polarization of reflected light with high efficiency. However, the performance of densely packed metasurfaces is reduced, often quite significantly, in comparison with simple analytical predictions. We argue that this reduction is mainly because of the near-field coupling between metasurface elements, which results in response from each element being different from the one anticipated by design simulations, which are commonly conducted for each individual element being placed in an artificial periodic arrangement. In order to study the influence of near-field coupling, we fabricate meta-elements of varying sizes arranged in quasi-periodic arrays so that the immediate environment of same size elements is different for those located in the middle and at the border of the arrays. We study the near-field using a phase-resolved scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and conducting numerical simulations. By comparing the near-field maps from elements of the same size but different placements we evaluate the near-field coupling strength, which is found to be significant for large and densely packed elements. This technique is quite generic and can be used practically for any metasurface type in order to precisely measure the near-field response from each individual element and identify malfunctioning ones, providing feedback to their design and fabrication, thereby allowing one to improve the efficiency of the whole metasurface.
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Brown LV, Davanco M, Sun Z, Kretinin A, Chen Y, Matson JR, Vurgaftman I, Sharac N, Giles A, Fogler MM, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Novoselov KS, Maier SA, Centrone A, Caldwell JD. Nanoscale Mapping and Spectroscopy of Nonradiative Hyperbolic Modes in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanostructures. Nano Lett 2018; 18:1628-1636. [PMID: 29451802 PMCID: PMC6140337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The inherent crystal anisotropy of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) provides the ability to support hyperbolic phonon polaritons, that is, polaritons that can propagate with very large wave vectors within the material volume, thereby enabling optical confinement to exceedingly small dimensions. Indeed, previous research has shown that nanometer-scale truncated nanocone hBN cavities, with deep subdiffractional dimensions, support three-dimensionally confined optical modes in the mid-infrared. Because of optical selection rules, only a few of the many theoretically predicted modes have been observed experimentally via far-field reflection and scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). The photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) technique probes optical and vibrational resonances overcoming weak far-field emission by leveraging an atomic force microscope (AFM) probe to transduce local sample expansion caused by light absorption. Here we show that PTIR enables the direct observation of previously unobserved, dark hyperbolic modes of hBN nanostructures. Leveraging these optical modes and their wide range of angular and radial momenta could provide a new degree of control over the electromagnetic near-field concentration, polarization in nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa V. Brown
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Marcelo Davanco
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Dept. Physics, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Andrey Kretinin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yiguo Chen
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Joseph R. Matson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave S.W., Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | | | - Alexander Giles
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave S.W., Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - Michael M. Fogler
- Dept. Physics, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Maniki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Maniki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stefan A. Maier
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität München, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Joshua D. Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave S.W., Washington, DC 20375 USA
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17
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Zenin VA, Evlyukhin AB, Novikov SM, Yang Y, Malureanu R, Lavrinenko AV, Chichkov BN, Bozhevolnyi SI. Direct Amplitude-Phase Near-Field Observation of Higher-Order Anapole States. Nano Lett 2017; 17:7152-7159. [PMID: 29058440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anapole states associated with the resonant suppression of electric-dipole scattering exhibit minimized extinction and maximized storage of electromagnetic energy inside a particle. Using numerical simulations, optical extinction spectroscopy, and amplitude-phase near-field mapping of silicon dielectric disks, we demonstrate high-order anapole states in the near-infrared wavelength range (900-1700 nm). We develop the procedure for unambiguously identifying anapole states by monitoring the normal component of the electric near-field and experimentally detect the first two anapole states as verified by far-field extinction spectroscopy and confirmed with the numerical simulations. We demonstrate that higher-order anapole states possess stronger energy concentration and narrower resonances, a remarkable feature that is advantageous for their applications in metasurfaces and nanophotonics components, such as nonlinear higher-harmonic generators and nanoscale lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Zenin
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Andrey B Evlyukhin
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V. , 30419 Hannover, Germany
- ITMO University , Kronverksky Pr. 49, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Sergey M Novikov
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Yuanqing Yang
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Radu Malureanu
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- National Centre for Micro- and Nano-Fabrication, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrei V Lavrinenko
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- ITMO University , Kronverksky Pr. 49, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Boris N Chichkov
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Leibniz University , 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sergey I Bozhevolnyi
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Kumar S, Prakash P, Joshi MK, Rathi V. Selective Non-operative Management of Patients with Abdominal Trauma-Is CECT Scan Mandatory? Indian J Surg 2017; 79:396-400. [PMID: 29089697 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-016-1494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CECT scan is considered essential for selective non-operative management (SNOM) of patients with abdominal trauma. However, CECT has its own hazards and limitations. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of selective non-operative management of patients with abdominal trauma without the mandatory use of CECT scan in a prospective study. Patients with peritonitis and ongoing intra-abdominal bleed were excluded. Consenting FAST positive, hemodynamically stable patients with blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma between 18 and 60 years of age were included and admitted for SNOM and detailed ultrasonography of the abdomen (in all) with or without CECT abdomen (selectively). Eighty-four patients with abdominal trauma were admitted during the study period. Twenty-two patients did not satisfy the inclusion criteria and 18 required immediate laparotomy based on primary survey. Remaining 44 patients were admitted for SNOM: mean ± SD age of these patients was 27 ± 8.7 years; 40 (89 %) were males. Thirty-five patients (79.54 %) sustained blunt trauma (RTI = 16, Fall = 16, others = 3) while nine patients (20.45 %) sustained penetrating trauma. SNOM without CECT was successful in 36 (81.82 %) patients. Five (11.36 %) patients underwent delayed emergency laparotomy based on clinical and detailed USG evaluation. CECT was not done in these patients. Three patients underwent CECT for various reasons; however, they were managed with SNOM. Thus, SNOM without abdominal CECT was successful in 36 (81.82 %) patients. SNOM failed in five patients but abdominal USG was sufficient. SNOM can be practised safely in patients of abdominal trauma with limited use of CECT scan.
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19
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De Sanctis A, Jones GF, Wehenkel DJ, Bezares F, Koppens FHL, Craciun MF, Russo S. Extraordinary linear dynamic range in laser-defined functionalized graphene photodetectors. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1602617. [PMID: 28560334 PMCID: PMC5446211 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based photodetectors have demonstrated mechanical flexibility, large operating bandwidth, and broadband spectral response. However, their linear dynamic range (LDR) is limited by graphene's intrinsic hot-carrier dynamics, which causes deviation from a linear photoresponse at low incident powers. At the same time, multiplication of hot carriers causes the photoactive region to be smeared over distances of a few micrometers, limiting the use of graphene in high-resolution applications. We present a novel method for engineering photoactive junctions in FeCl3-intercalated graphene using laser irradiation. Photocurrent measured at these planar junctions shows an extraordinary linear response with an LDR value at least 4500 times larger than that of other graphene devices (44 dB) while maintaining high stability against environmental contamination without the need for encapsulation. The observed photoresponse is purely photovoltaic, demonstrating complete quenching of hot-carrier effects. These results pave the way toward the design of ultrathin photodetectors with unprecedented LDR for high-definition imaging and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo De Sanctis
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QL Exeter, UK
| | - Gareth F. Jones
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QL Exeter, UK
| | - Dominique J. Wehenkel
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QL Exeter, UK
| | - Francisco Bezares
- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques (ICFO), Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank H. L. Koppens
- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques (ICFO), Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica F. Craciun
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QL Exeter, UK
| | - Saverio Russo
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QL Exeter, UK
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Tuniz A, Chemnitz M, Dellith J, Weidlich S, Schmidt MA. Hybrid-Mode-Assisted Long-Distance Excitation of Short-Range Surface Plasmons in a Nanotip-Enhanced Step-Index Fiber. Nano Lett 2017; 17:631-637. [PMID: 27983862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a monolithic nanowire-enhanced fiber-based nanoprobe for the broadband delivery of light (550-730 nm) to a deep subwavelength scale using short-range surface plasmons. The geometry is formed by a step index fiber with an integrated gold nanowire in its core and a protruding gold nanotip with sub-10 nm apex radius. We present a novel coupling scheme to excite short-range surface plasmons, whereby the radially polarized hybrid mode propagating inside the nanowire section excites the plasmonic mode close to the fiber endface, which is in turn superfocused down to nanoscale dimensions at the tip apex. We show that in this all-integrated fiber-plasmonic coupling scheme the wire length can be orders of magnitude longer than the attenuation length of short-range plasmon polaritons, yielding a broadband plasmon excitation and reducing demands in fabrication. We observe that the scattered light in the far-field from the nanotip is axially polarized and preferentially excited by a radially polarized input, unambiguously revealing that it originates from a short-range plasmon propagating on the nanotip, in agreement with simulations. This novel excitation scheme will have important applications in near-field microscopy and nanophotonics and potentially offers significantly improved resolution compared to current delivery near-field probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tuniz
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT Jena) , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Chemnitz
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT Jena) , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Abbe School of Photonics and Faculty of Physics , Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Dellith
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT Jena) , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Weidlich
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT Jena) , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Heraeus Quarzglas GmbH & Co. KG, Quarzstrasse 8, 63450 Hanau, Germany
| | - Markus A Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT Jena) , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Abbe School of Photonics and Faculty of Physics , Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research , Fraunhoferstrasse 6, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Schnell M, Sarriugarte P, Neuman T, Khanikaev AB, Shvets G, Aizpurua J, Hillenbrand R. Real-Space Mapping of the Chiral Near-Field Distributions in Spiral Antennas and Planar Metasurfaces. Nano Lett 2016; 16:663-70. [PMID: 26666399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chiral antennas and metasurfaces can be designed to react differently to left- and right-handed circularly polarized light, which enables novel optical properties such as giant optical activity and negative refraction. Here, we demonstrate that the underlying chiral near-field distributions can be directly mapped with scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy employing circularly polarized illumination. We apply our technique to visualize, for the first time, the circular-polarization selective nanofocusing of infrared light in Archimedean spiral antennas, and explain this chiral optical effect by directional launching of traveling waves in analogy to antenna theory. Moreover, we near-field image single-layer rosette and asymmetric dipole-monopole metasurfaces and find negligible and strong chiral optical near-field contrast, respectively. Our technique paves the way for near-field characterization of optical chirality in metal nanostructures, which will be essential for the future development of chiral antennas and metasurfaces and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schnell
- CIC nanoGUNE , 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - P Sarriugarte
- CIC nanoGUNE , 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - T Neuman
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center DIPC , 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - A B Khanikaev
- Department of Physics, Queens College and Graduate Center of The City University of New York , New York, NewYork, 11367, United States
| | - G Shvets
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - J Aizpurua
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center DIPC , 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - R Hillenbrand
- CIC nanoGUNE and EHU/UPV , 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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22
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Madsen AS, Laing GL, Bruce JL, Oosthuizen GV, Clarke DL. An audit of penetrating neck injuries in a South African trauma service. Injury 2016; 47:64-9. [PMID: 26264880 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study reviews and validates the practice of selective non-operative management (SNOM) of penetrating neck injury (PNI) in a South African trauma service and reviews the impact new imaging modalities have had on the management of this injury. METHODOLOGY This study was performed within the Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service, in the city of Pietermaritzburg, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. A prospectively maintained trauma registry was retrospectively interrogated. All patients with PNI treated over a 46-month period were included within the study. RESULTS A total of 510 patients were included in the study. There were 452 stab wounds (SW) and 58 gunshot wounds (GSW). A total of 202 (40%) patients sustained isolated PNI, the remaining 308 (60%) patients sustained trauma to at least one additional anatomical region. An airway injury was identified in 29 (6%) patients; a pharyngo-oesophageal injury in 41 (8%) patients and a vascular injury in 86 (17%) patients. Associated injuries included three penetrating cardiac injuries (PCI) and 146 patients with haemo-pneumothoraces. Of the total cohort, 387 patients (76%) underwent CT Angiography (CTA), of which 70 (18%) demonstrated a vascular injury. Formal catheter directed angiogram (CDA) was performed on 16 patients with positive CTA but confirmed injury in only half of these patients. Of 212 patients (42%) who underwent water-soluble contrast swallow (WS-swallow), an injury was demonstrated in 29 (14%) cases. A total of 401 (79%) patients were successfully managed conservatively for PNI and 109 (21%) surgically or by endovascular intervention. Only five (1.2%) patients failed a trial of SNOM and required surgery. The in-hospital mortality rate was 2%. No deaths could be attributed to a failure of SNOM. CONCLUSION SNOM of PNI is a safe and appropriate management strategy. The conservative management of isolated pharyngeal injuries is well supported by our findings but the role of conservative treatment of oesophageal injuries needs to be further defined. The SNOM of small non-destructive upper airway injuries seems to be a safe strategy, while destructive airway injuries require formal repair. Imaging merely for proximity, is associated with a low yield. CTA has a significant false positive rate and good clinical assessment remains the cornerstone of management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Madsen
- Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service, Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Hospital Complex, University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - G L Laing
- Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service, Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Hospital Complex, University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - J L Bruce
- Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service, Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Hospital Complex, University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - G V Oosthuizen
- Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service, Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Hospital Complex, University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - D L Clarke
- Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service, Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Hospital Complex, University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
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23
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Vasconcelos TL, Archanjo BS, Fragneaud B, Oliveira BS, Riikonen J, Li C, Ribeiro DS, Rabelo C, Rodrigues WN, Jorio A, Achete CA, Cançado LG. Tuning Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance in Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy Probes. ACS Nano 2015; 9:6297-6304. [PMID: 26027751 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A reproducible route for tuning localized surface plasmon resonance in scattering type near-field optical microscopy probes is presented. The method is based on the production of a focused-ion-beam milled single groove near the apex of electrochemically etched gold tips. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy are employed to obtain highly spatially and spectroscopically resolved maps of the milled probes, revealing localized surface plasmon resonance at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. By changing the distance L between the groove and the probe apex, the localized surface plasmon resonance energy can be fine-tuned at a desired absorption channel. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is applied as a test platform, and the results prove the reliability of the method to produce efficient scattering type near-field optical microscopy probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago L Vasconcelos
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Bráulio S Archanjo
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Fragneaud
- §Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno S Oliveira
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Juha Riikonen
- ⊥Department of Micro- and Nanosciences, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Changfeng Li
- ⊥Department of Micro- and Nanosciences, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Douglas S Ribeiro
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Rabelo
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Wagner N Rodrigues
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Ado Jorio
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Achete
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
- ∥Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-972, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Cançado
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
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Abstract
Phased-antenna metasurfaces can impart abrupt, spatially dependent changes to the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light and thus mold wavefronts in a desired fashion. Here we present an experimental and computational near-field study of metasurfaces based on near-resonant V-shaped antennas and connect their near- and far-field optical responses. We show that far fields can be obtained from limited, experimentally obtained knowledge of the near fields, paving the way for experimental near-field characterization of metasurfaces and other optical nanostructures and prediction of their far fields from the near-field measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard J Bohn
- †School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- ‡Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Martin Schnell
- §CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia, San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Mikhail A Kats
- †School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- ∥Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Francesco Aieta
- †School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- #CIC nanoGUNE and EHU/UPV, 20018 Donostia, San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain
- ⊥IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Federico Capasso
- †School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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25
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Tsai KT, Wurtz GA, Chu JY, Cheng TY, Wang HH, Krasavin AV, He JH, Wells BM, Podolskiy VA, Wang JK, Wang YL, Zayats AV. Looking into meta-atoms of plasmonic nanowire metamaterial. Nano Lett 2014; 14:4971-4976. [PMID: 25115592 DOI: 10.1021/nl501283c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire-based plasmonic metamaterials exhibit many intriguing properties related to the hyperbolic dispersion, negative refraction, epsilon-near-zero behavior, strong Purcell effect, and nonlinearities. We have experimentally and numerically studied the electromagnetic modes of individual nanowires (meta-atoms) forming the metamaterial. High-resolution, scattering-type near-field optical microscopy has been used to visualize the intensity and phase of the modes. Numerical and analytical modeling of the mode structure is in agreement with the experimental observations and indicates the presence of the nonlocal response associated with cylindrical surface plasmons of nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Tong Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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