1
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Asimow NG, Turner AJ, Cohen RC. Sustained Reductions of Bay Area CO 2 Emissions 2018-2022. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:6586-6594. [PMID: 38572839 PMCID: PMC11025126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Cities represent a significant and growing portion of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Quantifying urban emissions and trends over time is needed to evaluate the efficacy of policy targeting emission reductions as well as to understand more fundamental questions about the urban biosphere. A number of approaches have been proposed to measure, report, and verify (MRV) changes in urban CO2 emissions. Here we show that a modest capital cost, spatially dense network of sensors, the Berkeley Environmental Air Quality and CO2 Network (BEACO2N), in combination with Bayesian inversions, result in a synthesis of measured CO2 concentrations and meteorology to yield an improved estimate of CO2 emissions and provide a cost-effective and accurate assessment of CO2 emissions trends over time. We describe nearly 5 years of continuous CO2 observations (2018-2022) in a midsized urban region (the San Francisco Bay Area). These observed concentrations constrain a Bayesian inversion that indicates the interannual trend in urban CO2 emissions in the region has been a modest decrease at a rate of 1.8 ± 0.3%/year. We interpret this decrease as primarily due to passenger vehicle electrification, reducing on-road emissions at a rate of 2.6 ± 0.7%/year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi G. Asimow
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Science, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander J. Turner
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Science, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Science, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- College
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Liu C, Cong J, Yao W, Zhu E. Playing Extensive Games with Learning of Opponent's Cognition. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:1078. [PMID: 38400237 PMCID: PMC10892379 DOI: 10.3390/s24041078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Decision-making is a basic component of agents' (e.g., intelligent sensors) behaviors, in which one's cognition plays a crucial role in the process and outcome. Extensive games, a class of interactive decision-making scenarios, have been studied in diverse fields. Recently, a model of extensive games was proposed in which agent cognition of the structure of the underlying game and the quality of the game situations are encoded by artificial neural networks. This model refines the classic model of extensive games, and the corresponding equilibrium concept-cognitive perfect equilibrium (CPE)-differs from the classic subgame perfect equilibrium, since CPE takes agent cognition into consideration. However, this model neglects the consideration that game-playing processes are greatly affected by agents' cognition of their opponents. To this end, in this work, we go one step further by proposing a framework in which agents' cognition of their opponents is incorporated. A method is presented for evaluating opponents' cognition about the game being played, and thus, an algorithm designed for playing such games is analyzed. The resulting equilibrium concept is defined as adversarial cognition equilibrium (ACE). By means of a running example, we demonstrate that the ACE is more realistic than the CPE, since it involves learning about opponents' cognition. Further results are presented regarding the computational complexity, soundness, and completeness of the game-solving algorithm and the existence of the equilibrium solution. This model suggests the possibility of enhancing an agent's strategic ability by evaluating opponents' cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (C.L.); (J.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Jinmiao Cong
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (C.L.); (J.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Weihong Yao
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (C.L.); (J.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Enqiang Zhu
- Institute of Computing Science and Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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3
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Muñoz J, Mancipe D, Fernández H, Rubio L, Rodrigo Peñarrocha VM, Reig J. Path Loss Characterization in an Outdoor Corridor Environment for IoT-5G in a Smart Campus University at 850 MHz and 3.5 GHz Frequency Bands. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9237. [PMID: 38005623 PMCID: PMC10675808 DOI: 10.3390/s23229237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The usage scenarios defined in the ITU-M2150-1 recommendation for IMT-2020 systems, including enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra-reliable Low-latency Communication (URLLC), and massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC), allow the possibility of accessing different services through the set of Radio Interface Technologies (RITs), Long-term Evolution (LTE), and New Radio (NR), which are components of RIT. The potential of the low and medium frequency bands allocated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for the fifth generation of mobile communications (5G) is described. In addition, in the Internet of Things (IoT) applications that will be covered by the case of use of the mMTC are framed. In this sense, a propagation channel measurement campaign was carried out at 850 MHz and 5.9 GHz in a covered corridor environment, located in an open space within the facilities of the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia campus. The measurements were carried out in the time domain using a channel sounder based on a Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) to obtain the received signal power levels over a range of separation distances between the transmitter and receiver from 2.00 m to 67.5 m. Then, a link budget was proposed to describe the path loss behavior as a function of these distances to obtain the parameters for the close-in free space reference distance (CI) and the floating intercept (FI) path loss prediction models. These parameters were estimated from the measurements made using the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) approach. The estimated path loss exponent (PLE) values for both the CI and FI path loss models at 850 MHz and 3.5 GHz are in the range of 2.21 to 2.41, respectively. This shows that the multipath effect causes a lack of constructive interference to the received power signal for this type of outdoor corridor scenario. These results can be used in simulation tools to evaluate the path loss behavior and optimize the deployment of device and sensor network infrastructure to enable 5G-IoT connectivity in smart university campus scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Muñoz
- Telecommunications Research Group, Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia, Sogamoso 152211, Colombia; (J.M.); (D.M.)
| | - David Mancipe
- Telecommunications Research Group, Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia, Sogamoso 152211, Colombia; (J.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Herman Fernández
- Telecommunications Research Group, Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia, Sogamoso 152211, Colombia; (J.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Rubio
- Antennas and Propagation Lab, iTEAM Research Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.); (V.M.R.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Vicent M. Rodrigo Peñarrocha
- Antennas and Propagation Lab, iTEAM Research Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.); (V.M.R.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Juan Reig
- Antennas and Propagation Lab, iTEAM Research Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.); (V.M.R.P.); (J.R.)
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4
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Rivera A, Ponce P, Mata O, Molina A, Meier A. Local Weather Station Design and Development for Cost-Effective Environmental Monitoring and Real-Time Data Sharing. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9060. [PMID: 38005448 PMCID: PMC10675263 DOI: 10.3390/s23229060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Current weather monitoring systems often remain out of reach for small-scale users and local communities due to their high costs and complexity. This paper addresses this significant issue by introducing a cost-effective, easy-to-use local weather station. Utilizing low-cost sensors, this weather station is a pivotal tool in making environmental monitoring more accessible and user-friendly, particularly for those with limited resources. It offers efficient in-site measurements of various environmental parameters, such as temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, carbon dioxide concentration, and particulate matter, including PM 1, PM 2.5, and PM 10. The findings demonstrate the station's capability to monitor these variables remotely and provide forecasts with a high degree of accuracy, displaying an error margin of just 0.67%. Furthermore, the station's use of the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model enables short-term, reliable forecasts crucial for applications in agriculture, transportation, and air quality monitoring. Furthermore, the weather station's open-source nature significantly enhances environmental monitoring accessibility for smaller users and encourages broader public data sharing. With this approach, crucial in addressing climate change challenges, the station empowers communities to make informed decisions based on real-time data. In designing and developing this low-cost, efficient monitoring system, this work provides a valuable blueprint for future advancements in environmental technologies, emphasizing sustainability. The proposed automatic weather station not only offers an economical solution for environmental monitoring but also features a user-friendly interface for seamless data communication between the sensor platform and end users. This system ensures the transmission of data through various web-based platforms, catering to users with diverse technical backgrounds. Furthermore, by leveraging historical data through the ARIMA model, the station enhances its utility in providing short-term forecasts and supporting critical decision-making processes across different sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rivera
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 14380, Mexico; (A.R.); (O.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Pedro Ponce
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 14380, Mexico; (A.R.); (O.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Omar Mata
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 14380, Mexico; (A.R.); (O.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Arturo Molina
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 14380, Mexico; (A.R.); (O.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Alan Meier
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
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Preethichandra DMG, Suntharavadivel TG, Kalutara P, Piyathilaka L, Izhar U. Influence of Smart Sensors on Structural Health Monitoring Systems and Future Asset Management Practices. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8279. [PMID: 37837109 PMCID: PMC10575112 DOI: 10.3390/s23198279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in networked and smart sensors have significantly changed the way Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and asset management are being carried out. Since the sensor networks continuously provide real-time data from the structure being monitored, they constitute a more realistic image of the actual status of the structure where the maintenance or repair work can be scheduled based on real requirements. This review is aimed at providing a wealth of knowledge from the working principles of sensors commonly used in SHM, to artificial-intelligence-based digital twin systems used in SHM and proposes a new asset management framework. The way this paper is structured suits researchers and practicing experts both in the fields of sensors as well as in asset management equally.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. M. G. Preethichandra
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia; (T.G.S.); (P.K.); (L.P.)
| | - T. G. Suntharavadivel
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia; (T.G.S.); (P.K.); (L.P.)
| | - Pushpitha Kalutara
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia; (T.G.S.); (P.K.); (L.P.)
| | - Lasitha Piyathilaka
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia; (T.G.S.); (P.K.); (L.P.)
| | - Umer Izhar
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, Moreton Bay Campus, University of the Sunshine Coast, Moreton Parade, Petrie, QLD 4502, Australia;
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6
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He D, Cui Y, Ming F, Wu W. Advancements in Passive Wireless Sensors, Materials, Devices, and Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8200. [PMID: 37837030 PMCID: PMC10575307 DOI: 10.3390/s23198200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, passive wireless sensors have been studied for various infrastructure sectors, making them a research and development focus. While substantial evidence already supports their viability, further effort is needed to understand their dependability and applicability. As a result, issues related to the theory and implementation of wireless sensors still need to be resolved. This paper aims to review and summarize the progress of the different materials used in different passive sensors, the current status of the passive wireless sensor readout devices, and the latest peripheral devices. It will also cover other related aspects such as the system equipment of passive wireless sensors and the nanogenerators for the energy harvesting for self-powered sensors for applications in contemporary life scenarios. At the same time, the challenges for future developments and applications of passive wireless are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denghui He
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (D.H.); (F.M.)
| | - Yuanhui Cui
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (D.H.); (F.M.)
| | - Fangchao Ming
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (D.H.); (F.M.)
| | - Weiping Wu
- Laboratory of Thin Film Optics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 390 Qinghe Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 390 Qinghe Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, China
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7
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Miranda RF, Barriquello CH, Reguera VA, Denardin GW, Thomas DH, Loose F, Amaral LS. A Review of Cognitive Hybrid Radio Frequency/Visible Light Communication Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:7815. [PMID: 37765872 PMCID: PMC10534686 DOI: 10.3390/s23187815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The development and growth of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is significantly propelled by advances in Radio Frequency (RF) and Visible Light Communication (VLC) technologies. This paper endeavors to present a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in cognitive hybrid RF-VLC systems for WSNs, emphasizing the critical task of seamlessly integrating Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSNs) and VLC technologies. The central challenge addressed is the intricate landscape of this integration, characterized by notable trade-offs between performance and complexity, which escalate with the addition of more devices and increased data rates. This scenario necessitates the development of advanced cognitive radio strategies, potentially facilitated by Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) approaches, albeit introducing new complexities such as the necessity for pre-training with extensive datasets. The review scrutinizes the fundamental aspects of CRSNs and VLC, spotlighting key areas like Energy Efficient Resource Allocation, Industrial Scenarios, and Energy Harvesting, and explores the synergistic amalgamation of these technologies as a promising pathway for enhanced spectrum utilization and network performance. By delving into the integration of cognitive radio technology with visible light, this study furnishes valuable insights into the potential for innovative applications in wireless communication, presenting a balanced overview of the current advancements and prospective avenues in the field of cognitive hybrid RF/VLC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fuchs Miranda
- Technology Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil; (R.F.M.); (D.H.T.); (L.S.A.)
- Automation and Intelligent Systems, ITR-Norte, Technological University of Uruguay (UTEC), Rivera 40000, Uruguay;
| | - Carlos Henrique Barriquello
- Technology Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil; (R.F.M.); (D.H.T.); (L.S.A.)
| | - Vitalio Alfonso Reguera
- Automation and Intelligent Systems, ITR-Norte, Technological University of Uruguay (UTEC), Rivera 40000, Uruguay;
| | - Gustavo Weber Denardin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Pato Branco, Pato Branco 85503-390, Brazil;
| | - Djeisson Hoffmann Thomas
- Technology Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil; (R.F.M.); (D.H.T.); (L.S.A.)
| | - Felipe Loose
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Communications and Systems, University of Oviedo (UNIOVI), 33204 Gijón, Spain;
| | - Leonardo Saldanha Amaral
- Technology Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil; (R.F.M.); (D.H.T.); (L.S.A.)
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8
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Kelp MM, Fargiano TC, Lin S, Liu T, Turner JR, Kutz JN, Mickley LJ. Data-Driven Placement of PM 2.5 Air Quality Sensors in the United States: An Approach to Target Urban Environmental Injustice. Geohealth 2023; 7:e2023GH000834. [PMID: 37711364 PMCID: PMC10499371 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, citizens and policymakers heavily rely upon Environmental Protection Agency mandated regulatory networks to monitor air pollution; increasingly they also depend on low-cost sensor networks to supplement spatial gaps in regulatory monitor networks coverage. Although these regulatory and low-cost networks in tandem provide enhanced spatiotemporal coverage in urban areas, low-cost sensors are located often in higher income, predominantly White areas. Such disparity in coverage may exacerbate existing inequalities and impact the ability of different communities to respond to the threat of air pollution. Here we present a study using cost-constrained multiresolution dynamic mode decomposition (mrDMDcc) to identify the optimal and equitable placement of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) sensors in four U.S. cities with histories of racial or income segregation: St. Louis, Houston, Boston, and Buffalo. This novel approach incorporates the variation of PM2.5 on timescales ranging from 1 day to over a decade to capture air pollution variability. We also introduce a cost function into the sensor placement optimization that represents the balance between our objectives of capturing PM2.5 extremes and increasing pollution monitoring in low-income and nonwhite areas. We find that the mrDMDcc algorithm places a greater number of sensors in historically low-income and nonwhite neighborhoods with known environmental pollution problems compared to networks using PM2.5 information alone. Our work provides a roadmap for the creation of equitable sensor networks in U.S. cities and offers a guide for democratizing air pollution data through increasing spatial coverage of low-cost sensors in less privileged communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto M. Kelp
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Samuel Lin
- Department of Computer ScienceHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Tianjia Liu
- Department of Earth System ScienceUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Jay R. Turner
- Department of EnergyEnvironmental and Chemical EngineeringWashington UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
| | - J. Nathan Kutz
- Department of Applied MathematicsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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9
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Yu H, Dai K, Li Q, Li H, Zhang H. Optimal Distributed Finite-Time Fusion Method for Multi- Sensor Networks under Dynamic Communication Weight. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:7397. [PMID: 37687852 PMCID: PMC10490538 DOI: 10.3390/s23177397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at the problem of distributed state estimation in sensor networks, a novel optimal distributed finite-time fusion filtering method based on dynamic communication weights has been developed. To tackle the fusion errors caused by incomplete node information in distributed sensor networks, the concept of limited iterations of global information aggregation was introduced, namely, fast finite-time convergence techniques. Firstly, a local filtering algorithm architecture was constructed to achieve fusion error convergence within a limited number of iterations. The maximum number of iterations was derived to be the diameter of the communication topology graph in the sensor network. Based on this, the matrix weight fusion was used to combine the local filtering results, thereby achieving optimal estimation in terms of minimum variance. Next, by introducing the generalized information quality (GIQ) calculation method and associating it with the local fusion result bias, the relative communication weights were obtained and embedded in the fusion algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed algorithm were validated through numerical simulations and experimental tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Keren Dai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Qingyu Li
- North Information Control Research Academy Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211153, China;
| | - Haojie Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - He Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.)
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10
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Yamada K, Sasaki Y, Nagata T, Nakai K, Tsubakino D, Nonomura T. Efficient Sensor Node Selection for Observability Gramian Optimization. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5961. [PMID: 37447809 DOI: 10.3390/s23135961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Optimization approaches that determine sensitive sensor nodes in a large-scale, linear time-invariant, and discrete-time dynamical system are examined under the assumption of independent and identically distributed measurement noise. This study offers two novel selection algorithms, namely an approximate convex relaxation method with the Newton method and a gradient greedy method, and confirms the performance of the selection methods, including a convex relaxation method with semidefinite programming (SDP) and a pure greedy optimization method proposed in the previous studies. The matrix determinant of the observability Gramian was employed for the evaluations of the sensor subsets, while its gradient and Hessian were derived for the proposed methods. In the demonstration using numerical and real-world examples, the proposed approximate greedy method showed superiority in the run time when the sensor numbers were roughly the same as the dimensions of the latent system. The relaxation method with SDP is confirmed to be the most reasonable approach for a system with randomly generated matrices of higher dimensions. However, the degradation of the optimization results was also confirmed in the case of real-world datasets, while the pure greedy selection obtained the most stable optimization results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Yamada
- The Department of Aerospace Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 9808579, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sasaki
- The Department of Aerospace Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 9808579, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagata
- The Department of Aerospace Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 9808579, Japan
| | - Kumi Nakai
- The Department of Aerospace Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 9808579, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsubakino
- The Department of Aerospace Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648603, Japan
| | - Taku Nonomura
- The Department of Aerospace Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 9808579, Japan
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11
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Wang Q, Peng B, Xie P, Cheng C. A Novel Data-Driven Fault Detection Method Based on Stable Kernel Representation for Dynamic Systems. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5891. [PMID: 37447748 DOI: 10.3390/s23135891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
With the steady improvement of advanced manufacturing processes and big data technologies, modern industrial systems have become large-scale. To enhance the sensitivity of fault detection (FD) and overcome the drawbacks of the centralized FD framework in dynamic systems, a new data-driven FD method based on Hellinger distance and subspace techniques is proposed for dynamic systems. Specifically, the proposed approach uses only system input/output data collected via sensor networks, and the distributed residual signals can be generated directly through the stable kernel representation of the process. Based on this, each sensor node can obtain the identical residual signal and test statistic through the average consensus algorithms. In addition, this paper integrates the Hellinger distance into the residual signal analysis for improving the FD performance. Finally, the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method have been verified in a real multiphase flow facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Changchun Changguang Yuanchen Microelectronic Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, China
| | - Pu Xie
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
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12
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Briciu-Burghina C, Power S, Delgado A, Regan F. Sensors for Coastal and Ocean Monitoring. Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 2023; 16:451-469. [PMID: 37314875 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091922-085746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In situ water monitoring sensors are critical to gain an understanding of ocean biochemistry and ecosystem health. They enable the collection of high-frequency data and capture ecosystem spatial and temporal changes, which in turn facilitate long-term global predictions. They are used as decision support tools in emergency situations and for risk mitigation, pollution source tracking, and regulatory monitoring. Advanced sensing platforms exist to support various monitoring needs together with state-of-the-art power and communication capabilities. To be fit-for-purpose, sensors must withstand the challenging marine environment and provide data at an acceptable cost. Significant technological advancements have catalyzed the development of new and improved sensors for coastal and oceanographic applications. Sensors are becoming smaller, smarter, more cost-effective, and increasingly specialized and diversified. This article, therefore, provides a review of the state-of-the art oceanographic and coastal sensors. Progress in sensor development is discussed in terms of performance and the key strategies used for achieving robustness, marine rating, cost reduction, and antifouling protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Power
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Adrian Delgado
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Fiona Regan
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland;
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13
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Pallares-Calvo AE, Carvajal-Gámez BE, Gutiérrez-Frías O, Mujica-Vargas D. Analysis of Data Reception in the Communication Layer Applied to an Architecture of Mobile Sensor Networks in Marine Environments. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5480. [PMID: 37420648 DOI: 10.3390/s23125480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper is focused on the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology operating at 125 kHz in a communication layer for a network of mobile and static nodes in marine environments, with a specific focus on the Underwater Internet of Things (UIoT). The analysis is divided into two main sections: characterizing the penetration depth at different frequencies and evaluating the probabilities of data reception between antennas of static nodes and a terrestrial antenna considering the line of sight (LoS) between antennas. The results indicate that the use of RFID technology at 125 kHz allows for data reception with a penetration depth of 0.6116 dB/m, demonstrating its suitability for data communication in marine environments. In the second part of the analysis, we examine the probabilities of data reception between static-node antennas at different heights and a terrestrial antenna at a specific height. Wave samples recorded in Playa Sisal, Yucatan, Mexico, are used for this analysis. The findings show a maximum reception probability of 94.5% between static nodes with an antenna at a height of 0 m and a 100% data reception probability between a static node and the terrestrial antenna when the static-node antennas are optimally positioned at a height of 1 m above sea level. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into the application of RFID technology in marine environments for the UIoT, considering the minimization of impacts on marine fauna. The results suggest that by adjusting the characteristics of the RFID system, the proposed architecture can be effectively implemented to expand the monitoring area, considering variables both underwater and on the surface of the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Elizabeth Pallares-Calvo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
| | - Blanca Esther Carvajal-Gámez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
| | - Octavio Gutiérrez-Frías
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas, Mexico City 07340, Mexico
| | - Dante Mujica-Vargas
- TecNM-CENIDET, Interior Internado Palmira S/N, Col. Palmira, Cuernavaca 62490, Mexico
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14
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Tošić A, Vičič J, Burnard M, Mrissa M. A Blockchain Protocol for Real-Time Application Migration on the Edge. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23094448. [PMID: 37177653 PMCID: PMC10181778 DOI: 10.3390/s23094448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is experiencing widespread adoption across industry sectors ranging from supply chain management to smart cities, buildings, and health monitoring. However, most software architectures for the IoT deployment rely on centralized cloud computing infrastructures to provide storage and computing power, as cloud providers have high economic incentives to organize their infrastructure into clusters. Despite these incentives, there has been a recent shift from centralized to decentralized architectures that harness the potential of edge devices, reduce network latency, and lower infrastructure costs to support IoT applications. This shift has resulted in new edge computing architectures, but many still rely on centralized solutions for managing applications. A truly decentralized approach would offer interesting properties required for IoT use cases. In this paper, we introduce a decentralized architecture tailored for large-scale deployments of peer-to-peer IoT sensor networks and capable of run-time application migration. We propose a leader election consensus protocol for permissioned distributed networks that only requires one series of messages in order to commit to a change. The solution combines a blockchain consensus protocol using Verifiable Delay Functions (VDF) to achieve decentralized randomness, fault tolerance, transparency, and no single point of failure. We validate our solution by testing and analyzing the performance of our reference implementation. Our results show that nodes are able to reach consensus consistently, and the VDF proofs can be used as an entropy pool for decentralized randomness. We show that our system can perform autonomous real-time application migrations. Finally, we conclude that the implementation is scalable by testing it on 100 consensus nodes running 200 applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Tošić
- InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6a, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Vičič
- InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6a, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Michael Burnard
- InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6a, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
- Institute Andrej Marušič, University of Primorska, Muzejski Trg 2, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Michael Mrissa
- InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6a, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
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15
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Belay MA, Blakseth SS, Rasheed A, Salvo Rossi P. Unsupervised Anomaly Detection for IoT-Based Multivariate Time Series: Existing Solutions, Performance Analysis and Future Directions. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2844. [PMID: 36905048 PMCID: PMC10007300 DOI: 10.3390/s23052844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent wave of digitalization is characterized by the widespread deployment of sensors in many different environments, e.g., multi-sensor systems represent a critical enabling technology towards full autonomy in industrial scenarios. Sensors usually produce vast amounts of unlabeled data in the form of multivariate time series that may capture normal conditions or anomalies. Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection (MTSAD), i.e., the ability to identify normal or irregular operative conditions of a system through the analysis of data from multiple sensors, is crucial in many fields. However, MTSAD is challenging due to the need for simultaneous analysis of temporal (intra-sensor) patterns and spatial (inter-sensor) dependencies. Unfortunately, labeling massive amounts of data is practically impossible in many real-world situations of interest (e.g., the reference ground truth may not be available or the amount of data may exceed labeling capabilities); therefore, robust unsupervised MTSAD is desirable. Recently, advanced techniques in machine learning and signal processing, including deep learning methods, have been developed for unsupervised MTSAD. In this article, we provide an extensive review of the current state of the art with a theoretical background about multivariate time-series anomaly detection. A detailed numerical evaluation of 13 promising algorithms on two publicly available multivariate time-series datasets is presented, with advantages and shortcomings highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ayalew Belay
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sindre Stenen Blakseth
- Department of Gas Technology, SINTEF Energy Research, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Adil Rasheed
- Department of Engineering Cybernetics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pierluigi Salvo Rossi
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gas Technology, SINTEF Energy Research, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Chen H, Wang J. Active Learning for Efficient Soil Monitoring in Large Terrain with Heterogeneous Sensor Network. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2365. [PMID: 36904569 PMCID: PMC10007343 DOI: 10.3390/s23052365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soils are a complex ecosystem that provides critical services, such as growing food, supplying antibiotics, filtering wastes, and maintaining biodiversity; hence monitoring soil health and domestication is required for sustainable human development. Low-cost and high-resolution soil monitoring systems are challenging to design and build. Compounded by the sheer size of the monitoring area of interest and the variety of biological, chemical, and physical parameters to monitor, naive approaches to adding or scheduling more sensors will suffer from cost and scalability problems. We investigate a multi-robot sensing system integrated with an active learning-based predictive modeling technique. Taking advantage of advances in machine learning, the predictive model allows us to interpolate and predict soil attributes of interest from the data collected by sensors and soil surveys. The system provides high-resolution prediction when the modeling output is calibrated with static land-based sensors. The active learning modeling technique allows our system to be adaptive in data collection strategy for time-varying data fields, utilizing aerial and land robots for new sensor data. We evaluated our approach using numerical experiments with a soil dataset focusing on heavy metal concentration in a flooded area. The experimental results demonstrate that our algorithms can reduce sensor deployment costs via optimized sensing locations and paths while providing high-fidelity data prediction and interpolation. More importantly, the results verify the adapting behavior of the system to the spatial and temporal variations of soil conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Computer & Information Science, CUNY Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Department of Computer Science, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ju Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806, USA
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17
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Farooq MS, Riaz S, Tehseen R, Farooq U, Saleem K. Role of Internet of things in diabetes healthcare: Network infrastructure, taxonomy, challenges, and security model. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231179056. [PMID: 37312944 PMCID: PMC10259116 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231179056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Internet of things (IoT) is an emerging technology that enables ubiquitous devices to connect with the Internet. IoT technology has revolutionized the medical and healthcare industry by interconnecting smart devices and sensors. IoT-based devices and biosensors are ideal to detect diabetes disease by collecting the accurate value of glucose continuously. Diabetes is one of the well-known and major chronic diseases that has a worldwide social impact on community life. Blood glucose monitoring is a challenging task, and there is a need to propose a proper architecture of the noninvasive glucose sensing and monitoring mechanism, which could make diabetic people aware of self-management techniques. This survey presents a rigorous discussion of diabetes types and presents detection techniques based on IoT technology. In this research, an IoT-based healthcare network infrastructure has been proposed for monitoring diabetes disease based on big data analytics, cloud computing, and machine learning. The proposed infrastructure could handle the symptoms of diabetes, collect data, analyze it, and then transmit the results to the server for the next action. Besides, presented an inclusive survey on IoT-based diabetes monitoring applications, services, and proposed solutions. Furthermore, based on IoT technology the diabetes disease management taxonomy has also been presented. Finally, presented the attacks taxonomy as well as discussed challenges, and proposed a lightweight security model in order to secure the patient's health data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shoaib Farooq
- Department of Computer Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shamyla Riaz
- Department of Computer Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Tehseen
- Department of computer science, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Farooq
- Department of Computer Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Saleem
- Department of Computer Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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18
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Fort A, Landi E, Mugnaini M, Parri L, Vignoli V. Performance Evaluation of an IoT Sensor Node for Health Monitoring of Artwork and Ancient Wooden Structures. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9794. [PMID: 36560163 PMCID: PMC9781305 DOI: 10.3390/s22249794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an IoT sensor node, based on smart Bluetooth low energy (BLE), for the health monitoring of artworks and large wooden structures is presented. The measurements from sensors on board the node are collected in real-time and sent to a remote gateway. The sensor node allows for the monitoring of environmental parameters, in particular, temperature and humidity, with accurate and robust integrated sensors. The developed node also embeds an accelerometer, which also allows other mechanical quantities (such as tilt) to be derived. This feature can be exploited to perform structural monitoring, exploiting the processing of data history to detect permanent displacements or deformations. The node is triggered by acceleration transients; therefore, it can also generate alarms related to shocks. This feature is crucial, for instance, in the case of transportation. The developed device is low-cost and has very good performance in terms of power consumption and compactness. A reliability assessment showed excellent durability, and experimental tests proved very satisfactory robustness against working condition variations. The presented results confirm that the developed device allows for the realization of pervasive monitoring systems, in the context of the IoT paradigm, with sensor nodes devoted to the monitoring of each artwork present in a museum or in a church.
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19
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El-Fouly FH, Altamimi AB, Ramadan RA. Energy and Environment-Aware Path Planning in Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Sink. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9789. [PMID: 36560153 PMCID: PMC10004472 DOI: 10.3390/s22249789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With the advances in sensing technologies, sensor networks became the core of several different networks, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and drone networks. This led to the use of sensor networks in many critical applications including military, health care, and commercial applications. In addition, sensors might be mobile or stationary. Stationary sensors, once deployed, will not move; however, mobile nodes can move from one place to another. In most current applications, mobile sensors are used to collect data from stationary sensors. This raises many energy consumption challenges, including sensor networks' energy consumption, urgent messages transfer for real-time analysis, and path planning. Moreover, sensors in sensor networks are usually exposed to environmental parameters and left unattended. These issues, up to our knowledge, are not deeply covered in the current research. This paper develops a complete framework to solve these challenges. It introduces novel path planning techniques considering areas' priority, environmental parameters, and urgent messages. Consequently, a novel energy-efficient and reliable clustering algorithm is proposed considering the residual energy of the sensor nodes, the quality of wireless links, and the distance parameter representing the average intra-cluster distance. Moreover, it proposes a real-time, energy-efficient, reliable and environment-aware routing, taking into account the environmental data, link quality, delay, hop count, nodes' residual energy, and load balancing. Furthermore, for the benefit of the sensor networks research community, all proposed algorithms are formed in integer linear programming (ILP) for optimal solutions. All proposed techniques are evaluated and compared to six recent algorithms. The results showed that the proposed framework outperforms the recent algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma H. El-Fouly
- Department of Communication and Computer Engineering, Higher Institute of Engineering, El-Shorouk Academy, El-Shorouk City 11837, Egypt
| | - Ahmed B. Altamimi
- Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 8650, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabie A. Ramadan
- Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 8650, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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20
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Levchenko P, Bankov D, Khorov E, Lyakhov A. Performance Comparison of NB-Fi, Sigfox, and LoRaWAN. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9633. [PMID: 36560005 PMCID: PMC9782702 DOI: 10.3390/s22249633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
LPWANs are a promising solution for wireless sensor networks. To compete with such widespread technologies as LoRaWAN and Sigfox, recently a new LPWAN technology called NB-Fi has been developed. In a short time, many NB-Fi networks have been deployed in various countries. Although NB-Fi, Sigfox, and LoRaWAN have been designed for similar applications, they implement different approaches. However, no detailed comparisons of them are present in academic literature. This paper aims to fill this gap by analyzing and comparing NB-Fi, Sigfox, and LoRaWAN focusing on performance evaluation results rather than just nominal parameters declared by the developers. Specifically, the paper evaluates the packet loss rate, packet error rate, and average delay in these networks in different scenarios. The results are used to provide guidelines to decide which technology to use under which conditions. Specifically, Sigfox performs best in scenarios when devices transmit small pieces of data without repetitions and acknowledgments, and LoRaWAN is the most reliable for transmitting bigger pieces of data, while NB-Fi is best suited for acknowledged transmissions of small pieces of data.
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21
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Primbs J, Ilg W, Thierfelder A, Severitt B, Hohnecker CS, Alt AK, Pascher A, Wörz U, Lautenbacher H, Hollmann K, Barth GM, Renner T, Menth M. The SSTeP-KiZ System-Secure Real-Time Communication Based on Open Web Standards for Multimodal Sensor-Assisted Tele-Psychotherapy. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9589. [PMID: 36559967 PMCID: PMC9787895 DOI: 10.3390/s22249589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we describe the soft- and hardware architecture as well as the implementation of a modern Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) system for sensor-assisted telepsychotherapy. It enables telepsychotherapy sessions in which the patient exercises therapy-relevant behaviors in their home environment under the remote supervision of the therapist. Wearable sensor information (electrocardiogram (ECG), movement sensors, and eye tracking) is streamed in real time to the therapist to deliver objective information about specific behavior-triggering situations and the stress level of the patients. We describe the IT infrastructure of the system which uses open standards such as WebRTC and OpenID Connect (OIDC). We also describe the system's security concept, its container-based deployment, and demonstrate performance analyses. The system is used in the ongoing study SSTeP-KiZ (smart sensor technology in telepsychotherapy for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder) and shows sufficient technical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Primbs
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Winfried Ilg
- Section for Computational Sensomotorics, Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annika Thierfelder
- Section for Computational Sensomotorics, Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Björn Severitt
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Sarah Hohnecker
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annika Kristin Alt
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Pascher
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Wörz
- Business Unit IT, University Medical Center of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Hollmann
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gottfried Maria Barth
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Renner
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Menth
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Herman K, Montanares M, Bravo L, Plenzler J. Sensor Actuator Network for In Situ Studies of Antarctic Plants Physiology. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:8944. [PMID: 36433538 PMCID: PMC9695489 DOI: 10.3390/s22228944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This article documents a custom sensor-actuator network designed and implemented as a part of experimental setup, where a long-term phenological response of antarctic plants is studied. The first part of our work presents the context of the study, reports experimental methods used in antarctic plant field studies, and characterizes the environmental conditions and logistics facilities available on the measurement spot. After contextualization of the research, we present, in detail, both the network itself and some results obtained during the Antarctic summer seasons between 2019 and 2022 on the King George Island, South Shetlands. The results collected with our network and correlated with selected data registered with a reference automatic meteorological station reveal the thermal plants response. The groups of plants individuals, which were actively warmed using thermal actuators, show the nighttime temperature difference, in reference to the air temperature, of 5 ∘C, which complements the daytime difference caused by the passive method of open top chamber (OTC) used in previous studies carried out in the same localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Herman
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of the Bío-Bío, Concepción 4051381, Chile
| | - Mauricio Montanares
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Leon Bravo
- Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, University of the Frontier, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Joanna Plenzler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Branch P. Measurements and Models of 915 MHz LoRa Radio Propagation in an Underground Gold Mine. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:8653. [PMID: 36433253 PMCID: PMC9699343 DOI: 10.3390/s22228653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Underground mining increasingly relies on wireless communications for its operations. The move to automating many underground mining processes makes an understanding of the propagation characteristics of key wireless technologies underground a topic of considerable importance. LoRa has great potential for communications in underground mines, but data on its propagation are quite scarce. In this paper, we describe our measurements of LoRa radio propagation in an underground gold mine. We took measurements in an extraction tunnel with line of sight and in extraction and access tunnels without line of sight. We observed excellent propagation, both with and without line of sight. Our observations support claims by others that the steel-lined tunnels act as a waveguide. As well as reporting measurements, we also developed models of propagation. For line of sight, we show that pathloss is well modelled by a power law with pathloss index of 1.25 and that variability of signal strength is well modelled by a lognormal distribution. We also successfully modelled propagation without line of sight over short distances using a Fresnel Diffraction and Free Space model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Branch
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia
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24
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Fernandez S, Ito T, Cruz-Piris L, Marsa-Maestre I. Fuzzy Ontology-Based System for Driver Behavior Classification. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7954. [PMID: 36298305 PMCID: PMC9611216 DOI: 10.3390/s22207954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent transportation systems encompass a series of technologies and applications that exchange information to improve road traffic and avoid accidents. According to statistics, some studies argue that human mistakes cause most road accidents worldwide. For this reason, it is essential to model driver behavior to improve road safety. This paper presents a Fuzzy Rule-Based System for driver classification into different profiles considering their behavior. The system's knowledge base includes an ontology and a set of driving rules. The ontology models the main entities related to driver behavior and their relationships with the traffic environment. The driving rules help the inference system to make decisions in different situations according to traffic regulations. The classification system has been integrated on an intelligent transportation architecture. Considering the user's driving style, the driving assistance system sends them recommendations, such as adjusting speed or choosing alternative routes, allowing them to prevent or mitigate negative transportation events, such as road crashes or traffic jams. We carry out a set of experiments in order to test the expressiveness of the ontology along with the effectiveness of the overall classification system in different simulated traffic situations. The results of the experiments show that the ontology is expressive enough to model the knowledge of the proposed traffic scenarios, with an F1 score of 0.9. In addition, the system allows proper classification of the drivers' behavior, with an F1 score of 0.84, outperforming Random Forest and Naive Bayes classifiers. In the simulation experiments, we observe that most of the drivers who are recommended an alternative route experience an average time gain of 66.4%, showing the utility of the proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susel Fernandez
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Automática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Campus Universitario, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Takayuki Ito
- Department of Social Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto-shi 606-8501, Japan
| | - Luis Cruz-Piris
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Automática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Campus Universitario, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Marsa-Maestre
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Automática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Campus Universitario, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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Barrile V, Simonetti S, Citroni R, Fotia A, Bilotta G. Experimenting Agriculture 4.0 with Sensors: A Data Fusion Approach between Remote Sensing, UAVs and Self-Driving Tractors. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7910. [PMID: 36298261 PMCID: PMC9611850 DOI: 10.3390/s22207910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Geomatics is important for agriculture 4.0; in fact, it uses different types of data (remote sensing from satellites, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-UAVs, GNSS, photogrammetry, laser scanners and other types of data) and therefore it uses data fusion techniques depending on the different applications to be carried out. This work aims to present on a study area concerning the integration of data acquired (using data fusion techniques) from remote sensing techniques, UAVs, autonomous driving machines and data fusion, all reprocessed and visualised in terms of results obtained through GIS (Geographic Information System). In this work we emphasize the importance of the integration of different methodologies and data fusion techniques, managing data of a different nature acquired with different methodologies to optimise vineyard cultivation and production. In particular, in this note we applied (focusing on a vineyard) geomatics-type methodologies developed in other works and integrated here to be used and optimised in order to make a contribution to agriculture 4.0. More specifically, we used the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) applied to multispectral satellite images and drone images (suitably combined) to identify the vigour of the plants. We then used an autonomous guided vehicle (equipped with sensors and monitoring systems) which, by estimating the optimal path, allows us to optimise fertilisation, irrigation, etc., by data fusion techniques using various types of sensors. Everything is visualised on a GIS to improve the management of the field according to its potential, also using historical data on the environmental, climatic and socioeconomic characteristics of the area. For this purpose, experiments of different types of Geomatics carried out individually on other application cases have been integrated into this work and are coordinated and integrated here in order to provide research/application cues for Agriculture 4.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Barrile
- DICEAM Department, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Silvia Simonetti
- Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Messina-Piazza Pugliatti, 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Rocco Citroni
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonino Fotia
- DICEAM Department, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Giuliana Bilotta
- DICEAM Department, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
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26
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De Leonardis F, Soref R. High-Performance Pockels Effect Modulation and Switching in Silicon-Based GaP/Si, AlP/Si, ZnS/Si, AlN/3C-SiC, GaAs/Ge, ZnSe/GaAs, and ZnSe/Ge Superlattice-On-Insulator Integrated Circuits. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7866. [PMID: 36298217 PMCID: PMC9607796 DOI: 10.3390/s22207866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose new a Si-based waveguided Superlattice-on-Insulator (SLOI) platforms for high-performance electro-optical (EO) 2 × 2 and N × M switching and 1 × 1 modulation, including broad spectrum and resonant. We present a theoretical investigation based on the tight-binding Hamiltonian of the Pockels EO effect in the lattice-matched undoped (GaP)N/(Si2)M, (AlP)N/(Si2)M, (ZnS)N/(Si2)M, (AlN)N/(3C-SiC)M, (GaAs)N/(Ge2)M, (ZnSe)N/(GaAs)M, and (ZnSe)N/(Ge2)M wafer-scale short-period superlattices that are etched into waveguided networks of small-footprint Mach-Zehnder interferometers and micro-ring resonators to yield opto-electronic chips. The spectra of the Pockels r33 coefficient have been simulated as a function of the number of the atomic monolayers for "non-relaxed" heterointerfaces. The large obtained r33 values enable the SLOI circuit platforms to offer a very favorable combination of monolithic construction, cost-effective manufacturability, high modulation/switching speed, high information bandwidth, tiny footprint, low energy per bit, low switching voltage, near-IR-and-telecom wavelength coverage, and push-pull operation. By optimizing waveguide, clad, and electrode dimensions, we obtained very desirable values of the VπL performance metric, in the range of 0.062 to 0.275 V·cm, portending a bright future for a variety of applications, such as sensor networks or Internet of Things (IoT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Leonardis
- Photonics Research Group, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Richard Soref
- Department of Engineering, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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Pendão C, Silva I. Optical Fiber Sensors and Sensing Networks: Overview of the Main Principles and Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22197554. [PMID: 36236653 PMCID: PMC9570792 DOI: 10.3390/s22197554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Optical fiber sensors present several advantages in relation to other types of sensors. These advantages are essentially related to the optical fiber properties, i.e., small, lightweight, resistant to high temperatures and pressure, electromagnetically passive, among others. Sensing is achieved by exploring the properties of light to obtain measurements of parameters, such as temperature, strain, or angular velocity. In addition, optical fiber sensors can be used to form an Optical Fiber Sensing Network (OFSN) allowing manufacturers to create versatile monitoring solutions with several applications, e.g., periodic monitoring along extensive distances (kilometers), in extreme or hazardous environments, inside structures and engines, in clothes, and for health monitoring and assistance. Most of the literature available on this subject focuses on a specific field of optical sensing applications and details their principles of operation. This paper presents a more broad overview, providing the reader with a literature review that describes the main principles of optical sensing and highlights the versatility, advantages, and different real-world applications of optical sensing. Moreover, it includes an overview and discussion of a less common architecture, where optical sensing and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are integrated to harness the benefits of both worlds.
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28
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Sepulveda F, Thangraj JS, Pulliam J. The Edge of Exploration: An Edge Storage and Computing Framework for Ambient Noise Seismic Interferometry Using Internet of Things Based Sensor Networks. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:3615. [PMID: 35632024 DOI: 10.3390/s22103615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advances have reduced the complexity and cost of developing sensor networks for remote environmental monitoring. However, the challenges of acquiring, transmitting, storing, and processing remote environmental data remain significant. The transmission of large volumes of sensor data to a centralized location (i.e., the cloud) burdens network resources, introduces latency and jitter, and can ultimately impact user experience. Edge computing has emerged as a paradigm in which substantial storage and computing resources are located at the “edge” of the network. In this paper, we present an edge storage and computing framework leveraging commercially available components organized in a tiered architecture and arranged in a hub-and-spoke topology. The framework includes a popular distributed database to support the acquisition, transmission, storage, and processing of Internet-of-Things-based sensor network data in a field setting. We present details regarding the architecture, distributed database, embedded systems, and topology used to implement an edge-based solution. Lastly, a real-world case study (i.e., seismic) is presented that leverages the edge storage and computing framework to acquire, transmit, store, and process millions of samples of data per hour.
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29
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Khan F, Ahmad S, Gürüler H, Cetin G, Whangbo T, Kim CG. An Efficient and Reliable Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21248355. [PMID: 34960449 PMCID: PMC8705826 DOI: 10.3390/s21248355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In wireless sensor networks (WSN), flooding increases the reliability in terms of successful transmission of a packet with higher overhead. The flooding consumes the resources of the network quickly, especially in sensor networks, mobile ad-hoc networks, and vehicular ad-hoc networks in terms of the lifetime of the node, lifetime of the network, and battery lifetime, etc. This paper aims to develop an efficient and reliable protocol by using multicasting and unicasting to overcome the issue of higher overhead due to flooding. Unicasting is used when the desired destination is at a minimum distance to avoid an extra overhead and increases the efficiency of the network in terms of overhead and energy because unicasting is favorable where the distance is minimum. Similarly, multicasting is used when the desired destination is at maximum distance and increases the network’s reliability in terms of throughput. The results are implemented in the Department of Computer Science, Bacha Khan University Charsadda (BKUC), Pakistan, as well as in the Network Simulator-2 (NS-2). The results are compared with benchmark schemes such as PUMA and ERASCA, and based on the results, the performance of the proposed approach is improved in terms of overhead, throughput, and packet delivery fraction by avoiding flooding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Khan
- Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (F.K.); (S.A.); (T.W.)
| | - Shabir Ahmad
- Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (F.K.); (S.A.); (T.W.)
| | - Hüseyin Gürüler
- Department of Information System Engineering, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey; (H.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Gurcan Cetin
- Department of Information System Engineering, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey; (H.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Taegkeun Whangbo
- Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (F.K.); (S.A.); (T.W.)
| | - Cheong-Ghil Kim
- Department of Computer Science, Namseoul University, Cheonan 31020, Korea
- Correspondence:
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30
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Alfaro C, Gomez J, Moguerza JM, Castillo J, Martinez JI. Toward Accelerated Training of Parallel Support Vector Machines Based on Voronoi Diagrams. Entropy (Basel) 2021; 23:e23121605. [PMID: 34945911 PMCID: PMC8700103 DOI: 10.3390/e23121605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Typical applications of wireless sensor networks (WSN), such as in Industry 4.0 and smart cities, involves acquiring and processing large amounts of data in federated systems. Important challenges arise for machine learning algorithms in this scenario, such as reducing energy consumption and minimizing data exchange between devices in different zones. This paper introduces a novel method for accelerated training of parallel Support Vector Machines (pSVMs), based on ensembles, tailored to these kinds of problems. To achieve this, the training set is split into several Voronoi regions. These regions are small enough to permit faster parallel training of SVMs, reducing computational payload. Results from experiments comparing the proposed method with a single SVM and a standard ensemble of SVMs demonstrate that this approach can provide comparable performance while limiting the number of regions required to solve classification tasks. These advantages facilitate the development of energy-efficient policies in WSN.
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31
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Patton AN, Medvedovsky K, Zuidema C, Peters TM, Koehler K. Probabilistic Machine Learning with Low-Cost Sensor Networks for Occupational Exposure Assessment and Industrial Hygiene Decision Making. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 66:580-590. [PMID: 34849566 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure assessments are dominated by small sample sizes and low spatial and temporal resolution with a focus on conducting Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulatory compliance sampling. However, this style of exposure assessment is likely to underestimate true exposures and their variability in sampled areas, and entirely fail to characterize exposures in unsampled areas. The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) has developed a more realistic system of exposure ratings based on estimating the 95th percentiles of the exposures that can be used to better represent exposure uncertainty and exposure variability for decision-making; however, the ratings can still fail to capture realistic exposure with small sample sizes. Therefore, low-cost sensor networks consisting of numerous lower-quality sensors have been used to measure occupational exposures at a high spatiotemporal scale. However, the sensors must be calibrated in the laboratory or field to a reference standard. Using data from carbon monoxide (CO) sensors deployed in a heavy equipment manufacturing facility for eight months from August 2017 to March 2018, we demonstrate that machine learning with probabilistic gradient boosted decision trees (GBDT) can model raw sensor readings to reference data highly accurately, entirely removing the need for laboratory calibration. Further, we indicate how the machine learning models can produce probabilistic hazard maps of the manufacturing floor, creating a visual tool for assessing facility-wide exposures. Additionally, the ability to have a fully modeled prediction distribution for each measurement enables the use of the AIHA exposure ratings, which provide an enhanced industrial decision-making framework as opposed to simply determining if a small number of measurements were above or below a pertinent occupational exposure limit. Lastly, we show how a probabilistic modeling exposure assessment with high spatiotemporal resolution data can prevent exposure misclassifications associated with traditional models that rely exclusively on mean or point predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Patton
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Christopher Zuidema
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington Hans Rosling Center for Population Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas M Peters
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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32
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Dębski R, Dreżewski R. Adaptive Segmentation of Streaming Sensor Data on Edge Devices. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21206884. [PMID: 34696096 PMCID: PMC8538390 DOI: 10.3390/s21206884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sensor data streams often represent signals/trajectories which are twice differentiable (e.g., to give a continuous velocity and acceleration), and this property must be reflected in their segmentation. An adaptive streaming algorithm for this problem is presented. It is based on the greedy look-ahead strategy and is built on the concept of a cubic splinelet. A characteristic feature of the proposed algorithm is the real-time simultaneous segmentation, smoothing, and compression of data streams. The segmentation quality is measured in terms of the signal approximation accuracy and the corresponding compression ratio. The numerical results show the relatively high compression ratios (from 135 to 208, i.e., compressed stream sizes up to 208 times smaller) combined with the approximation errors comparable to those obtained from the state-of-the-art global reference algorithm. The proposed algorithm can be applied to various domains, including online compression and/or smoothing of data streams coming from sensors, real-time IoT analytics, and embedded time-series databases.
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33
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Ntankouo Njila RC, Mostafavi MA, Brodeur J. A Decentralized Fuzzy Rule-Based Approach for Computing Topological Relations between Spatial Dynamic Continuous Phenomena with Vague Boundaries Using Sensor Data. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21206840. [PMID: 34696051 PMCID: PMC8540432 DOI: 10.3390/s21206840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sensor networks (SN) are increasingly used for the observation and monitoring of spatiotemporal phenomena and their dynamics such as pollution, noise and forest fires. In multisensory systems, a sensor node may be equipped with different sensing units to observe and detect several spatiotemporal phenomena at the same time. Simultaneous detection of different phenomena can be used to infer their spatial interactions over space and time. For this purpose, decentralized spatial computing approaches have shown their potential for effective reasoning on spatial phenomena within a sensor network. However, in most cases, spatial extents of continuous dynamic phenomena are uncertain, and their relations and interactions cannot be inferred by the existing approaches at the sensor node level. To address this limitation, in this paper, we propose and develop a decentralized fuzzy rule-based spatial reasoning approach to depict the spatial relations that hold between two evolving spatial phenomena with fuzzy boundaries. The proposed method benefits from a more adapted fuzzy-crisp representation of dynamic phenomena observed by SN where each vague phenomenon is composed of five distinguished zones including the kernel, conjecture and exterior zone and their boundaries. For each detected phenomenon, a sensor node will report one of these zones based on its location. Aggregation of the information reported from the sensor nodes allows reasoning on spatial relations between the observed phenomena and their evolution. Such spatial information provides users with more valuable near real-time information on the state of different phenomena that can be used for informed decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Cesarié Ntankouo Njila
- Centre for Research in Geospatial Data and Intelligence, Department of Geomatics Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: (R.C.N.N.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Mir Abolfazl Mostafavi
- Centre for Research in Geospatial Data and Intelligence, Department of Geomatics Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: (R.C.N.N.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Jean Brodeur
- GéoSémantic Research, Sherbrooke, QC J1L 1W8, Canada;
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34
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Zhao Y, Tian B, Niu Y, Zhang H, Yi Z, Zeng R. A Security Management and Control Solution of Smart Park Based on Sensor Networks. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:6815. [PMID: 34696029 DOI: 10.3390/s21206815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As a typical application of sensor networks, there exist many information security problems in smart parks, such as confusion of personnel access, lack of security management, disorderly data flow, insufficient collection of audit evidence, and so on. Aiming at the scenario of personnel and equipment moving in different areas of smart parks, the paper proposes a joint authorization and dynamic access control mechanism, which can provide unified identity management services, access control services, and policy management services, and effectively solve the problem of multi-authorization in user identity and authority management. The license negotiation interaction protocol is designed to prevent common network attack threats in the process of identity authentication and authority management. In order to realize the tamper-proof storage of personnel and equipment movement trajectory, the paper also designs a movement trajectory traceability protocol based on a Merkle tree, which solves the problems of internal personnel malicious attack, trusted third-party dependency bottleneck, high overheads of tracking algorithms, and so on. The experimental results show that compared with the current security control mechanisms for sensor networks, the joint authorization, and dynamic access control mechanism can support multi-party authorization and traceability, while the overhead it generates in initialization, encryption, decryption, and key generation steps are basically the same as other mechanisms do.
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35
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Abstract
Smart homes equipped with anonymous binary sensors offer a low-cost, unobtrusive solution that powers activity-aware applications, such as building automation, health monitoring, behavioral intervention, and home security. However, when multiple residents are living in a smart home, associating sensor events with the corresponding residents can pose a major challenge. Previous approaches to multi-resident tracking in smart homes rely on extra information, such as sensor layouts, floor plans, and annotated data, which may not be available or inconvenient to obtain in practice. To address those challenges in real-life deployment, we introduce the sMRT algorithm that simultaneously tracks the location of each resident and estimates the number of residents in the smart home, without relying on ground-truth annotated sensor data or other additional information. We evaluate the performance of our approach using two smart home datasets recorded in real-life settings and compare sMRT with two other methods that rely on sensor layout and ground truth-labeled sensor data.
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36
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Placidi P, Morbidelli R, Fortunati D, Papini N, Gobbi F, Scorzoni A. Monitoring Soil and Ambient Parameters in the IoT Precision Agriculture Scenario: An Original Modeling Approach Dedicated to Low-Cost Soil Water Content Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:5110. [PMID: 34372355 DOI: 10.3390/s21155110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A low power wireless sensor network based on LoRaWAN protocol was designed with a focus on the IoT low-cost Precision Agriculture applications, such as greenhouse sensing and actuation. All subsystems used in this research are designed by using commercial components and free or open-source software libraries. The whole system was implemented to demonstrate the feasibility of a modular system built with cheap off-the-shelf components, including sensors. The experimental outputs were collected and stored in a database managed by a virtual machine running in a cloud service. The collected data can be visualized in real time by the user with a graphical interface. The reliability of the whole system was proven during a continued experiment with two natural soils, Loamy Sand and Silty Loam. Regarding soil parameters, the system performance has been compared with that of a reference sensor from Sentek. Measurements highlighted a good agreement for the temperature within the supposed accuracy of the adopted sensors and a non-constant sensitivity for the low-cost volumetric water contents (VWC) sensor. Finally, for the low-cost VWC sensor we implemented a novel procedure to optimize the parameters of the non-linear fitting equation correlating its analog voltage output with the reference VWC.
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37
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Jiang C, Li X, Lian SWM, Ying Y, Ho JS, Ping J. Wireless Technologies for Energy Harvesting and Transmission for Ambient Self-Powered Systems. ACS Nano 2021; 15:9328-9354. [PMID: 34124880 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The era of the Internet of Things (IoT) requires sustainable and convenient methods to power widely distributed sensing devices. Self-powered systems have emerged as a potential solution that utilizes ambient energy from environmental sources such as electromagnetic fields, mechanical motion, solar power, and temperature gradients. Recently, the integration of wireless technologies with self-powered systems has attracted significant attention as a way to address challenges in energy harvesting and transport without the cost and inherent physical constraints of wires. This review summarizes recent progress in the application of wireless technology in self-powered systems for applications in harvesting ambient electromagnetic energy and in transferring power between devices. In addition, challenges and development trends in the future of wireless self-powered sensor networks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengmei Jiang
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xunjia Li
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Sophie Wan Mei Lian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Yibin Ying
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - John S Ho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
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38
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Althoubi A, Alshahrani R, Peyravi H. Delay Analysis in IoT Sensor Networks. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:3876. [PMID: 34199784 DOI: 10.3390/s21113876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) devices, particularly those used for sensor networks, are often latency-sensitive devices. The topology of the sensor network largely depends on the overall system application. Various configurations include linear, star, hierarchical and mesh in 2D or 3D deployments. Other applications include underwater communication with high attenuation of radio waves, disaster relief networks, rural networking, environmental monitoring networks, and vehicular networks. These networks all share the same characteristics, including link latency, latency variation (jitter), and tail latency. Achieving a predictable performance is critical for many interactive and latency-sensitive applications. In this paper, a two-stage tandem queuing model is developed to estimate the average end-to-end latency and predict the latency variation in closed forms. This model also provides a feedback mechanism to investigate other major performance metrics, such as utilization, and the optimal number of computing units needed in a single cluster. The model is applied for two classes of networks, namely, Edge Sensor Networks (ESNs) and Data Center Networks (DCNs). While the proposed model is theoretically derived from a queuing-based model, the simulation results of various network topologies and under different traffic conditions prove the accuracy of our model.
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39
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Qi Z, Li J, Xu W, Zhu W, Sun F, Huang Y, Xu G, Dai C. Optomechanical Design and Application of Solar-Skylight Spectroradiometer. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:3751. [PMID: 34071400 DOI: 10.3390/s21113751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using a solar radiometer is an effective approach for improving the remote sensing of solar irradiance distribution and atmospheric composition. Long-term development of a solar scanning radiometer enables frequent and reliable measurement of atmospheric parameters such as the water vapor column and aerosol optical properties. However, the discrete wavelength radiometer has encountered a bottleneck with respect to its insufficient spectral resolution and limited observation waveband, and it has been unable to satisfy the needs of refined and intelligent on-site experiments. This study proposes a solar-skylight spectroradiometer for obtaining visible and near-IR fine spectrum with two types of measurement: direct-sun irradiance and diffuse-sky radiance. The instrument adopts distributed control architecture composed of the ARM-Linux embedded platform and sensor networks. The detailed design of the measuring light-path, two-axis turntable, and master control system will be addressed in this study. To determine all coefficients needed to convert instrument outputs to physical quantities, integrating sphere and Langley extrapolation methods are introduced for diffuse-sky and direct-sun calibration, respectively. Finally, the agreement of experimental results between spectroradiometers and measuring benchmarks (DTF sun-photometer, microwave radiometer, and Combined Atmospheric Radiative Transfer simulation) verifies the feasibility of the spectroradiometer system, and the radiation information of feature wavelengths can be used to retrieve the characteristics of atmospheric optics.
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Prodanović R, Sarang S, Rančić D, Vulić I, Stojanović GM, Stankovski S, Ostojić G, Baranovski I, Maksović D. Trustworthy Wireless Sensor Networks for Monitoring Humidity and Moisture Environments. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21113636. [PMID: 34073687 PMCID: PMC8197129 DOI: 10.3390/s21113636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wireless sensors networks (WSNs) are characterized by flexibility and scalability in any environment. These networks are increasingly used in agricultural and industrial environments and have a dual role in data collection from sensors and transmission to a monitoring system, as well as enabling the management of the monitored environment. Environment management depends on trust in the data collected from the surrounding environment, including the time of data creation. This paper proposes a trust model for monitoring humidity and moisture in agricultural and industrial environments. The proposed model uses a digital signature and public key infrastructure (PKI) to establish trust in the data source, i.e., the trust in the sensor. Trust in data generation is essential for real-time environmental monitoring and subsequent analyzes, thus timestamp technology is implemented here to further ensure that gathered data are not created or changed after the assigned time. Model validation is performed using the Castalia network simulator by testing energy consumption at the receiver and sender nodes and the delay incurred by creating or validating a trust token. In addition, validation is also performed using the Ascertia TSA Crusher application for the time consumed to obtain a timestamp from the free TSA. The results show that by applying different digital signs and timestamps, the trust entity of the WSN improved significantly with an increase in power consumption of the sender node by up to 9.3% and receiver node by up to 126.3% for a higher number of nodes, along with a packet delay of up to 15.6% and an average total time consumed up to 1.186 s to obtain the timestamp from the best chosen TSA, which was as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Prodanović
- Centre for Applied Mathematics and Electronics, Serbian Armed Forces, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Sohail Sarang
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.S.); (G.M.S.); (S.S.); (G.O.)
| | - Dejan Rančić
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (D.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Ivan Vulić
- Military Academy, University of Defence, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Goran M. Stojanović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.S.); (G.M.S.); (S.S.); (G.O.)
| | - Stevan Stankovski
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.S.); (G.M.S.); (S.S.); (G.O.)
| | - Gordana Ostojić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.S.); (G.M.S.); (S.S.); (G.O.)
| | - Igor Baranovski
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.S.); (G.M.S.); (S.S.); (G.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dušan Maksović
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (D.R.); (D.M.)
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Aman W, Rahman MMU, Abbas HT, Khalid MA, Imran MA, Alomainy A, Abbasi QH. Securing the Insecure: A First-Line-of-Defense for Body-Centric Nanoscale Communication Systems Operating in THz Band. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21103534. [PMID: 34069503 PMCID: PMC8160706 DOI: 10.3390/s21103534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript presents a novel mechanism (at the physical layer) for authentication and transmitter identification in a body-centric nanoscale communication system operating in the terahertz (THz) band. The unique characteristics of the propagation medium in the THz band renders the existing techniques (say for impersonation detection in cellular networks) not applicable. In this work, we considered a body-centric network with multiple on-body nano-senor nodes (of which some nano-sensors have been compromised) who communicate their sensed data to a nearby gateway node. We proposed to protect the transmissions on the link between the legitimate nano-sensor nodes and the gateway by exploiting the path loss of the THz propagation medium as the fingerprint/feature of the sender node to carry out authentication at the gateway. Specifically, we proposed a two-step hypothesis testing mechanism at the gateway to counter the impersonation (false data injection) attacks by malicious nano-sensors. To this end, we computed the path loss of the THz link under consideration using the high-resolution transmission molecular absorption (HITRAN) database. Furthermore, to refine the outcome of the two-step hypothesis testing device, we modeled the impersonation attack detection problem as a hidden Markov model (HMM), which was then solved by the classical Viterbi algorithm. As a bye-product of the authentication problem, we performed transmitter identification (when the two-step hypothesis testing device decides no impersonation) using (i) the maximum likelihood (ML) method and (ii) the Gaussian mixture model (GMM), whose parameters are learned via the expectation–maximization algorithm. Our simulation results showed that the two error probabilities (missed detection and false alarm) were decreasing functions of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Specifically, at an SNR of 10 dB with a pre-specified false alarm rate of 0.2, the probability of correct detection was almost one. We further noticed that the HMM method outperformed the two-step hypothesis testing method at low SNRs (e.g., a 10% increase in accuracy was recorded at SNR = −5 dB), as expected. Finally, it was observed that the GMM method was useful when the ground truths (the true path loss values for all the legitimate THz links) were noisy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Aman
- Electrical Engineering Department, Information Technology University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (W.A.); (M.M.U.R.)
- Department of Electronics and Nano Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (H.T.A.); (M.A.I.)
| | - Muhammad Mahboob Ur Rahman
- Electrical Engineering Department, Information Technology University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (W.A.); (M.M.U.R.)
| | - Hasan T. Abbas
- Department of Electronics and Nano Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (H.T.A.); (M.A.I.)
| | - Muhammad Arslan Khalid
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Muhammad A. Imran
- Department of Electronics and Nano Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (H.T.A.); (M.A.I.)
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), Ajman University, Ajman 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - Akram Alomainy
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Qammer H. Abbasi
- Department of Electronics and Nano Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (H.T.A.); (M.A.I.)
- Correspondence:
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Friedrich C, Ihlenfeldt S. Model Calibration for a Rigid Hexapod-Based End-Effector with Integrated Force Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21103537. [PMID: 34069577 PMCID: PMC8161040 DOI: 10.3390/s21103537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Integrated single-axis force sensors allow an accurate and cost-efficient force measurement in 6 degrees of freedom for hexapod structures and kinematics. Depending on the sensor placement, the measurement is affected by internal forces that need to be compensated for by a measurement model. Since the parameters of the model can change during machine usage, a fast and easy calibration procedure is requested. This work studies parameter identification procedures for force measurement models on the example of a rigid hexapod-based end-effector. First, measurement and identification models are presented and parameter sensitivities are analysed. Next, two excitation strategies are applied and discussed: identification from quasi-static poses and identification from accelerated continuous trajectories. Both poses and trajectories are optimized by different criteria and evaluated in comparison. Finally, the procedures are validated by experimental studies with reference payloads. In conclusion, both strategies allow accurate parameter identification within a fast procedure in an operational machine state.
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Goede H, Kuijpers E, Krone T, le Feber M, Franken R, Fransman W, Duyzer J, Pronk A. Future Prospects of Occupational Exposure Modelling of Substances in the Context of Time-Resolved Sensor Data. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:246-254. [PMID: 33215191 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary explores the use of high-resolution data from new, miniature sensors to enrich models that predict exposures to chemical substances in the workplace. To optimally apply these sensors, one can expect an increased need for new models that will facilitate the interpretation and extrapolation of the acquired time-resolved data. We identified three key modelling approaches in the context of sensor data, namely (i) enrichment of existing time-integrated exposure models, (ii) (new) high-resolution (in time and space) empirical models, and (iii) new 'occupational dispersion' models. Each approach was evaluated in terms of their application in research, practice, and for policy purposes. It is expected that substance-specific sensor data will have the potential to transform workplace modelling by re-calibrating, refining, and validating existing (time-integrated) models. An increased shift towards 'sensor-driven' models is expected. It will allow for high-resolution modelling in time and space to identify peak exposures and will be beneficial for more individualized exposure assessment and real-time risk management. New 'occupational dispersion models' such as interpolation, computational fluid dynamic models, and assimilation techniques, together with sensor data, will be specifically useful. These techniques can be applied to develop site-specific concentration maps which calculate personal exposures and mitigate worker exposure through early warning systems, source finding and improved control design and control strategies. Critical development and investment needs for sensor data linked to (new) model development were identified such as (i) the generation of more sensor data with reliable sensor technologies (achieved by improved specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of sensors), (ii) investing in statistical and new model developments, (iii) ensuring that we comply with privacy and security issues of concern, and (iv) acceptance by relevant target groups (such as employers and employees) and stimulation of these new technologies by policymakers and technology developers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Goede
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Risk Assessment for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Kuijpers
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Risk Assessment for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Krone
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Risk Assessment for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike le Feber
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Risk Assessment for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remy Franken
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Risk Assessment for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Fransman
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Risk Assessment for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Duyzer
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Environmental Modelling, Sensing & Analysis (EMSA), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Risk Assessment for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Tao F, Suresh R, Votion J, Cao Y. Graph Based Multi-Layer K-Means++ (G-MLKM) for Sensory Pattern Analysis in Constrained Spaces. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21062069. [PMID: 33809434 PMCID: PMC8002009 DOI: 10.3390/s21062069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we focus on developing a novel unsupervised machine learning algorithm, named graph based multi-layer k-means++ (G-MLKM), to solve the data-target association problem when targets move on a constrained space and minimal information of the targets can be obtained by sensors. Instead of employing the traditional data-target association methods that are based on statistical probabilities, the G-MLKM solves the problem via data clustering. We first develop the multi-layer k-means++ (MLKM) method for data-target association at a local space given a simplified constrained space situation. Then a p-dual graph is proposed to represent the general constrained space when local spaces are interconnected. Based on the p-dual graph and graph theory, we then generalize MLKM to G-MLKM by first understanding local data-target association, extracting cross-local data-target association mathematically, and then analyzing the data association at intersections of that space. To exclude potential data-target association errors that disobey physical rules, we also develop error correction mechanisms to further improve the accuracy. Numerous simulation examples are conducted to demonstrate the performance of G-MLKM, which yields an average data-target association accuracy of 92.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (F.T.); (J.V.)
| | | | - Johnathan Votion
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (F.T.); (J.V.)
| | - Yongcan Cao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (F.T.); (J.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Lee J, Yoon M, Noh S. Advanced Network Sampling with Heterogeneous Multiple Chains. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:1905. [PMID: 33803175 DOI: 10.3390/s21051905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Recently, researchers have paid attention to many types of huge networks such as the Internet of Things, sensor networks, social networks, and traffic networks because of their untapped potential for theoretical and practical outcomes. A major obstacle in studying large-scale networks is that their size tends to increase exponentially. In addition, access to large network databases is limited for security or physical connection reasons. In this paper, we propose a novel sampling method that works effectively for large-scale networks. The proposed approach makes multiple heterogeneous Markov chains by adjusting random-walk traits on the given network to explore the target space efficiently. This approach provides better unbiased sampling results with reduced asymptotic variance within reasonable execution time than previous random-walk-based sampling approaches. We perform various experiments on large networks databases obtained from synthesis to real–world applications. The results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing network sampling methods.
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Gragnani GL, Colli M, Tavanti E, Caviglia DD. Advanced Real-Time Monitoring of Rainfall Using Commercial Satellite Broadcasting Service: A Case Study. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21030691. [PMID: 33498464 PMCID: PMC7864160 DOI: 10.3390/s21030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Correct regulation of meteoric surface and subsurface flow waters is a fundamental goal for the sustainable development of the territories. A new system, aimed at real-time monitoring of the rainfall and of the cumulated rainfall, is introduced and discussed in the present paper. The system implements a Sensor Network based on the IoT paradigm and can cover safety-critical "hot spots" with a relatively small number of sensors, strategically placed, in areas not covered by traditional weather radars and rain gauges, and lowering the costs of deployment and maintenance with respects to these devices. A real application case, based on the implementation of the pilot plant at the Monte Scarpino landfill (Genoa, Italy), is presented and discussed. The system performances are assessed on the basis of comparisons with data provided by a polarimetric weather radar and by a traditional rain gauge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luigi Gragnani
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, Via All’Opera Pia 11A, 16145 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.G.); (D.D.C.)
| | - Matteo Colli
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, Via All’Opera Pia 11A, 16145 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (E.T.)
- Artys Srl, Piazza della Vittoria, 9/3, 16121 Genova, Italy
| | - Emanuele Tavanti
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, Via All’Opera Pia 11A, 16145 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Daniele D. Caviglia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, Via All’Opera Pia 11A, 16145 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (E.T.)
- Artys Srl, Piazza della Vittoria, 9/3, 16121 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.L.G.); (D.D.C.)
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Deroubaix A, Brasseur G, Gaubert B, Labuhn I, Menut L, Siour G, Tuccella P. Response of surface ozone concentration to emission reduction and meteorology during the COVID‐19 lockdown in Europe. Meteorological Applications 2021. [PMCID: PMC8206774 DOI: 10.1002/met.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The lockdown period (March–May 2020) during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Europe led to a reduction in the anthropogenic emissions of primary pollutants. For three‐quarters of over 1,100 available monitoring stations, the average nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations decreased by at least 2.7 μg·m−3 (or 25%) compared with the average concentrations recorded during the same period of the previous seven years. This reduction was not specific to urban or rural areas because the relative reduction was of similar magnitude in both areas. The ozone (O3) response differed spatially, with positive anomalies in Northern Europe and negative anomalies in Southwestern Europe. Reduced cloudiness and related enhanced radiation in Northern Europe played a significant role in the increase of surface O3 concentrations by shifting the photochemical partitioning between NO2 and O3 toward more O3. The level of total oxidant (Ox = O3 + NO2) remained unchanged, except in Southwestern Europe where it decreased. Several episodes lasting a few days of a high level of total oxidants were observed in Northern Europe. The results illustrate the complexity of the atmospheric response to the unprecedented reduction in the emission of primary pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Brasseur
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory (ACOM)National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Benjamin Gaubert
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory (ACOM)National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Inga Labuhn
- University of BremenInstitute of GeographyBremenGermany
| | - Laurent Menut
- LMD/IPSL, Ecole PolytechniqueUniversité Paris Saclay, ENS, IPSL Research University; Sorbonne Université, CNRSPalaiseauFrance
| | - Guillaume Siour
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583Université Paris Est Créteil et Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon LaplaceCréteilFrance
| | - Paolo Tuccella
- Departement of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
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Faizullin M, Kornilova A, Akhmetyanov A, Ferrer G. Twist-n-Sync: Software Clock Synchronization with Microseconds Accuracy Using MEMS-Gyroscopes. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 21:s21010068. [PMID: 33374447 PMCID: PMC7795013 DOI: 10.3390/s21010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sensor networks require a high degree of synchronization in order to produce a stream of data useful for further purposes. Examples of time misalignment manifest as undesired artifacts when doing multi-camera bundle-adjustment or global positioning system (GPS) geo-localization for mapping. Network Time Protocol (NTP) variants of clock synchronization can provide accurate results, though present high variance conditioned by the environment and the channel load. We propose a new precise technique for software clock synchronization over a network of rigidly attached devices using gyroscope data. Gyroscope sensors, or IMU, provide a high-rate measurements that can be processed efficiently. We use optimization tools over the correlation signal of IMU data from a network of gyroscope sensors. Our method provides stable microseconds accuracy, regardless of the number of sensors and the conditions of the network. In this paper, we show the performance of the gyroscope software synchronization in a controlled environment, and we evaluate the performance in a sensor network of smartphones by our open-source Android App, Twist-n-Sync, that is publicly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsel Faizullin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (M.F.); (A.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Anastasiia Kornilova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (M.F.); (A.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Azat Akhmetyanov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (M.F.); (A.K.); (A.A.)
- Software Engineering Department, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gonzalo Ferrer
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (M.F.); (A.K.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Paszkiewicz A, Węgrzyn J. Responsiveness of the Sensor Network to Alarm Events Based on the Potts Model. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20236979. [PMID: 33291354 PMCID: PMC7731224 DOI: 10.3390/s20236979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The paper aims to present modelling the sensor network operation based on the Potts model. The authors presented own approach based on three states in which each node can be. The change in the state of a given node depends on its current state, the impact of surrounding nodes on it, but also values of the parameters measured. Therefore, the Hamiltonian was introduced as a dependence of both exceeding the limit value of a measured parameter (corresponding to an alarm event), and the state of the battery powering a given node of a sensor. The simulations of the implemented algorithm based on the adopted model presented in the paper relate to the measurement of temperature by a network of sensors. However, this model is universal and can be applied to examine the behaviour of the sensor infrastructure performing various measurements. Moreover, it may simulate the functioning of the critical network infrastructure or sensor networks and industrial sensors supporting the functioning of Industry 4.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Paszkiewicz
- Department of Complex Systems, The Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Węgrzyn
- The Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
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50
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Zhang X, Shen Y. Distributed Kalman Filtering Based on the Non-Repeated Diffusion Strategy. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20236923. [PMID: 33287367 PMCID: PMC7730905 DOI: 10.3390/s20236923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estimation accuracy is the core performance index of sensor networks. In this study, a kind of distributed Kalman filter based on the non-repeated diffusion strategy is proposed in order to improve the estimation accuracy of sensor networks. The algorithm is applied to the state estimation of distributed sensor networks. In this sensor network, each node only exchanges information with adjacent nodes. Compared with existing diffusion-based distributed Kalman filters, the algorithm in this study improves the estimation accuracy of the networks. Meanwhile, a single-target tracking simulation is performed to analyze and verify the performance of the algorithm. Finally, by discussion, it is proved that the algorithm exhibits good all-round performance, not only regarding estimation accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China;
| | - Yan Shen
- College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1730-228-6361
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