1
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Canedy CL, Jackson EM, Espinola RL, Pauli MR, Auxier JM, Kim CS, Kim M, Nolde JA, Ellis CT, Aifer EH, Vurgaftman I, Jayaraman V, Kolasa B, Marsland R, Knipfer B, Meyer JR. Midwave resonant cavity infrared detectors (RCIDs) with suppressed background noise. Opt Express 2023; 31:35225-35244. [PMID: 37859259 DOI: 10.1364/oe.500125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a resonant cavity infrared detector (RCID) with an InAsSb/InAs superlattice absorber with a thickness of only ≈ 100 nm, a 33-period GaAs/Al0.92Ga0.08As distributed Bragg reflector bottom mirror, and a Ge/SiO2/Ge top mirror. At a low bias voltage of 150 mV, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) reaches 58% at the resonance wavelength λres ≈ 4.6 µm, with linewidth δλ = 19-27 nm. The thermal background current for a realistic system scenario with f/4 optic that views a 300 K scene is estimated by integrating the photocurrent generated by background spanning the entire mid-IR spectral band (3-5 µm). The resulting specific detectivity is a factor of 3 lower than for a state-of-the-art broadband HgCdTe device at 300 K, where dark current dominates the noise. However, at 125 K where the suppression of background noise becomes critical, the estimated specific detectivity D* of 5.5 × 1012 cm Hz½/W is more than 3× higher. This occurs despite a non-optimal absorber cut-off that causes the EQE to decrease rapidly with decreasing temperature, e.g., to 33% at 125 K. The present RCID's advantage over the broadband device depends critically on its low EQE at non-resonance wavelengths: ≤ 1% in the range 3.9-5.5 µm. Simulations using NRL MULTIBANDS indicate that impact ionization in the bottom contact and absorber layers dominates the dark current at near ambient temperatures. We expect future design modifications to substantially enhance D* throughout the investigated temperature range of 100-300 K.
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2
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Abstract
Here, we review the design of optical cavities, transient and modulated responses, and theoretical models relevant to vibrational strong coupling (VSC). While planar Fabry-Perot cavities remain the most common choice for experiments involving vibrational polaritons, other choices including plasmonic and phononic nanostructures, extended lattice resonances, and wavelength-scale three-dimensionally confined dielectric cavities have unique advantages, which are discussed. Next, we review the nonlinear response to laser excitation of VSC systems revealed by transient pump-probe and 2DIR techniques. The assignment of various features observed in these experiments has been an important topic with significant recent progress and controversy. The modulation of VSC systems by various means such as ultrafast pulses and electrochemical methods is also described. Finally, theoretical approaches to understanding the physics and chemistry of VSC systems are reviewed with an eye toward their applicability and usefulness. These fall into two main categories: (1) solving for the eigenmodes of the system and (2) evolutionary techniques including the transfer-matrix method and its generalizations. The need for quantum optical methods of describing VSC systems is critically evaluated in light of current experimental work, and we discuss circumstances which necessitate consideration of the full in-plane dispersion of the Fabry-Perot cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake S Simpkins
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Adam D Dunkelberger
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- Optical Sciences, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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3
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Simpkins BS, Yang Z, Dunkelberger AD, Vurgaftman I, Owrutsky JC, Xiong W. Comment on "Isolating Polaritonic 2D-IR Transmission Spectra". J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:983-988. [PMID: 36727272 PMCID: PMC9900631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This Viewpoint responds to the analysis of 2D IR spectra of vibration cavity polaritons in the study reported in The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters (Duan et al. 2021, 12, 11406). That report analyzed 2D IR spectra of strongly coupled molecules, such as W(CO)6 and nitroprusside anion, based on subtracting a background signal generated by polariton filtered free space signals. They assigned the resulting response as being due to excited polaritons. We point out in this Viewpoint that virtually all of the response can be properly reproduced using the physics of transmission through an etalon containing a material modeled with a complex dielectric function describing the ground- and excited-state absorber populations. Furthermore, such a coupled system cannot be described as a scaled sum of the bare molecular and cavity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zimo Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | | | - Igor Vurgaftman
- US
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC20375, United States
| | | | - Wei Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
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4
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Abstract
Molecular polaritons result from light-matter coupling between optical resonances and molecular electronic or vibrational transitions. When the coupling is strong enough, new hybridized states with mixed photon-material character are observed spectroscopically, with resonances shifted above and below the uncoupled frequency. These new modes have unique optical properties and can be exploited to promote or inhibit physical and chemical processes. One remarkable result is that vibrational strong coupling to cavities can alter reaction rates and product branching ratios with no optical excitation whatsoever. In this work we review the ability of vibration-cavity polaritons to modify chemical and physical processes including chemical reactivity, as well as steady-state and transient spectroscopy. We discuss the larger context of these works and highlight their most important contributions and implications. Our goal is to provide insight for systematically manipulating molecular polaritons in photonic and chemical applications. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake S Simpkins
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA;
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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5
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Vurgaftman I, Simpkins BS, Dunkelberger AD, Owrutsky JC. Comparative analysis of polaritons in bulk, dielectric slabs, and planar cavities with implications for cavity-modified reactivity. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:034110. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0078148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Vurgaftman
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA
| | - Blake S. Simpkins
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA
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6
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Canedy CL, Bewley WW, Tomasulo S, Kim CS, Merritt CD, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Kim M, Rotter TJ, Balakrishnan G, Golding TD. Mid-infrared interband cascade light emitting devices grown on off-axis silicon substrates. Opt Express 2021; 29:35426-35441. [PMID: 34808977 DOI: 10.1364/oe.435825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high-quality growth of midwave infrared light emitters on silicon substrates will advance their incorporation into photonic integrated circuits, and also introduce manufacturing advantages over conventional devices grown on lattice-matched GaSb. Here we report interband cascade light emitting devices (ICLEDs) grown on 4 degree offcut silicon with 12% lattice mismatch. Four wafers produced functioning devices, with variations from wafer to wafer but uniform performance of devices from a given wafer. The full width at half maxima for the (004) GaSb rocking curves were as narrow as ∼ 163 arc seconds, and the root mean square surface roughness as small as 3.2 nm. Devices from the four wafers, as well as from a control structure grown to the same design on GaSb, were mounted epitaxial-side-up (epi-up). While core heating severely limited continuous wave (cw) emission from the control devices at relatively modest currents, efficient heat dissipation via the substrate allowed output from the devices on silicon to increase up to much higher currents. Although the devices on silicon had higher leakage currents, probably occurring primarily at dislocations resulting from the lattice-mismatched growth, accounting for differences in architecture the efficiency at high cw current was approximately 75% of that of our previous best-performing standard epi-down ICLEDs grown on GaSb. At 100 mA injection current, 200-µm-diameter mesas produced 184 µW of cw output power when operated at T = 25 °C, and 140 µW at 85°C. Epi-up mid-IR light emitters grown on silicon will be far simpler to process and much less expensive to manufacture than conventional devices grown on GaSb and mounted epi-down.
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7
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Li N, Tao L, Yi H, Kim CS, Kim M, Canedy CL, Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Zondlo MA. Methane detection using an interband-cascade LED coupled to a hollow-core fiber. Opt Express 2021; 29:7221-7231. [PMID: 33726228 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Midwave infrared interband-cascade light-emitting devices (ICLEDs) have the potential to improve the selectivity, stability, and sensitivity of low-cost gas sensors. We demonstrate a broadband direct absorption CH4 sensor with an ICLED coupled to a plastic hollow-core fiber (1 m length, 1500 µm inner diameter). The sensor achieves a 1σ noise equivalent absorption of approximately 0.2 ppmv CH4 at 1 Hz, while operating at a low drive power of 0.5 mW. A low-cost sub-ppmv CH4 sensor would make monitoring emissions more affordable and more accessible for many relevant industries, such as the petroleum, agriculture, and waste industries.
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8
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Meyer JR, Kim CS, Kim M, Canedy CL, Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Vurgaftman I. Interband Cascade Photonic Integrated Circuits on Native III-V Chip. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21020599. [PMID: 33467034 PMCID: PMC7830904 DOI: 10.3390/s21020599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe how a midwave infrared photonic integrated circuit (PIC) that combines lasers, detectors, passive waveguides, and other optical elements may be constructed on the native GaSb substrate of an interband cascade laser (ICL) structure. The active and passive building blocks may be used, for example, to fabricate an on-chip chemical detection system with a passive sensing waveguide that evanescently couples to an ambient sample gas. A variety of highly compact architectures are described, some of which incorporate both the sensing waveguide and detector into a laser cavity defined by two high-reflectivity cleaved facets. We also describe an edge-emitting laser configuration that optimizes stability by minimizing parasitic feedback from external optical elements, and which can potentially operate with lower drive power than any mid-IR laser now available. While ICL-based PICs processed on GaSb serve to illustrate the various configurations, many of the proposed concepts apply equally to quantum-cascade-laser (QCL)-based PICs processed on InP, and PICs that integrate III-V lasers and detectors on silicon. With mature processing, it should become possible to mass-produce hundreds of individual PICs on the same chip which, when singulated, will realize chemical sensing by an extremely compact and inexpensive package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R. Meyer
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Chul Soo Kim
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
| | - Mijin Kim
- Jacobs Corporation, Hanover, MD 21076, USA;
| | - Chadwick L. Canedy
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
| | - Charles D. Merritt
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
| | - William W. Bewley
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
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9
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Vurgaftman I, Simpkins BS, Dunkelberger AD, Owrutsky JC. Negligible Effect of Vibrational Polaritons on Chemical Reaction Rates via the Density of States Pathway. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3557-3562. [PMID: 32298585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We show that the polariton density of states in planar optical cavities strongly coupled to vibrational excitations remains much lower than the density of vibrational states even at the frequency of the lower and upper polaritons under most practical circumstances. The polariton density of states is higher within a narrow window only when the inhomogeneous line width is at least an order of magnitude smaller than the Rabi splitting. Therefore, modification of reaction rates via the density-of-states pathway appears small or negligible for the scenarios reported in the literature. While the polariton density of states is bounded from above by the free-space optical density of states in dielectric cavities, it can be much higher for localized phonon polariton modes of nanoscale particles. We conclude that other potential explanations of the reported reactivity changes under vibrational strong coupling should be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Vurgaftman
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
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10
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Sterczewski LA, Bagheri M, Frez C, Canedy CL, Vurgaftman I, Kim M, Kim CS, Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Meyer JR. Near-infrared frequency comb generation in mid-infrared interband cascade lasers. Opt Lett 2019; 44:5828-5831. [PMID: 31774790 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.005828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interband cascade laser (ICL) is an ideal candidate for low-power mid-infrared frequency comb spectroscopy. In this work, we demonstrate that its intracavity second-order optical nonlinearity induces a coherent up-conversion of the generated mid-infrared light to the near-infrared through second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation. At 1.8 µm, 10 mW of light at 3.6 µm convert into sub-nanowatt levels of optical power, spread across 30 nm of spectral coverage. The observed linear-to-nonlinear conversion efficiency exceeds ${3\;{\unicode{x00B5} {\rm W/W}}^2}$3µW/W2 in continuous wave operation. We use a dual-band ICL frequency comb source to characterize water vapor absorption in both spectral bands.
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11
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Giles AJ, Dai S, Vurgaftman I, Hoffman T, Liu S, Lindsay L, Ellis CT, Assefa N, Chatzakis I, Reinecke TL, Tischler JG, Fogler MM, Edgar JH, Basov DN, Caldwell JD. Author Correction: Ultralow-loss polaritons in isotopically pure boron nitride. Nat Mater 2019; 18:1024. [PMID: 31371814 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Giles
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA.
| | - Siyuan Dai
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Timothy Hoffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Lucas Lindsay
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37830, USA
| | - Chase T Ellis
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Nathanael Assefa
- NREIP Summer Student residing at NRL, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Ioannis Chatzakis
- ASEE Postdoctoral Fellow residing at NRL, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | | | | | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - J H Edgar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
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12
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Ratchford D, Winta CJ, Chatzakis I, Ellis CT, Passler NC, Winterstein J, Dev P, Razdolski I, Matson JR, Nolen JR, Tischler JG, Vurgaftman I, Katz MB, Nepal N, Hardy MT, Hachtel JA, Idrobo JC, Reinecke TL, Giles AJ, Katzer DS, Bassim ND, Stroud RM, Wolf M, Paarmann A, Caldwell JD. Controlling the Infrared Dielectric Function through Atomic-Scale Heterostructures. ACS Nano 2019; 13:6730-6741. [PMID: 31184132 PMCID: PMC6750877 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs), the surface-bound electromagnetic modes of a polar material resulting from the coupling of light with optic phonons, offer immense technological opportunities for nanophotonics in the infrared (IR) spectral region. However, once a particular material is chosen, the SPhP characteristics are fixed by the spectral positions of the optic phonon frequencies. Here, we provide a demonstration of how the frequency of these optic phonons can be altered by employing atomic-scale superlattices (SLs) of polar semiconductors using AlN/GaN SLs as an example. Using second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy, we show that the optic phonon frequencies of the SLs exhibit a strong dependence on the layer thicknesses of the constituent materials. Furthermore, new vibrational modes emerge that are confined to the layers, while others are centered at the AlN/GaN interfaces. As the IR dielectric function is governed by the optic phonon behavior in polar materials, controlling the optic phonons provides a means to induce and potentially design a dielectric function distinct from the constituent materials and from the effective-medium approximation of the SL. We show that atomic-scale AlN/GaN SLs instead have multiple Reststrahlen bands featuring spectral regions that exhibit either normal or extreme hyperbolic dispersion with both positive and negative permittivities dispersing rapidly with frequency. Apart from the ability to engineer the SPhP properties, SL structures may also lead to multifunctional devices that combine the mechanical, electrical, thermal, or optoelectronic functionality of the constituent layers. We propose that this effort is another step toward realizing user-defined, actively tunable IR optics and sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher J. Winta
- Physikalische
Chemie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der MPG, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ioannis Chatzakis
- ASEE
Postdoctoral Associate, U.S. Naval Research
Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United
States
| | - Chase T. Ellis
- U.S.
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Nikolai C. Passler
- Physikalische
Chemie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der MPG, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Pratibha Dev
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Ilya Razdolski
- Physikalische
Chemie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der MPG, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- FELIX
Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Radboud
University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph R. Matson
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2400 Highland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Joshua R. Nolen
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2400 Highland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | | | - Igor Vurgaftman
- U.S.
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Michael B. Katz
- NRC
Postdoctoral Associate, U.S. Naval Research
Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United
States
| | - Neeraj Nepal
- U.S.
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Matthew T. Hardy
- U.S.
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Jordan A. Hachtel
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Juan-Carlos Idrobo
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | | | | | - D. Scott Katzer
- U.S.
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Nabil D. Bassim
- U.S.
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario JHE 357, Canada
| | - Rhonda M. Stroud
- U.S.
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Martin Wolf
- Physikalische
Chemie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der MPG, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Paarmann
- Physikalische
Chemie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der MPG, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joshua D. Caldwell
- U.S.
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2400 Highland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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13
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Sterczewski LA, Westberg J, Bagheri M, Frez C, Vurgaftman I, Canedy CL, Bewley WW, Merritt CD, Kim CS, Kim M, Meyer JR, Wysocki G. Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy with interband cascade lasers. Opt Lett 2019; 44:2113-2116. [PMID: 30985824 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two semiconductor optical frequency combs, consuming less than 1 W of electrical power, are used to demonstrate high-sensitivity mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy in the important 3-4 μm spectral region. The devices are 4 mm long by 4 μm wide, and each emits 8 mW of average optical power. The spectroscopic sensing performance is demonstrated by measurements of methane and hydrogen chloride with optical multi-pass cell sensitivity enhancement. The system provides a spectral coverage of 33 cm-1 (1 THz), 0.32 cm-1 (9.7 GHz) frequency sampling interval, and peak signal-to-noise ratio of ∼100 at 100 μs integration time. The monolithic design, low drive power, and direct generation of mid-infrared radiation are highly attractive for portable broadband spectroscopic instrumentation in future terrestrial and space applications.
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14
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Carvalho-de-Souza JL, Nag OK, Oh E, Huston AL, Vurgaftman I, Pepperberg DR, Bezanilla F, Delehanty JB. Cholesterol Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles Enhances Photoactivation of Neural Activity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1478-1487. [PMID: 30589551 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) attached to the extracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane of neurons can enable the generation of action potentials (APs) in response to brief pulses of light. Recently described techniques to stably bind AuNP bioconjugates directly to membrane proteins (ion channels) in neurons enable robust AP generation mediated by the photoexcited conjugate. However, a strategy that binds the AuNP to the plasma membrane in a non protein-specific manner could represent a simple, single-step means of establishing light-responsiveness in multiple types of excitable neurons contained in the same tissue. On the basis of the ability of cholesterol to insert into the plasma membrane, here we test whether AuNP functionalization with linear dihydrolipoic acid-poly(ethylene) glycol (DHLA-PEG) chains that are distally terminated with cholesterol (AuNP-PEG-Chol) can enable light-induced AP generation in neurons. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of rat were labeled with 20 nm diameter spherical AuNP-PEG-Chol conjugates wherein ∼30% of the surface ligands (DHLA-PEG-COOH) were conjugated to PEG-Chol. Voltage recordings under current-clamp conditions showed that DRG neurons labeled in this manner exhibited a capacity for AP generation in response to microsecond and millisecond pulses of 532 nm light, a property attributable to the close tethering of AuNP-PEG-Chol conjugates to the plasma membrane facilitated by the cholesterol moiety. Light-induced AP and subthreshold depolarizing responses of the DRG neurons were similar to those previously described for AuNP conjugates targeted to channel proteins using large, multicomponent immunoconjugates. This likely reflected the AuNP-PEG-Chol's ability, upon plasmonic light absorption and resultant slight and rapid heating of the plasma membrane, to induce a concomitant transmembrane depolarizing capacitive current. Notably, AuNP-PEG-Chol delivered to DRG neurons by inclusion in the buffer contained in the recording pipet/electrode enabled similar light-responsiveness, consistent with the activity of AuNP-PEG-Chol bound to the inner (cytofacial) leaflet of the plasma membrane. Our results demonstrate the ability of AuNP-PEG-Chol conjugates to confer timely stable and direct responsiveness to light in neurons. Further, this strategy represents a general approach for establishing excitable cell photosensitivity that could be of substantial advantage for exploring a given tissue's suitability for AuNP-mediated photocontrol of neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao L. Carvalho-de-Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Okhil K. Nag
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Eunkeu Oh
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5600, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
- Key W Corporation, Hanover, Maryland 21076, United States
| | - Alan L. Huston
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5600, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5600, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - David R. Pepperberg
- Lions of Illinois Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Francisco Bezanilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - James B. Delehanty
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
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15
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Weiblen RJ, Vurgaftman I. Bichromatic pumping in mid-infrared microresonator frequency combs with higher-order dispersion. Opt Express 2019; 27:4238-4260. [PMID: 30876042 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.004238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Integrated microresonator-based mid-infrared frequency combs based on III-V semiconductors exhibit pronounced higher-order group velocity dispersion that can make it difficult to achieve stable output. One way to stabilize multiple solitons and their repetition rate is to pump simultaneously at two nearby comb lines. Two-color (or bichromatic) pumping also promises to boost the relatively low conversion efficiencies of single-soliton combs. We present simulations showing that, for a realistic InGaAs/InP ridge waveguide, the stabilization effect occurs over only a limited range of pump power and detuning parameters. We map out the parameter ranges for various regimes of operation in terms of the pump power and detuning and determine that the regimes converge quickly as the dispersion is truncated to progressively higher orders.
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16
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Canedy CL, Bewley WW, Merritt CD, Kim CS, Kim M, Warren MV, Jackson EM, Nolde JA, Affouda CA, Aifer EH, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR. Resonant-cavity infrared detector with five-quantum-well absorber and 34% external quantum efficiency at 4 μm. Opt Express 2019; 27:3771-3781. [PMID: 30732391 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.003771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report resonant-cavity infrared detectors with 34% external quantum efficiency at room temperature at the resonant wavelength of 4.0 μm, even though the absorber consists of only five quantum wells with a total thickness of 50 nm. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) linewidth is 46 nm, and the peak absorption is enhanced by nearly a factor of 30 over that for a single pass through the absorber. In spite of an unfavorable Shockley-Read lifetime in the current material, the dark current density is at the level of state-of-the-art HgCdTe detectors as quantified by "Rule 07." The Johnson-noise limited detectivity (D*) at 21°C is 7 × 109 cm Hz½/W. We expect that future improvements in the device design and material quality will lead to higher quantum efficiency, as well as a significant reduction of the dark current density consistent with the very thin absorber.
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17
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Carvalho-de-Souza JA, Nag OK, oh E, Huston AJ, Vurgaftman I, Pepperberg D, Bezanilla F, Delehanty JB. Cholesterol Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles Enables Neural Photo-Activation. Biophys J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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18
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Jackson EM, Nolde JA, Kim M, Kim CS, Cleveland ER, Affouda CA, Canedy CL, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Aifer EH, Lorentzen J. Two-dimensional plasmonic grating for increased quantum efficiency in midwave infrared nBn detectors with thin absorbers. Opt Express 2018; 26:13850-13864. [PMID: 29877431 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.013850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a strategy for increasing the operating temperatures of nBn midwave infrared (MWIR) focal plane arrays, based on the use of two-dimensional plasmonic gratings to enhance the quantum efficiency (QE) of structures with very thin absorbers. Reducing the absorber volume correspondingly reduces the dark current in a diffusion-limited photodiode, while light trapping mediated by the plasmonic grating increases the net absorbance to maintain high QE. The plasmonically enhanced nBn MWIR sensors with absorber thicknesses of only 0.5 μm exhibit peak internal QEs as high as 57%, which enables a 5-fold reduction in dark current. Numerical simulations indicate the potential for further improvement.
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19
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Brown LV, Davanco M, Sun Z, Kretinin A, Chen Y, Matson JR, Vurgaftman I, Sharac N, Giles A, Fogler MM, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Novoselov KS, Maier SA, Centrone A, Caldwell JD. Nanoscale Mapping and Spectroscopy of Nonradiative Hyperbolic Modes in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanostructures. Nano Lett 2018; 18:1628-1636. [PMID: 29451802 PMCID: PMC6140337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The inherent crystal anisotropy of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) provides the ability to support hyperbolic phonon polaritons, that is, polaritons that can propagate with very large wave vectors within the material volume, thereby enabling optical confinement to exceedingly small dimensions. Indeed, previous research has shown that nanometer-scale truncated nanocone hBN cavities, with deep subdiffractional dimensions, support three-dimensionally confined optical modes in the mid-infrared. Because of optical selection rules, only a few of the many theoretically predicted modes have been observed experimentally via far-field reflection and scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). The photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) technique probes optical and vibrational resonances overcoming weak far-field emission by leveraging an atomic force microscope (AFM) probe to transduce local sample expansion caused by light absorption. Here we show that PTIR enables the direct observation of previously unobserved, dark hyperbolic modes of hBN nanostructures. Leveraging these optical modes and their wide range of angular and radial momenta could provide a new degree of control over the electromagnetic near-field concentration, polarization in nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa V. Brown
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Marcelo Davanco
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Dept. Physics, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Andrey Kretinin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yiguo Chen
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Joseph R. Matson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave S.W., Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | | | - Alexander Giles
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave S.W., Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - Michael M. Fogler
- Dept. Physics, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Maniki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Maniki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stefan A. Maier
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität München, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Joshua D. Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave S.W., Washington, DC 20375 USA
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20
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Bagheri M, Frez C, Sterczewski LA, Gruidin I, Fradet M, Vurgaftman I, Canedy CL, Bewley WW, Merritt CD, Kim CS, Kim M, Meyer JR. Passively mode-locked interband cascade optical frequency combs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3322. [PMID: 29463807 PMCID: PMC5820280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their inception, optical frequency combs have transformed a broad range of technical and scientific disciplines, spanning time keeping to navigation. Recently, dual comb spectroscopy has emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional Fourier transform spectroscopy, since it offers higher measurement sensitivity in a fraction of the time. Midwave infrared (mid-IR) frequency combs are especially promising as an effective means for probing the strong fundamental absorption lines of numerous chemical and biological agents. Mid-IR combs have been realized via frequency down-conversion of a near-IR comb, by optical pumping of a micro-resonator, and beyond 7 μm by four-wave mixing in a quantum cascade laser. In this work, we demonstrate an electrically-driven frequency comb source that spans more than 1 THz of bandwidth centered near 3.6 μm. This is achieved by passively mode-locking an interband cascade laser (ICL) with gain and saturable absorber sections monolithically integrated on the same chip. The new source will significantly enhance the capabilities of mid-IR multi-heterodyne frequency comb spectroscopy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Bagheri
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA.
| | - Clifford Frez
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Lukasz A Sterczewski
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Ivan Gruidin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Mathieu Fradet
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Chul Soo Kim
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Mijin Kim
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc., Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Jerry R Meyer
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
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21
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Giles AJ, Dai S, Vurgaftman I, Hoffman T, Liu S, Lindsay L, Ellis CT, Assefa N, Chatzakis I, Reinecke TL, Tischler JG, Fogler MM, Edgar JH, Basov DN, Caldwell JD. Ultralow-loss polaritons in isotopically pure boron nitride. Nat Mater 2018; 17:134-139. [PMID: 29251721 DOI: 10.1038/nmat5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Conventional optical components are limited to size scales much larger than the wavelength of light, as changes to the amplitude, phase and polarization of the electromagnetic fields are accrued gradually along an optical path. However, advances in nanophotonics have produced ultrathin, so-called 'flat' optical components that beget abrupt changes in these properties over distances significantly shorter than the free-space wavelength. Although high optical losses still plague many approaches, phonon polariton (PhP) materials have demonstrated long lifetimes for sub-diffractional modes in comparison to plasmon-polariton-based nanophotonics. We experimentally observe a threefold improvement in polariton lifetime through isotopic enrichment of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Commensurate increases in the polariton propagation length are demonstrated via direct imaging of polaritonic standing waves by means of infrared nano-optics. Our results provide the foundation for a materials-growth-directed approach aimed at realizing the loss control necessary for the development of PhP-based nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siyuan Dai
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375, USA
| | - Timothy Hoffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Lucas Lindsay
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Chase T Ellis
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - J H Edgar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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22
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Ratchford DC, Dunkelberger AD, Vurgaftman I, Owrutsky JC, Pehrsson PE. Quantification of Efficient Plasmonic Hot-Electron Injection in Gold Nanoparticle-TiO 2 Films. Nano Lett 2017; 17:6047-6055. [PMID: 28850243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Excitation of localized surface plasmons in metal nanostructures generates hot electrons that can be transferred to an adjacent semiconductor, greatly enhancing the potential light-harvesting capabilities of photovoltaic and photocatalytic devices. Typically, the external quantum efficiency of these hot-electron devices is too low for practical applications (<1%), and the physics underlying this low yield remains unclear. Here, we use transient absorption spectroscopy to quantify the efficiency of the initial electron transfer in model systems composed of gold nanoparticles (NPs) fully embedded in TiO2 or Al2O3 films. In independent experiments, we measure free carrier absorption and electron-phonon decay in the model systems and determine that the electron-injection efficiency from the Au NPs to the TiO2 ranges from about 25% to 45%. While much higher than some previous estimates, the measured injection efficiency is within an upper-bound estimate based on a simple approximation for the Au hot-electron energy distribution. These results have important implications for understanding the achievable injection efficiencies of hot-electron plasmonic devices and show that the injection efficiency can be high for Au NPs fully embedded within a semiconductor with dimensions less than the Au electron mean free path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Ratchford
- Chemistry Division and ‡Optical Sciences Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Adam D Dunkelberger
- Chemistry Division and ‡Optical Sciences Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- Chemistry Division and ‡Optical Sciences Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Owrutsky
- Chemistry Division and ‡Optical Sciences Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Pehr E Pehrsson
- Chemistry Division and ‡Optical Sciences Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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23
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Zheng H, Lou M, Dong L, Wu H, Ye W, Yin X, Kim CS, Kim M, Bewley WW, Merritt CD, Canedy CL, Warren MV, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Tittel FK. Compact photoacoustic module for methane detection incorporating interband cascade light emitting device. Opt Express 2017; 25:16761-16770. [PMID: 28789177 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.016761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A photoacoustic module (PAM) for methane detection was developed by combining a novel 3.2 μm interband cascade light emitting device (ICLED) with a compact differential photoacoustic cell. The ICLED with a 22-stage interband cascade active core emitted a collimated power of ~700 μW. A concave Al-coat reflector was positioned adjacent to the photoacoustic cell to enhance the gas absorption length. Assembly of the ICLED and reflector with the photoacoustic cell resulted in a robust and portable PAM without any moving parts. The PAM performance was evaluated in terms of operating pressure, sensitivity and linearity. A 1σ detection limit of 3.6 ppmv was achieved with a 1-s integration time.
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24
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O’Hagan S, Northern JH, Gras B, Ewart P, Kim CS, Kim M, Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Canedy CL, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR. Multi-species sensing using multi-mode absorption spectroscopy with mid-infrared interband cascade lasers. Appl Phys B 2016; 122:173. [PMID: 32355420 PMCID: PMC7175733 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-016-6377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of an interband cascade laser, ICL, to multi-mode absorption spectroscopy, MUMAS, in the mid-infrared region is reported. Measurements of individual mode linewidths of the ICL, derived from the pressure dependence of lineshapes in MUMAS signatures of single, isolated, lines in the spectrum of HCl, were found to be in the range 10-80 MHz. Multi-line spectra of methane were recorded using spectrally limited bandwidths, of approximate width 27 cm-1, defined by an interference filter, and consist of approximately 80 modes at spectral locations spanning the 100 cm-1 bandwidth of the ICL output. Calibration of the methane pressures derived from MUMAS data using a capacitance manometer provided measurements with an uncertainty of 1.1 %. Multi-species sensing is demonstrated by the simultaneous detection of methane, acetylene and formaldehyde in a gas mixture. Individual partial pressures of the three gases are derived from best fits of model MUMAS signatures to the data with an experimental error of 10 %. Using an ICL, with an inter-mode interval of ~10 GHz, MUMAS spectra were recorded at pressures in the range 1-10 mbar, and, based on the data, a potential minimum detection limit of the order of 100 ppmv is estimated for MUMAS at atmospheric pressure using an inter-mode interval of 80 GHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. O’Hagan
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - J. H. Northern
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - B. Gras
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de CAEN, 6, bd du Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
| | - P. Ewart
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - C. S. Kim
- Code 5604, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - M. Kim
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc., Columbia, MD 21046 USA
| | - C. D. Merritt
- Code 5604, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - W. W. Bewley
- Code 5604, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - C. L. Canedy
- Code 5604, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - I. Vurgaftman
- Code 5604, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - J. R. Meyer
- Code 5604, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 USA
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25
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Caldwell JD, Vurgaftman I, Tischler JG, Glembocki OJ, Owrutsky JC, Reinecke TL. Atomic-scale photonic hybrids for mid-infrared and terahertz nanophotonics. Nat Nanotechnol 2016; 11:9-15. [PMID: 26740039 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of nanophotonics focuses on the ability to confine light to nanoscale dimensions, typically much smaller than the wavelength of light. The goal is to develop light-based technologies that are impossible with traditional optics. Subdiffractional confinement can be achieved using either surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) or surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs). SPPs can provide a gate-tunable, broad-bandwidth response, but suffer from high optical losses; whereas SPhPs offer a relatively low-loss, crystal-dependent optical response, but only over a narrow spectral range, with limited opportunities for active tunability. Here, motivated by the recent results from monolayer graphene and multilayer hexagonal boron nitride heterostructures, we discuss the potential of electromagnetic hybrids--materials incorporating mixtures of SPPs and SPhPs--for overcoming the limitations of the individual polaritons. Furthermore, we also propose a new type of atomic-scale hybrid--the crystalline hybrid--where mixtures of two or more atomic-scale (∼3 nm or less) polar dielectric materials lead to the creation of a new material resulting from hybridized optic phonon behaviour of the constituents, potentially allowing direct control over the dielectric function. These atomic-scale hybrids expand the toolkit of materials for mid-infrared to terahertz nanophotonics and could enable the creation of novel actively tunable, yet low-loss optics at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Caldwell
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington DC 20375, USA
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington DC 20375, USA
| | - Joseph G Tischler
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington DC 20375, USA
| | - Orest J Glembocki
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington DC 20375, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Owrutsky
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington DC 20375, USA
| | - Thomas L Reinecke
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington DC 20375, USA
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26
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Venus G, Smirnov V, Mokhun O, Bewley WW, Merritt CD, Canedy CL, Kim CS, Kim M, Vurgaftman I, Meyer J, Vodopyanov K, Glebov L. Spectral narrowing and stabilization of interband cascade laser by volume Bragg grating. Appl Opt 2016; 55:77-80. [PMID: 26835624 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A volume Bragg grating recorded in photo-thermo-refractive glass was used to spectrally lock the emission from an 18-μm-wide interband cascade laser ridge to a wavelength of 3.12 μm. The spectral width of emission into the resonant mode is narrowed by more than 300 times, and the thermal wavelength shift is reduced by 60 times. While the power loss penalty is about 30%, the spectral brightness increases by 200 times.
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27
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Trofimov IE, Canedy CL, Kim CS, Kim M, Bewley WW, Merritt CL, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Le LT. Interband cascade lasers with long lifetimes. Appl Opt 2015; 54:9441-9445. [PMID: 26560770 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.009441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Narrow-ridge interband cascade lasers were subjected to accelerated aging. The aging curves were statistically evaluated by a log-normal distribution of the failure time, and by the mixed effects of the degradation parameters. Based on 10,000 h of output power trend data for lasers operating at 90°C and the maximum cw power, an unexpectedly long lifetime is predicted. The projected lifetimes range from about 500,000 h (57 years) for the linear degradation model to 183,000 h (21 years) for the exponential one.
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28
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Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Kim CS, Canedy CL, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Kim M. Gain and loss as a function of current density and temperature in interband cascade lasers. Appl Opt 2015; 54:F1-F7. [PMID: 26560596 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.0000f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We characterize the internal efficiency, internal loss, and optical gain versus current density in 7-stage interband cascade lasers operating at λ=3.1 and 3.45 μm using a cavity-length study of the external differential quantum efficiency (EDQE) and threshold current density at temperatures between 300 and 345 K. We find that the pronounced efficiency droop of the EDQE at high current densities is primarily due to an increase in the internal loss rather than a reduction in the internal efficiency. On the other hand, if the current density J is fixed, the temperature variation of the EDQE at that J is due primarily to a decrease of the internal efficiency. The gain versus current density is fit well by a logarithmic relationship, although the magnitude of the experimental gain is >20% below the theoretical estimate.
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29
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Northern JH, O'Hagan S, Fletcher B, Gras B, Ewart P, Kim CS, Kim M, Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Canedy CL, Abell J, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR. Mid-infrared multi-mode absorption spectroscopy using interband cascade lasers for multi-species sensing. Opt Lett 2015; 40:4186-9. [PMID: 26368743 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.004186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An interband cascade laser (ICL) operating at 3.7 μm has been used to perform multimode absorption spectroscopy, MUMAS, at scan rates up to 10 kHz. Line widths of individual modes in the range 10-80 MHz were derived from isolated lines in the MUMAS signatures of HCl. MUMAS data for methane covering a spectral range of 30 nm yielded a detection level of 30 μbar·m for 1 s measurement time at 100 Hz. Simultaneous detection of methane, acetylene, and formaldehyde in a gas mixture containing all three species is reported.
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30
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Brintlinger T, Herzing AA, Long JP, Vurgaftman I, Stroud R, Simpkins BS. Optical Dark-Field and Electron Energy Loss Imaging and Spectroscopy of Symmetry-Forbidden Modes in Loaded Nanogap Antennas. ACS Nano 2015; 9:6222-6232. [PMID: 25961937 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have produced large numbers of hybrid metal-semiconductor nanogap antennas using a scalable electrochemical approach and systematically characterized the spectral and spatial character of their plasmonic modes with optical dark-field scattering, electron energy loss spectroscopy with principal component analysis, and full wave simulations. The coordination of these techniques reveal that these nanostructures support degenerate transverse modes which split due to substrate interactions, a longitudinal mode which scales with antenna length, and a symmetry-forbidden gap-localized transverse mode. This gap-localized transverse mode arises from mode splitting of transverse resonances supported on both antenna arms and is confined to the gap load enabling (i) delivery of substantial energy to the gap material and (ii) the possibility of tuning the antenna resonance via active modulation of the gap material's optical properties. The resonant position of this symmetry-forbidden mode is sensitive to gap size, dielectric strength of the gap material, and is highly suppressed in air-gapped structures which may explain its absence from the literature to date. Understanding the complex modal structure supported on hybrid nanosystems is necessary to enable the multifunctional components many seek.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Brintlinger
- †Materials Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Andrew A Herzing
- ‡Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - James P Long
- §Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- ∥Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Rhonda Stroud
- †Materials Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - B S Simpkins
- §Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
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Kim M, Bewley WW, Canedy CL, Kim CS, Merritt CD, Abell J, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR. High-power continuous-wave interband cascade lasers with 10 active stages. Opt Express 2015; 23:9664-9672. [PMID: 25969003 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.009664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the pulsed and continuous wave (cw) performance of 10-stage interband cascade lasers (ICLs) emitting at both λ ≈3.2 μm and λ ≈3.45 μm. The slope efficiency is higher while the external differential quantum efficiency per stage remains about the same when comparison is made to earlier results for 7-stage ICLs with similar carrier-rebalanced designs. At T = 25°C, an 18-μm-wide ridge with 4.5 mm cavity length and high-reflection/anti-reflection coatings emits up to 464 mW of cw output power with beam quality factor M(2) = 1.9, for higher brightness than has ever been reported previously for an ICL. When the cavity length is reduced to 1 mm, both the 10-stage and 7-stage devices reach 18% cw wallplug efficiency at T = 25°C.
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Spott A, Davenport M, Peters J, Bovington J, Heck MJR, Stanton EJ, Vurgaftman I, Meyer J, Bowers J. Heterogeneously integrated 2.0 μm CW hybrid silicon lasers at room temperature. Opt Lett 2015; 40:1480-1483. [PMID: 25831364 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.001480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we experimentally demonstrate room temperature, continuous-wave (CW), 2.0 μm wavelength lasers heterogeneously integrated on silicon. Molecular wafer bonding of InP to Si is employed. These hybrid silicon lasers operate CW up to 35°C and emit up to 4.2 mW of single-facet CW power at room temperature. III-V tapers transfer light from a hybrid III-V/silicon optical mode into a Si waveguide mode. These lasers enable the realization of a number of sensing and detection applications in compact silicon photonic systems.
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Canedy CL, Abell J, Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Kim CS, Kim M, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR. Pulsed and CW performance of 7-stage interband cascade lasers. Opt Express 2014; 22:7702-7710. [PMID: 24718146 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.007702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a narrow-ridge interband cascade laser emitting at λ ≈3.5 μm that produces up to 592 mW of cw power with a wallplug efficiency of 10.1% and beam quality factor of M(2) = 3.7 at T = 25 °C. A pulsed cavity length study of broad-area lasers from the same wafer confirms that the 7-stage structure with thicker separate confinement layers has a reduced internal loss of ≈3 cm(-1). More generally, devices from a large number of wafers with similar 7-stage designs and wavelengths spanning 2.95-4.7 μm exhibit consistently higher pulsed external differential quantum efficiencies than earlier state-of-the-art ICLs.
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Caldwell JD, Glembocki OJ, Francescato Y, Sharac N, Giannini V, Bezares FJ, Long JP, Owrutsky JC, Vurgaftman I, Tischler JG, Wheeler VD, Bassim ND, Shirey LM, Kasica R, Maier SA. Low-loss, extreme subdiffraction photon confinement via silicon carbide localized surface phonon polariton resonators. Nano Lett 2013; 13:3690-7. [PMID: 23815389 DOI: 10.1021/nl401590g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonics provides great promise for nanophotonic applications. However, the high optical losses inherent in metal-based plasmonic systems have limited progress. Thus, it is critical to identify alternative low-loss materials. One alternative is polar dielectrics that support surface phonon polariton (SPhP) modes, where the confinement of infrared light is aided by optical phonons. Using fabricated 6H-silicon carbide nanopillar antenna arrays, we report on the observation of subdiffraction, localized SPhP resonances. They exhibit a dipolar resonance transverse to the nanopillar axis and a monopolar resonance associated with the longitudinal axis dependent upon the SiC substrate. Both exhibit exceptionally narrow linewidths (7-24 cm(-1)), with quality factors of 40-135, which exceed the theoretical limit of plasmonic systems, with extreme subwavelength confinement of (λ(res)3/V(eff))1/3 = 50-200. Under certain conditions, the modes are Raman-active, enabling their study in the visible spectral range. These observations promise to reinvigorate research in SPhP phenomena and their use for nanophotonic applications.
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Bewley WW, Canedy CL, Kim CS, Kim M, Merritt CD, Abell J, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR. High-power room-temperature continuous-wave mid-infrared interband cascade lasers. Opt Express 2012; 20:20894-20901. [PMID: 23037213 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.020894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate cw output powers >290 mW into a nearly diffraction-limited (M² ≈2.2) output beam from an interband cascade laser operating at λ = 3.6-3.7 μm at room temperature. The interband cascade laser was designed for nearly equal electron and hole populations in the active region with heavy electron-injector doping, and was processed into narrow ridges mounted epitaxial side down on a copper heat sink. A 15.7-μm-wide, 4-mm-long ridge with the back facet coated for high reflection (HR) and an anti-reflection-coated front facet produced 253 mW of cw output power at T = 25°C into a beam with M² ≈2.7. Furthermore, corrugating the sidewalls of the ridge leads to a 20% improvement in the brightness. A 15.7-μm-wide, 0.5-mm-long ridge with an HR-coated back facet and an uncoated front facet exhibited a maximum cw wall-plug efficiency of nearly 15% at room temperature.
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Bewley WW, Canedy CL, Kim CS, Kim M, Merritt CD, Abell J, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR. Continuous-wave interband cascade lasers operating above room temperature at λ = 4.7-5.6 μm. Opt Express 2012; 20:3235-3240. [PMID: 22330561 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.003235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have substantially improved the performance of interband cascade lasers emitting at λ = 4.7 and 5.6 μm, by applying the recently-pioneered approach of heavily doping the injector regions to rebalance the electron and hole concentrations in the active quantum wells. Ridges of ≈10 μm width, 4 mm length, and high-reflectivity back facets achieve maximum continuous wave operating temperatures of 60°C and 48°C, respectively. The threshold power density of ≈1 kW/cm2 at T = 25°C is over an order of magnitude lower than for state-of-the-art quantum cascade lasers emitting in this spectral range.
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Abstract
The realization of quantum memory using warm atomic vapor cells is appealing because of their commercial availability and the perceived reduction in experimental complexity. In spite of the ambiguous results reported in the literature, we demonstrate that quantum memory can be implemented in a single cell with buffer gas using the geometry where the write and read beams are nearly copropagating. The emitted Stokes and anti-Stokes photons display cross-correlation values greater than 2, characteristic of quantum states, for delay times up to 4 μs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bashkansky
- Naval Research Laboratory, Optical Sciences Division, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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Vurgaftman I, Bewley W, Canedy C, Kim C, Kim M, Merritt C, Abell J, Lindle J, Meyer J. Rebalancing of internally generated carriers for mid-infrared interband cascade lasers with very low power consumption. Nat Commun 2011; 2:585. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Flynn RA, Kim CS, Vurgaftman I, Kim M, Meyer JR, Mäkinen AJ, Bussmann K, Cheng L, Choa FS, Long JP. A room-temperature semiconductor spaser operating near 1.5 μm. Opt Express 2011; 19:8954-8961. [PMID: 21643148 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.008954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Room temperature spasing of surface plasmon polaritons at 1.46 μm wavelength has been demonstrated by sandwiching a gold-film plasmonic waveguide between optically pumped InGaAs quantum-well gain media. The spaser exhibits gain narrowing, the expected transverse-magnetic polarization, and mirror feedback provided by cleaved facets in a 1-mm long cavity fabricated with a flip-chip approach. The 1.06-μm pump-threshold of ~60 kW/cm2 is in good agreement with calculations. The architecture is readily adaptable to all-electrical operation on an integrated microchip.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Flynn
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Aifer EH, Jackson EM, Bennett BR, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Jernigan GG. Suppression of Bulk Defects in Antimonide Superlattice Infrared Photodiodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-722-k10.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhile physical properties of ideal antimonide superlattices (ASL) indicate that they should significantly outperform mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) based infrared photodiodes for low dark current applications in the long and very long wave-infrared (LWIR and VLWIR), this potential has not yet been fully realized. Even though measured Auger and tunneling rates in ASL's are reduced as predicted, overall carrier lifetimes remain much shorter, and dark currents much higher than expected. The large carrier losses are the result of defects in the ASL structure, with contributions measured from large bulk defects and surface channels along mesa sidewalls, and the remaining component believed to be due to midgap states.In this presentation we report on several studies of epitaxial growth parameters and their influence on defect formation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of oxide desorption from GaSb substrates shows the presence of both antimony and gallium oxides, along with their decomposition and desorption behavior with anneal temperature. A study of buffer growth shows that defect density and size are critically dependent on growth temperature, with an optimal growth window between 480 and 500 °C.. Side-by-side GaSb buffer growths on vicinal ((100) + 1 ° (111)) and flat (100) substrates show that while growing on vicinal material can suppress mound formation, it does not yield epilayers as flat as can be obtained on (100) substrates grown under optimal conditons. Finally, the ratio of As to In flux during superlattice growth can be used to tune the lattice parameter both above and below that of GaSb, with strain-related defects appearing when the mismatch reaches roughly 0.1%.
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Caffey D, Day T, Kim CS, Kim M, Vurgaftman I, Bewley WW, Lindle JR, Canedy CL, Abell J, Meyer JR. Performance characteristics of a continuous-wave compact widely tunable external cavity interband cascade lasers. Opt Express 2010; 18:15691-15696. [PMID: 20720951 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.015691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and performance of a novel broadly tunable continuous-wave external-cavity interband cascade laser (ECicL). The ICL die growth and fabrication, as well as the external cavity geometry are described. Tuning across the 3.2-3.35 microm wavelength range, limited by the gain width of the ICL active medium, is achieved at a maximum power level of 4 mW.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Caffey
- Daylight Solutions, Inc., 13029 Danielson Street, Suite 130, Poway, CA 92064, USA
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Kim CS, Vurgaftman I, Flynn RA, Kim M, Lindle JR, Bewley WW, Bussmann K, Meyer JR, Long JP. An integrated surface-plasmon source. Opt Express 2010; 18:10609-10615. [PMID: 20588913 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.010609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A compact and versatile source of coherent surface-plasmon polaritions (SPPs) is demonstrated by end-coupling a laser diode operating at 1.46 microm to a plasmonic waveguide integrated on the same microchip. With an optimized overlap between the spatial-modes of the laser and a planar-stripe waveguide, a high coupling efficiency of approximately 36% is achieved, that computations show could approach approximately 60% with smaller, readily achievable gaps between laser and waveguide. This integrated and electrically-activated source, with an available SPP power limited only by the laser diode, appears ideally suited for directly driving plasmonic circuitry or surface-enhanced sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Kim
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
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Antoszewski J, Redfern D, Faraone L, Meyer JR, Vurgaftman I, Lindemuth J. Comment on "Mobility spectrum computational analysis using a maximum entropy approach". Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2004; 69:038701-038702. [PMID: 15089453 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.69.038701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We point out that the comparison in Fig. 1 of the recent publication by S. Kiatgamolchai et al. [Phys. Rev. E 66, 036705 (2002)] of the proposed maximum entropy-mobility spectrum analysis (ME-MSA) with our quantitative mobility spectrum analysis (QMSA) is misleading. Rather than comparing with the more recent "improved" version of QMSA [Vurgaftman et al., J. Appl. Phys. 84, 4966 (1998)], a preliminary version that was three years older and demonstrably inferior was employed. We show that ME-MSA and the improved QMSA give quite similar results.
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Felix CL, Bewley WW, Vurgaftman I, Bartolo RE, Stokes DW, Meyer JR, Yang MJ, Lee H, Menna RJ, Martinelli RU, Garbuzov DZ, Connolly JC, Maiorov M, Sugg AR, Olsen GH. Mid-infrared w quantum-well lasers for noncryogenic continuous-wave operation. Appl Opt 2001; 40:806-811. [PMID: 18357060 DOI: 10.1364/ao.40.000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We review the recent progress of electrically injected and optically pumped mid-IR lasers based on antimonide quantum wells with the type II W configuration. W quantum-well diodes have achieved cw operation up to 195 K at lambda = 3.25 mum. Optically pumped devices that employ the diamond pressure bond heat sink have reached 290 K at 3 mum and 210 K at 6 mum. Pulsed power conversion efficiencies of up to 7% at 220 K have been attained by use of an optical pumping injection cavity approach, in which an etalon cavity for the pump beam significantly enhances its absorptance. The angled-grating distributed-feedback configuration has been used to obtain near-diffraction-limited output for an optical pumping stripe width of 50 mum.
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Bewley WW, Felix CL, Vurgaftman I, Aifer EH, Olafsen LJ, Meyer JR, Goldberg L, Chow DH. Mid-infrared vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for chemical sensing. Appl Opt 1999; 38:1502-1505. [PMID: 18305773 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.001502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The first (to our knowledge) III-V mid-IR vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (lambda = 2.9 microm) are demonstrated and show promising characteristics for chemical detection applications. The cw optical-pumping threshold is low (4 mW at 80 K) and efficiency is high (5.6% W/W). Pulsed operation is obtained up to 280 K and cw up to 160 K. Lateral-mode confinement will lead to spectrally pure, single-mode output for chemical identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Bewley
- Hughes Research Laboratory, MS RL63, Malibu, California 90265, USA
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Meyer J, Zhang D, Bewley W, Felix C, Goldberg L, Olafsen L, Pei S, Aifer E, Chow D, Vurgaftman I, Yang M, Lin CH. Type II W, interband cascade and vertical-cavity surface-emitting mid-IR lasers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1049/ip-opt:19982304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vurgaftman I, Meyer J. Introduction. Opt Express 1998; 2:118. [PMID: 19377588 DOI: 10.1364/oe.2.000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
First-generation diode lasers produced stimulated emission from thick active regions consisting of a single semiconductor material. However, not long after epitaxial growth techniques advanced to the point of allowing thin heterostructure layers to be deposited with a high degree of control and precision, the quantum well laser was born. It soon became apparent that besides providing a valuable vehicle for studying fundamental quantum physics and optics in a solid state environment, quantum well diode lasers were also capable of dramatic performance improvements over their bulk counterparts. The lowering of threshold current densities was especially impressive.
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Vurgaftman I, Meyer J. High-temperature HgTe/CdTe multiple-quantum-well lasers. Opt Express 1998; 2:137-142. [PMID: 19377592 DOI: 10.1364/oe.2.000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
While most previous studies of Hg-based mid-IR lasers have focused on either bulk Hg(1-x)Cd(x)Te alloys or thick (> 100 A) Hg(1-x)Cd(x)Te quantum wells with relatively large x, we show that much thinner (20-30 A) HgTe binary wells may be engineered to suppress both Auger recombination and intervalence free carrier absorption. On the basis of detailed numerical simulations, we predict 4.3 m cw emission at temperatures up to 220 K for optical pumping and 105 K for diode operation. In pulsed mode, we expect maximum lasing temperatures more than 100 K higher than any prior Hg-based mid-IR result.
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Vurgaftman I, Lam Y, Singh J. Carrier thermalization in sub-three-dimensional electronic systems: Fundamental limits on modulation bandwidth in semiconductor lasers. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:14309-14326. [PMID: 9975653 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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