1
|
Hornung F, Pfister U, Bauer S, Cyrlyson's DR, Wang D, Vijayan P, Garcia AJ, Covre da Silva SF, Jetter M, Portalupi SL, Rastelli A, Michler P. Highly Indistinguishable Single Photons from Droplet-Etched GaAs Quantum Dots Integrated in Single-Mode Waveguides and Beamsplitters. Nano Lett 2024; 24:1184-1190. [PMID: 38230641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Integration of on-demand quantum emitters into photonic integrated circuits (PICs) has drawn much attention in recent years, as it promises a scalable implementation of quantum information schemes. A central property for several applications is the indistinguishability of the emitted photons. In this regard, GaAs quantum dots (QDs) obtained by droplet etching epitaxy show excellent performances, making the realization of these QDs into PICs highly appealing. Here, we show the first implementation in this direction, realizing the key passive elements needed in PICs, i.e., single-mode waveguides (WGs) with integrated GaAs-QDs and beamsplitters. We study the statistical distribution of wavelength, linewidth, and decay time of the excitonic line, as well as the quantum optical properties of individual emitters under resonant excitation. We achieve single-photon purities as high as 1 - g(2)(0) = 0.929 ± 0.009 and two-photon interference visibilities of up to VTPI = 0.953 ± 0.032 for consecutively emitted photons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hornung
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pfister
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bauer
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dee Rocking Cyrlyson's
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Dongze Wang
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ponraj Vijayan
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ailton J Garcia
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | | | - Michael Jetter
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simone L Portalupi
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bakirova LI, Voronkov GS, Lyubopytov VS, Butt MA, Khonina SN, Stepanov IV, Grakhova EP, Kutluyarov RV. Micro-Ring Resonator-Based Tunable Vortex Beam Emitter. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 15:34. [PMID: 38258153 PMCID: PMC10820895 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Light beams bearing orbital angular momentum (OAM) are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as microscopy, laser material processing, and optical tweezers. Precise topological charge control is crucial for efficiently using vortex beams in different fields, such as information encoding in optical communications and sensor systems. This work presents a novel method for optimizing an emitting micro-ring resonator (MRR) for emitting vortex beams with variable orders of OAM. The MRR consists of a ring waveguide with periodic structures side-coupled to a bus waveguide. The resonator is tunable due to the phase change material Sb2Se3 deposited on the ring. This material can change from amorphous to crystalline while changing its refractive index. In the amorphous phase, it is 3.285 + 0i, while in the transition to the crystalline phase, it reaches 4.050 + 0i at emission wavelength 1550 nm. We used this property to control the vortex beam topological charge. In our study, we optimized the distance between the bus waveguide and the ring waveguide, the bending angle, and the width of the bus waveguide. The optimality criterion was chosen to maximize the flux density of the radiated energy emitted by the resonator. The numerical simulation results proved our method. The proposed approach can be used to optimize optical beam emitters carrying OAM for various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liaisan I. Bakirova
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., 450076 Ufa, Russia; (L.I.B.); (G.S.V.); (I.V.S.); (E.P.G.)
| | - Grigory S. Voronkov
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., 450076 Ufa, Russia; (L.I.B.); (G.S.V.); (I.V.S.); (E.P.G.)
| | - Vladimir S. Lyubopytov
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., 450076 Ufa, Russia; (L.I.B.); (G.S.V.); (I.V.S.); (E.P.G.)
| | | | - Svetlana N. Khonina
- Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia;
- IPSI-RAS-Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, 443001 Samara, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Stepanov
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., 450076 Ufa, Russia; (L.I.B.); (G.S.V.); (I.V.S.); (E.P.G.)
| | - Elizaveta P. Grakhova
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., 450076 Ufa, Russia; (L.I.B.); (G.S.V.); (I.V.S.); (E.P.G.)
| | - Ruslan V. Kutluyarov
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., 450076 Ufa, Russia; (L.I.B.); (G.S.V.); (I.V.S.); (E.P.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kutluyarov RV, Zakoyan AG, Voronkov GS, Grakhova EP, Butt MA. Neuromorphic Photonics Circuits: Contemporary Review. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:3139. [PMID: 38133036 PMCID: PMC10745993 DOI: 10.3390/nano13243139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Neuromorphic photonics is a cutting-edge fusion of neuroscience-inspired computing and photonics technology to overcome the constraints of conventional computing architectures. Its significance lies in the potential to transform information processing by mimicking the parallelism and efficiency of the human brain. Using optics and photonics principles, neuromorphic devices can execute intricate computations swiftly and with impressive energy efficiency. This innovation holds promise for advancing artificial intelligence and machine learning while addressing the limitations of traditional silicon-based computing. Neuromorphic photonics could herald a new era of computing that is more potent and draws inspiration from cognitive processes, leading to advancements in robotics, pattern recognition, and advanced data processing. This paper reviews the recent developments in neuromorphic photonic integrated circuits, applications, and current challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan V. Kutluyarov
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., 450076 Ufa, Russia
| | - Aida G. Zakoyan
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., 450076 Ufa, Russia
| | - Grigory S. Voronkov
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., 450076 Ufa, Russia
| | - Elizaveta P. Grakhova
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32, Z. Validi St., 450076 Ufa, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim JH, Lee J, Seo C, Han GH, Cho BW, Kim J, Lee YH, Lee HS. Polymer-Waveguide-Integrated 2D Semiconductor Heterostructures for Optical Communications. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37988451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The demand for high-speed and low-loss interconnects in modern computer architectures is difficult to satisfy by using traditional Si-based electronics. Although optical interconnects offer a promising solution owing to their high bandwidth, low energy dissipation, and high-speed processing, integrating elements such as a light source, detector, and modulator, comprising different materials with optical waveguides, presents many challenges in an integrated platform. Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) semiconductors have attracted considerable attention in vertically stackable optoelectronics and advanced flexible photonics. In this study, optoelectronic components for exciton-based photonic circuits are demonstrated by integrating lithographically patterned poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) waveguides on 2D vdW devices. The excitonic signals generated from the 2D materials by using laser excitation were transmitted through patterned PMMA waveguides. By introducing an external electric field and combining vdW heterostructures, an excitonic switch, phototransistor, and guided-light photovoltaic device on SiO2/Si substrates were demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jubok Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Seo
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang Hee Han
- Department of Physics, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Wook Cho
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyong Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Lee
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
De Leonardis F, Soref R. High-Performance Pockels Effect Modulation and Switching in Silicon-Based GaP/Si, AlP/Si, ZnS/Si, AlN/3C-SiC, GaAs/Ge, ZnSe/GaAs, and ZnSe/Ge Superlattice-On-Insulator Integrated Circuits. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7866. [PMID: 36298217 PMCID: PMC9607796 DOI: 10.3390/s22207866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose new a Si-based waveguided Superlattice-on-Insulator (SLOI) platforms for high-performance electro-optical (EO) 2 × 2 and N × M switching and 1 × 1 modulation, including broad spectrum and resonant. We present a theoretical investigation based on the tight-binding Hamiltonian of the Pockels EO effect in the lattice-matched undoped (GaP)N/(Si2)M, (AlP)N/(Si2)M, (ZnS)N/(Si2)M, (AlN)N/(3C-SiC)M, (GaAs)N/(Ge2)M, (ZnSe)N/(GaAs)M, and (ZnSe)N/(Ge2)M wafer-scale short-period superlattices that are etched into waveguided networks of small-footprint Mach-Zehnder interferometers and micro-ring resonators to yield opto-electronic chips. The spectra of the Pockels r33 coefficient have been simulated as a function of the number of the atomic monolayers for "non-relaxed" heterointerfaces. The large obtained r33 values enable the SLOI circuit platforms to offer a very favorable combination of monolithic construction, cost-effective manufacturability, high modulation/switching speed, high information bandwidth, tiny footprint, low energy per bit, low switching voltage, near-IR-and-telecom wavelength coverage, and push-pull operation. By optimizing waveguide, clad, and electrode dimensions, we obtained very desirable values of the VπL performance metric, in the range of 0.062 to 0.275 V·cm, portending a bright future for a variety of applications, such as sensor networks or Internet of Things (IoT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Leonardis
- Photonics Research Group, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Richard Soref
- Department of Engineering, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qiao Q, Sun H, Liu X, Dong B, Xia J, Lee C, Zhou G. Suspended Silicon Waveguide with Sub-Wavelength Grating Cladding for Optical MEMS in Mid-Infrared. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:mi12111311. [PMID: 34832723 PMCID: PMC8623870 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) photonics are generating considerable interest because of the potential applications in spectroscopic sensing, thermal imaging, and remote sensing. Silicon photonics is believed to be a promising solution to realize MIR photonic integrated circuits (PICs). The past decade has seen a huge growth in MIR PIC building blocks. However, there is still a need for the development of MIR reconfigurable photonics to enable powerful on-chip optical systems and new functionalities. In this paper, we present an MIR (3.7~4.1 μm wavelength range) MEMS reconfiguration approach using the suspended silicon waveguide platform on the silicon-on-insulator. With the sub-wavelength grating claddings, the photonic waveguide can be well integrated with the MEMS actuator, thus offering low-loss, energy-efficient, and effective reconfiguration. We present a simulation study on the waveguide design and depict the MEMS-integration approach. Moreover, we experimentally report the suspended waveguide with propagation loss (−2.9 dB/cm) and bending loss (−0.076 dB each). The suspended waveguide coupler is experimentally investigated. In addition, we validate the proposed optical MEMS approach using a reconfigurable ring resonator design. In conclusion, we experimentally demonstrate the proposed waveguide platform’s capability for MIR MEMS-reconfigurable photonics, which empowers the MIR on-chip optical systems for various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Qiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117579, Singapore; (Q.Q.); (H.S.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Haoyang Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117579, Singapore; (Q.Q.); (H.S.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Xinmiao Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117579, Singapore; (Q.Q.); (H.S.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore;
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Bowei Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore;
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Ji Xia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117579, Singapore; (Q.Q.); (H.S.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore;
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (G.Z.); Tel.: +65-6516-1235 (G.Z.)
| | - Guangya Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117579, Singapore; (Q.Q.); (H.S.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (G.Z.); Tel.: +65-6516-1235 (G.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ota N, Miyauchi T, Shimizu H. 221 K Local Photothermal Heating in a Si Plasmonic Waveguide Loaded with a Co Thin Film. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21196634. [PMID: 34640954 PMCID: PMC8512839 DOI: 10.3390/s21196634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal heaters are important devices for optical switches and memories based on the thermo-optic/magneto-optic effect and phase change materials. We demonstrated photothermal heating in Si plasmonic waveguides loaded with Co thin films by measuring the resistance change upon inputting transverse-magnetic (TM) mode light. Temperature rise is proportional to the light intensity with clear polarization dependence. The photothermal conversion efficiency was estimated at 36 K/mW and maximum temperature rise was estimated at 221 K at steady state upon the inputting 6.3 mW TM mode light for the 400 nm-wide, 8 µm-long and 189 nm-thick Co film deposited on the Si wire waveguide with 129 nm-thick SiO2 buffer layer. The method to increase the efficiency is discussed based on the experimental and simulation results considering the thickness of the SiO2 buffer layer, Co layer and Si core layer, waveguide width, and wavelength. Local photothermal heaters in this study can be applied to a variety of fields including optical switches/memories without electrical control signals in photonic integrated circuits, on-chip optical sensors, and a lab-on-a-chip in biology, chemistry, and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ota
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan;
| | - Tomohiro Miyauchi
- Department of Industrial Technology and Innovation, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan;
| | - Hiromasa Shimizu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan;
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-388-7996
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Słowikowski M, Kaźmierczak A, Stopiński S, Bieniek M, Szostak S, Matuk K, Augustin L, Piramidowicz R. Photonic Integrated Interrogator for Monitoring the Patient Condition during MRI Diagnosis. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:4238. [PMID: 34205594 DOI: 10.3390/s21124238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we discuss the idea and practical implementation of an integrated photonic circuit-based interrogator of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors dedicated to monitoring the condition of the patients exposed to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) diagnosis. The presented solution is based on an Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) demultiplexer fabricated in generic indium phosphide technology. We demonstrate the consecutive steps of development of the device from design to demonstrator version of the system with confirmed functionality of monitoring the respiratory rate of the patient. The results, compared to those obtained using commercially available bulk interrogator, confirmed both the general concept and proper operation of the device.
Collapse
|
9
|
Errando-Herranz C, Schöll E, Picard R, Laini M, Gyger S, Elshaari AW, Branny A, Wennberg U, Barbat S, Renaud T, Sartison M, Brotons-Gisbert M, Bonato C, Gerardot BD, Zwiller V, Jöns KD. Resonance Fluorescence from Waveguide-Coupled, Strain-Localized, Two-Dimensional Quantum Emitters. ACS Photonics 2021; 8:1069-1076. [PMID: 34056034 PMCID: PMC8155555 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Efficient on-chip integration of single-photon emitters imposes a major bottleneck for applications of photonic integrated circuits in quantum technologies. Resonantly excited solid-state emitters are emerging as near-optimal quantum light sources, if not for the lack of scalability of current devices. Current integration approaches rely on cost-inefficient individual emitter placement in photonic integrated circuits, rendering applications impossible. A promising scalable platform is based on two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors. However, resonant excitation and single-photon emission of waveguide-coupled 2D emitters have proven to be elusive. Here, we show a scalable approach using a silicon nitride photonic waveguide to simultaneously strain-localize single-photon emitters from a tungsten diselenide (WSe2) monolayer and to couple them into a waveguide mode. We demonstrate the guiding of single photons in the photonic circuit by measuring second-order autocorrelation of g(2)(0) = 0.150 ± 0.093 and perform on-chip resonant excitation, yielding a g(2)(0) = 0.377 ± 0.081. Our results are an important step to enable coherent control of quantum states and multiplexing of high-quality single photons in a scalable photonic quantum circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Errando-Herranz
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- E-mail:
| | - Eva Schöll
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Raphaël Picard
- Institute
for Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Micaela Laini
- Institute
for Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Gyger
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali W. Elshaari
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Art Branny
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Wennberg
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastien Barbat
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thibaut Renaud
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marc Sartison
- Department
of Physics, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Mauro Brotons-Gisbert
- Institute
for Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Cristian Bonato
- Institute
for Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D. Gerardot
- Institute
for Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Val Zwiller
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klaus D. Jöns
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Meyer JR, Kim CS, Kim M, Canedy CL, Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Vurgaftman I. Interband Cascade Photonic Integrated Circuits on Native III-V Chip. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21020599. [PMID: 33467034 PMCID: PMC7830904 DOI: 10.3390/s21020599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe how a midwave infrared photonic integrated circuit (PIC) that combines lasers, detectors, passive waveguides, and other optical elements may be constructed on the native GaSb substrate of an interband cascade laser (ICL) structure. The active and passive building blocks may be used, for example, to fabricate an on-chip chemical detection system with a passive sensing waveguide that evanescently couples to an ambient sample gas. A variety of highly compact architectures are described, some of which incorporate both the sensing waveguide and detector into a laser cavity defined by two high-reflectivity cleaved facets. We also describe an edge-emitting laser configuration that optimizes stability by minimizing parasitic feedback from external optical elements, and which can potentially operate with lower drive power than any mid-IR laser now available. While ICL-based PICs processed on GaSb serve to illustrate the various configurations, many of the proposed concepts apply equally to quantum-cascade-laser (QCL)-based PICs processed on InP, and PICs that integrate III-V lasers and detectors on silicon. With mature processing, it should become possible to mass-produce hundreds of individual PICs on the same chip which, when singulated, will realize chemical sensing by an extremely compact and inexpensive package.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R. Meyer
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Chul Soo Kim
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
| | - Mijin Kim
- Jacobs Corporation, Hanover, MD 21076, USA;
| | - Chadwick L. Canedy
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
| | - Charles D. Merritt
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
| | - William W. Bewley
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Betancur-Pérez A, Martín-Mateos P, Dios C, Acedo P. Design of a Multipurpose Photonic Chip Architecture for THz Dual-Comb Spectrometers. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E6089. [PMID: 33120866 DOI: 10.3390/s20216089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present a multipurpose photonic integrated circuit capable of generating multiheterodyne complex Dual-Combs (DC) THz signals. Our work focuses on translating the functionality of an electro-optic tunable DC system into a photonic chip employing standard building blocks to ensure the scalability and cost efficiency of the integrated device. The architecture we analyze for integration is based on three stages: a seed comb, a mode selection stage and a DC stage. This final DC stage includes a frequency shifter, a key element to improve the final detection of the THz signals and obtain real-time operation. This investigation covers three key aspects: (1) a solution for comb line selection on GHz spaced combs using OIL or OPLL on photonic chips is studied and evaluated, (2) a simple and versatile scheme to produce a frequency shift using the double sideband suppressed carrier modulation technique and an asymmetric Mach Zehnder Interferometer to filter one of the sidebands is proposed, and (3) a multipurpose architecture that can offer a versatile effective device, moving from application-specific PICs to general-purpose PICs. Using the building blocks (BBs) available from an InP-based foundry, we obtained simulations that offer a high-quality Dual-Comb frequency shifted signal with a side mode suppression ratio around 21 dB, and 41 dB after photodetection with an intermediate frequency of 1 MHz. We tested our system to generate a Dual-Comb with 10 kHz of frequency spacing and an OOK modulation with 5 Gbps which can be down-converted to the THz range by a square law detector. It is also important to note that the presented architecture is multipurpose and can also be applied to THz communications. This design is a step to enable a commercial THz photonic chip for multiple applications such as THz spectroscopy, THz multispectral imaging and THz telecommunications and offers the possibility of being fabricated in a multi-project wafer.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Z, Huang B, Zhang Z, Cheng C, Bai B, Gao T, Xu X, Gu W, Zhang L, Chen H. Broadband High-Efficiency Grating Couplers for Perfectly Vertical Fiber-to-Chip Coupling Enhanced by Fabry-Perot-like Cavity. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:mi11090859. [PMID: 32957465 PMCID: PMC7569773 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We propose a broadband high-efficiency grating coupler for perfectly vertical fiber-to-chip coupling. The up-reflection is reduced, hence enhanced coupling efficiency is achieved with the help of a Fabry-Perot-like cavity composed of a silicon nitride reflector and the grating itself. With the theory of the Fabry-Perot cavity, the dimensional parameters of the coupler are investigated. With the optimized parameters, up-reflection in the C-band is reduced from 10.6% to 5%, resulting in an enhanced coupling efficiency of 80.3%, with a 1-dB bandwidth of 58 nm, which covers the entire C-band. The minimum feature size of the proposed structure is over 219 nm, which makes our design easy to fabricate through 248 nm deep-UV lithography, and lowers the fabrication cost. The proposed design has potential in efficient and fabrication-tolerant interfacing applications, between off-chip light sources and integrated chips that can be mass-produced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zan Zhang
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (B.B.); (T.G.); (X.X.); (W.G.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Beiju Huang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (B.H.); (C.C.); (H.C.)
| | - Zanyun Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China;
| | - Chuantong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (B.H.); (C.C.); (H.C.)
| | - Bing Bai
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (B.B.); (T.G.); (X.X.); (W.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Tianxi Gao
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (B.B.); (T.G.); (X.X.); (W.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (B.B.); (T.G.); (X.X.); (W.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Wenping Gu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (B.B.); (T.G.); (X.X.); (W.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; (B.B.); (T.G.); (X.X.); (W.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Hongda Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; (B.H.); (C.C.); (H.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Z, Shan X, Huang B, Zhang Z, Cheng C, Bai B, Gao T, Xu X, Zhang L, Chen H. Efficiency Enhanced Grating Coupler for Perfectly Vertical Fiber-to-Chip Coupling. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E2681. [PMID: 32545474 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a bidirectional grating coupler for perfectly vertical coupling is proposed. The coupling efficiency is enhanced using a silicon nitride (Si3N4) layer above a uniform grating. In the presence of Si3N4 layer, the back-reflected optical power into the fiber is diminished and coupling into the waveguide is increased. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the grating and Si3N4 layer simultaneously. The optimal design obtained from GA shows that the average in-plane coupling efficiency is enhanced from about 57.5% (−2.5 dB) to 68.5% (−1.65 dB), meanwhile the average back-reflection in the C band is reduced from 17.6% (−7.5 dB) to 7.4% (−11.3 dB). With the help of a backside metal mirror, the average coupling efficiency and peak coupling efficiency are further increased to 87% (−0.6 dB) and 89.4% (−0.49 dB). The minimum feature size of the designed device is 266 nm, which makes our design easy to fabricate through 193 nm deep-UV lithography and lowers the fabrication cost. In addition, the coupler proposed here shows a wide-band character with a 1-dB bandwidth of 64 nm and 3-dB bandwidth of 96 nm. Such a grating coupler design can provide an efficient and cost-effective solution for vertical fiber-to-chip optical coupling of a Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) application.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kishibe K, Hirata S, Inoue R, Yamashita T, Tanabe K. Wavelength-Conversion-Material-Mediated Semiconductor Wafer Bonding for Smart Optoelectronic Interconnects. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:E1742. [PMID: 31817823 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new concept of semiconductor wafer bonding, mediated by optical wavelength conversion materials, is proposed and demonstrated. The fabrication scheme provides simultaneous bond formation and interfacial function generation, leading to efficient device production. Wavelength-converting functionalized semiconductor interfacial engineering is realized by utilizing an adhesive viscous organic matrix with embedded fluorescent particles. The bonding is carried out in ambient air at room temperature and therefore provides a cost advantage with regard to device manufacturing. Distinct wavelength conversion, from ultraviolet into visible, and high mechanical stabilities and electrical conductivities in the bonded interfaces are verified, demonstrating their versatility for practical applications. This bonding and interfacial scheme can improve the performance and structural flexibility of optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells, by allowing the spectral light incidence suitable for each photovoltaic material, and photonic integrated circuits, by delivering the respective preferred frequencies to the optical amplifier, modulator, waveguide, and detector materials.
Collapse
|
15
|
Otón JM, Caño-García M, Gordo F, Otón E, Geday MA, Quintana X. Liquid crystal tunable claddings for polymer integrated optical waveguides. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2019; 10:2163-2170. [PMID: 31807402 PMCID: PMC6880790 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical waveguides in photonic integrated circuits are traditionally passive elements merely carrying optical signals from one point to another. These elements could contribute to the integrated circuit functionality if they were modulated either by variations of the core optical properties, or by using tunable claddings. In this work, the use of liquid crystals as electro-optically active claddings for driving integrated waveguides has been explored. Tunable waveguides have been modeled and fabricated using polymers. Optical functions such as variable coupling and optical switching have been demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Otón
- CEMDATIC, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Caño-García
- CEMDATIC, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- INL International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernando Gordo
- CEMDATIC, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Otón
- Institute of Technical Physics, Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna, ul. Gen. Witolda Urbanowicza 2, 00-908 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Morten Andreas Geday
- CEMDATIC, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xabier Quintana
- CEMDATIC, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Turk N, Raza A, Wuytens P, Demol H, Van Daele M, Detavernier C, Skirtach A, Gevaert K, Baets R. Comparison of Free-Space and Waveguide-Based SERS Platforms. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:E1401. [PMID: 31581547 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) allows for the highly specific detection of molecules by enhancing the inherently weak Raman signals near the surface of plasmonic nanostructures. A variety of plasmonic nanostructures have been developed for SERS signal excitation and collection in a conventional free-space microscope, among which the gold nanodomes offer one of the highest SERS enhancements. Nanophotonic waveguides have recently emerged as an alternative to the conventional Raman microscope as they can be used to efficiently excite and collect Raman signals. Integration of plasmonic structures on nanophotonic waveguides enables reproducible waveguide-based excitation and collection of SERS spectra, such as in nanoplasmonic slot waveguides. In this paper, we compare the SERS performance of gold nanodomes, in which the signal is excited and collected in free space, and waveguide-based nanoplasmonic slot waveguide. We evaluate the SERS signal enhancement and the SERS background of the different SERS platforms using a monolayer of nitrothiophenol. We show that the nanoplasmonic slot waveguide approaches the gold nanodomes in terms of the signal-to-background ratio. We additionally demonstrate the first-time detection of a peptide monolayer on a waveguide-based SERS platform, paving the way towards the SERS monitoring of biologically relevant molecules on an integrated lab-on-a-chip platform.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lin J, Zhou J, Wu R, Wang M, Fang Z, Chu W, Zhang J, Qiao L, Cheng Y. High-Precision Propagation-Loss Measurement of Single-Mode Optical Waveguides on Lithium Niobate on Insulator. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:E612. [PMID: 31540155 DOI: 10.3390/mi10090612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the fabrication of single-mode optical waveguides on lithium niobate on an insulator (LNOI) by optical patterning combined with chemomechanical polishing. The fabricated LNOI waveguides had a nearly symmetric mode profile of ~2.5 µm mode field size (full-width at half-maximum). We developed a high-precision measurement approach by which single-mode waveguides were characterized to have propagation loss of ~0.042 dB/cm.
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu R, Wang M, Xu J, Qi J, Chu W, Fang Z, Zhang J, Zhou J, Qiao L, Chai Z, Lin J, Cheng Y. Long Low-Loss-Litium Niobate on Insulator Waveguides with Sub-Nanometer Surface Roughness. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2018; 8:nano8110910. [PMID: 30404137 PMCID: PMC6265866 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we develop a technique for realizing multi-centimeter-long lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) waveguides with a propagation loss as low as 0.027 dB/cm. Our technique relies on patterning a chromium thin film coated on the top surface of LNOI into a hard mask with a femtosecond laser followed by chemo-mechanical polishing for structuring the LNOI into the waveguides. The surface roughness on the waveguides was determined with an atomic force microscope to be 0.452 nm. The approach is compatible with other surface patterning technologies, such as optical and electron beam lithographies or laser direct writing, enabling high-throughput manufacturing of large-scale LNOI-based photonic integrated circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
- XXL-The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
- XXL-The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jia Qi
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wei Chu
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
- XXL-The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Zhiwei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
- XXL-The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Junxia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
- XXL-The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Lingling Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Zhifang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
- XXL-The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jintian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Ya Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
- XXL-The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao H, Pinna S, Song B, Megalini L, Brunelli STŠ, Coldren LA, Klamkin J. Indium Phosphide Photonic Integrated Circuits for Free Space Optical Links. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 2018; 24:6101806. [PMID: 30416332 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2019.2908788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An indium phosphide (InP)-based photonic integrated circuit (PIC) transmitter for free space optical communications was demonstrated. The transmitter consists of a sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector (SGDBR) laser, a high-speed semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), a Mach-Zehnder modulator, and a high-power output booster SOA. The SGDBR laser tunes from 1521 nm to 1565 nm with >45 dB side mode suppression ratio. The InP PIC was also incorporated into a free space optical link to demonstrate the potential for low cost, size, weight and power. Error-free operation was achieved at 3 Gbps for an equivalent link length of 180 m (up to 300 m with forward error correction).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Sergio Pinna
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Bowen Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA (
| | - Ludovico Megalini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. He is with Infineon Technologies, Italy
| | - Simone Tommaso Šuran Brunelli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Larry A Coldren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jonathan Klamkin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao H, Pinna S, Song B, Megalini L, Brunelli STŠ, Coldren LA, Klamkin J. Indium Phosphide Photonic Integrated Circuits for Free Space Optical Links. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 2018; 24:6101806. [PMID: 30416332 PMCID: PMC6219397 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2018.2866677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An indium phosphide (InP)-based photonic integrated circuit (PIC) transmitter for free space optical communications was demonstrated. The transmitter consists of a sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector (SGDBR) laser, a high-speed semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), a Mach-Zehnder modulator, and a high-power output booster SOA. The SGDBR laser tunes from 1521 nm to 1565 nm with >45 dB side mode suppression ratio. The InP PIC was also incorporated into a free space optical link to demonstrate the potential for low cost, size, weight and power. Error-free operation was achieved at 3 Gbps for an equivalent link length of 180 m (up to 300 m with forward error correction).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Sergio Pinna
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Bowen Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA (
| | - Ludovico Megalini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. He is with Infineon Technologies, Italy
| | - Simone Tommaso Šuran Brunelli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Larry A Coldren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jonathan Klamkin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hänsel A, Heck MJR. Feasibility of Telecom-Wavelength Photonic Integrated Circuits for Gas Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18092870. [PMID: 30200292 PMCID: PMC6164772 DOI: 10.3390/s18092870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
To be of commercial interest, gas sensors must optimise, among others, sensitivity, selectivity, longevity, cost and measurement speed. Using the example of ammonia, we establish that integrated optical sensors provide means to maintain the benefits of optical detection set-ups at, in principle, a lower cost and smaller footprint than currently available commercial products. Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) can be used in environmental and agricultural monitoring. The small footprint and great cost scaling of PICs allow for sensor networks with multiple devices. We show, that Indium Phosphide based commercial foundries reached the technological maturity to enable ammonia detection levels at less than 100 ppb. The current unavailability of portable, low cost ammonia sensors with such detection levels prevents emission monitoring, for example, in pig farms. The feasibility of these sensors is investigated by applying the common noise figures of the multiproject wafer platforms operating around 1550 nm to a model for an absorption measurement. The analysis is extended to other relevant gas species with absorption features near telecom-wavelengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hänsel
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Martijn J R Heck
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guan N, Babichev A, Foldyna M, Denisov D, Julien FH, Tchernycheva M. Optimization of the optical coupling in nanowire-based integrated photonic platforms by FDTD simulation. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2018; 9:2248-2254. [PMID: 30202693 PMCID: PMC6122179 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The optimized design of a photonic platform based on a nanowire light emitting diode (LED) and a nanowire photodetector connected with a waveguide is proposed. The light coupling efficiency from the LED to the detector is optimized as a function of the geometrical parameters of the system using the finite difference time domain simulation tool Lumerical. Starting from a design reported in the literature with a coupling efficiency of only 8.7%, we propose an optimized photonic platform with efficiency reaching 65.5%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Guan
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), UMR9001 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Andrey Babichev
- ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Martin Foldyna
- LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Dmitry Denisov
- Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI", ul. Professora Popova 5, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - François H Julien
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), UMR9001 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Maria Tchernycheva
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), UMR9001 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rao S, Pangallo G, Della Corte FG. Integrated Amorphous Silicon p-i-n Temperature Sensor for CMOS Photonics. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:s16010067. [PMID: 26751446 PMCID: PMC4732100 DOI: 10.3390/s16010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) shows interesting optoelectronic and technological properties that make it suitable for the fabrication of passive and active micro-photonic devices, compatible moreover with standard microelectronic devices on a microchip. A temperature sensor based on a hydrogenated amorphous silicon p-i-n diode integrated in an optical waveguide for silicon photonics applications is presented here. The linear dependence of the voltage drop across the forward-biased diode on temperature, in a range from 30 °C up to 170 °C, has been used for thermal sensing. A high sensitivity of 11.9 mV/°C in the bias current range of 34–40 nA has been measured. The proposed device is particularly suitable for the continuous temperature monitoring of CMOS-compatible photonic integrated circuits, where the behavior of the on-chip active and passive devices are strongly dependent on their operating temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Rao
- Department of Information Engineering Infrastructures and Sustainable Energy (DIIES), "Mediterranea" University, Reggio Calabria 89122, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Pangallo
- Department of Information Engineering Infrastructures and Sustainable Energy (DIIES), "Mediterranea" University, Reggio Calabria 89122, Italy.
| | - Francesco Giuseppe Della Corte
- Department of Information Engineering Infrastructures and Sustainable Energy (DIIES), "Mediterranea" University, Reggio Calabria 89122, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|