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Cappelletti D, Ežerinskis Ž, Šapolaitė J, Bučinskas L, Luks B, Nawrot A, Larose C, Tuccella P, Gallet JC, Crocchianti S, Bruschi F, Moroni B, Spolaor A. Long-range transport and deposition on the Arctic snowpack of nuclear contaminated particulate matter. J Hazard Mater 2023; 452:131317. [PMID: 37003004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The primary environmental concern related to nuclear power is the production of radioactive waste hazardous to humans and the environment. The main scientific and technological problems to address this are related to the storage and disposal of the nuclear waste and monitoring the dispersion of radioactive species into the environment. In this work, we determined an anomalously high 14C activity, well above the modern natural background, on surface and seasonal snow sampled in early May 2019 on glaciers in the Hornsund fjord area (Svalbard). Due to the lack of local sources, the high snow concentrations of 14C suggest long-range atmospheric transport of nuclear waste particles from lower latitudes, where nuclear power plants and treatment stations are located. The analysis of the synoptic and local meteorological data allowed us to associate the long-range transport of this anomalous 14C concentration to an intrusion event of a warm and humid air mass that likely brought pollutants from Central Europe to the Arctic in late April 2019. Elemental and organic carbon, trace element concentration data, and scanning electron microscopy morphological analysis were performed on the same snow samples to better constrain the transport process that might have led to the high 14C radionuclide concentrations in Svalbard. In particular, the highest 14C values found in the snowpack (> 200 percent of Modern Carbon, pMC) were associated with the lowest OC/EC ratios (< 4), an indication of an anthropogenic industrial source, and with the presence of spherical particles rich in iron, zirconium, and titanium which, altogether, suggest an origin related to nuclear waste reprocessing plants. This study highlights the role of long-range transport in exposing Arctic environments to human pollution. Given that the frequency and intensity of these atmospheric warming events are predicted to increase due to ongoing climate change, improving our knowledge of their possible impact to Arctic pollution is becoming urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cappelletti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; ISP-CNR, Istituto di Scienze Polari, del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Venezia, Italy.
| | - Žilvinas Ežerinskis
- Department of Nuclear Research, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Justina Šapolaitė
- Department of Nuclear Research, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Laurynas Bučinskas
- Department of Nuclear Research, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Bartłomiej Luks
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Nawrot
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Catherine Larose
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ampère, UMR5005, 69134 Ecully cedex, France
| | - Paolo Tuccella
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 46, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy; Center of Excellence Telesensing of Environment and Model Prediction of Severe Events (CETEMPS), Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Crocchianti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Bruschi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Moroni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- ISP-CNR, Istituto di Scienze Polari, del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Venezia, Italy; Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice Mestre, Italy
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Deroubaix A, Brasseur G, Gaubert B, Labuhn I, Menut L, Siour G, Tuccella P. Response of surface ozone concentration to emission reduction and meteorology during the COVID‐19 lockdown in Europe. Meteorological Applications 2021. [PMCID: PMC8206774 DOI: 10.1002/met.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The lockdown period (March–May 2020) during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Europe led to a reduction in the anthropogenic emissions of primary pollutants. For three‐quarters of over 1,100 available monitoring stations, the average nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations decreased by at least 2.7 μg·m−3 (or 25%) compared with the average concentrations recorded during the same period of the previous seven years. This reduction was not specific to urban or rural areas because the relative reduction was of similar magnitude in both areas. The ozone (O3) response differed spatially, with positive anomalies in Northern Europe and negative anomalies in Southwestern Europe. Reduced cloudiness and related enhanced radiation in Northern Europe played a significant role in the increase of surface O3 concentrations by shifting the photochemical partitioning between NO2 and O3 toward more O3. The level of total oxidant (Ox = O3 + NO2) remained unchanged, except in Southwestern Europe where it decreased. Several episodes lasting a few days of a high level of total oxidants were observed in Northern Europe. The results illustrate the complexity of the atmospheric response to the unprecedented reduction in the emission of primary pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Brasseur
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory (ACOM)National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Benjamin Gaubert
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory (ACOM)National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Inga Labuhn
- University of BremenInstitute of GeographyBremenGermany
| | - Laurent Menut
- LMD/IPSL, Ecole PolytechniqueUniversité Paris Saclay, ENS, IPSL Research University; Sorbonne Université, CNRSPalaiseauFrance
| | - Guillaume Siour
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583Université Paris Est Créteil et Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon LaplaceCréteilFrance
| | - Paolo Tuccella
- Departement of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
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3
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Curci G, Alyuz U, Barò R, Bianconi R, Bieser J, Christensen JH, Colette A, Farrow A, Francis X, Jiménez-Guerrero P, Im U, Liu P, Manders A, Palacios-Peña L, Prank M, Pozzoli L, Sokhi R, Solazzo E, Tuccella P, Unal A, Vivanco MG, Hogrefe C, Galmarini S. Modelling black carbon absorption of solar radiation: combining external and internal mixing assumptions. Atmos Chem Phys 2019; 19:181-204. [PMID: 30828349 PMCID: PMC6392454 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-181-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An accurate simulation of the absorption properties is key for assessing the radiative effects of aerosol on meteorology and climate. The representation of how chemical species are mixed inside the particles (the mixing state) is one of the major uncertainty factors in the assessment of these effects. Here we compare aerosol optical properties simulations over Europe and North America, coordinated in the framework of the third phase of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII), to 1 year of AERONET sunphotometer retrievals, in an attempt to identify a mixing state representation that better reproduces the observed single scattering albedo and its spectral variation. We use a single post-processing tool (FlexAOD) to derive aerosol optical properties from simulated aerosol speciation profiles, and focus on the absorption enhancement of black carbon when it is internally mixed with more scattering material, discarding from the analysis scenes dominated by dust. We found that the single scattering albedo at 440 nm (ω 0,440) is on average overestimated (underestimated) by 3-5 % when external (core-shell internal) mixing of particles is assumed, a bias comparable in magnitude with the typical variability of the quantity. The (unphysical) homogeneous internal mixing assumption underestimates ω 0,440 by ~ 14 %. The combination of external and core-shell configurations (partial internal mixing), parameterized using a simplified function of air mass aging, reduces the ω 0,440 bias to -1/-3 %. The black carbon absorption enhancement (E abs) in core-shell with respect to the externally mixed state is in the range 1.8-2.5, which is above the currently most accepted upper limit of ~ 1.5. The partial internal mixing reduces E abs to values more consistent with this limit. However, the spectral dependence of the absorption is not well reproduced, and the absorption Ångström exponent AAE 675 440 is overestimated by 70-120 %. Further testing against more comprehensive campaign data, including a full characterization of the aerosol profile in terms of chemical speciation, mixing state, and related optical properties, would help in putting a better constraint on these calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Curci
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Center of Excellence in Telesening of Environment and Model Prediction of Severe Events (CETEMPS), University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila (AQ), Italy
| | - Ummugulsum Alyuz
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rocio Barò
- Department of Physics, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30003, Spain
| | | | - Johannes Bieser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Jesper H. Christensen
- Atmospheric Modelling Secton (ATMO), Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Augustin Colette
- Atmospheric Modelling and Environmental Mapping Unit, INERIS, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, 60550, France
| | - Aidan Farrow
- Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Xavier Francis
- Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | | | - Ulas Im
- Atmospheric Modelling Secton (ATMO), Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peng Liu
- NRC Research Associate at Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | | | | | - Marje Prank
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research Unit, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
- Cornell University, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Ithaca, 14853 NY, USA
| | - Luca Pozzoli
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
- Cornell University, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Ithaca, 14853 NY, USA
| | - Ranjeet Sokhi
- Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Efisio Solazzo
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra (VA), 21027, Italy
| | - Paolo Tuccella
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Center of Excellence in Telesening of Environment and Model Prediction of Severe Events (CETEMPS), University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila (AQ), Italy
| | - Alper Unal
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Christian Hogrefe
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Stefano Galmarini
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra (VA), 21027, Italy
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Im U, Brandt J, Geels C, Hansen KM, Christensen JH, Andersen MS, Solazzo E, Kioutsioukis I, Alyuz U, Balzarini A, Baro R, Bellasio R, Bianconi R, Bieser J, Colette A, Curci G, Farrow A, Flemming J, Fraser A, Jimenez-Guerrero P, Kitwiroon N, Liang CK, Nopmongcol U, Pirovano G, Pozzoli L, Prank M, Rose R, Sokhi R, Tuccella P, Unal A, Vivanco MG, West J, Yarwood G, Hogrefe C, Galmarini S. Assessment and economic valuation of air pollution impacts on human health over Europe and the United States as calculated by a multi-model ensemble in the framework of AQMEII3. Atmos Chem Phys 2018; 18:5967-5989. [PMID: 30079086 PMCID: PMC6070159 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-5967-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The impact of air pollution on human health and the associated external costs in Europe and the United States (US) for the year 2010 are modeled by a multi-model ensemble of regional models in the frame of the third phase of the Air Quality Modelling Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII3). The modeled surface concentrations of O3, CO, SO2 and PM2.5 are used as input to the Economic Valuation of Air Pollution (EVA) system to calculate the resulting health impacts and the associated external costs from each individual model. Along with a base case simulation, additional runs were performed introducing 20 % anthropogenic emission reductions both globally and regionally in Europe, North America and east Asia, as defined by the second phase of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF-HTAP2). Health impacts estimated by using concentration inputs from different chemistry-transport models (CTMs) to the EVA system can vary up to a factor of 3 in Europe (12 models) and the United States (3 models). In Europe, the multi-model mean total number of premature deaths (acute and chronic) is calculated to be 414 000, while in the US, it is estimated to be 160 000, in agreement with previous global and regional studies. The economic valuation of these health impacts is calculated to be EUR 300 billion and 145 billion in Europe and the US, respectively. A subset of models that produce the smallest error compared to the surface observations at each time step against an all-model mean ensemble results in increase of health impacts by up to 30 % in Europe, while in the US, the optimal ensemble mean led to a decrease in the calculated health impacts by ~ 11 %. A total of 54 000 and 27 500 premature deaths can be avoided by a 20 % reduction of global anthropogenic emissions in Europe and the US, respectively. A 20 % reduction of North American anthropogenic emissions avoids a total of ~ 1000 premature deaths in Europe and 25 000 total premature deaths in the US. A 20 % decrease of anthropogenic emissions within the European source region avoids a total of 47 000 premature deaths in Europe. Reducing the east Asian anthropogenic emissions by 20 % avoids ~ 2000 total premature deaths in the US. These results show that the domestic anthropogenic emissions make the largest impacts on premature deaths on a continental scale, while foreign sources make a minor contribution to adverse impacts of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulas Im
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Camilla Geels
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kaj Mantzius Hansen
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Mikael Skou Andersen
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Efisio Solazzo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Ioannis Kioutsioukis
- University of Patras, Department of Physics, University Campus 26504 Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Ummugulsum Alyuz
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Rocio Baro
- University of Murcia, Department of Physics, Physics of the Earth, Campus de Espinardo, Ed. CIOyN, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Johannes Bieser
- Institute of Coastal Research, Chemistry Transport Modelling Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Augustin Colette
- INERIS, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Gabriele Curci
- Dept. Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Center of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Aidan Farrow
- Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Johannes Flemming
- European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), Reading, UK
| | - Andrea Fraser
- Ricardo Energy & Environment, Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon, UK
| | - Pedro Jimenez-Guerrero
- University of Murcia, Department of Physics, Physics of the Earth, Campus de Espinardo, Ed. CIOyN, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Ciao-Kai Liang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Guido Pirovano
- Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico (RSE S.p.A.), Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzoli
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Marje Prank
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- Cornell University, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Rose
- Ricardo Energy & Environment, Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon, UK
| | - Ranjeet Sokhi
- Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Paolo Tuccella
- Dept. Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Center of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Alper Unal
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Marta Garcia Vivanco
- INERIS, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- CIEMAT. Avda. Complutense 40., Madrid, Spain
| | - Jason West
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Greg Yarwood
- Ramboll Environ, 773 San Marin Drive, Suite 2115, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Galmarini S, Kioutsioukis I, Solazzo E, Alyuz U, Balzarini A, Bellasio R, Benedictow AMK, Bianconi R, Bieser J, Brandt J, Christensen JH, Colette A, Curci G, Davila Y, Dong X, Flemming J, Francis X, Fraser A, Fu J, Henze DK, Hogrefe C, Im U, Vivanco MG, Jiménez-Guerrero P, Jonson JE, Kitwiroon N, Manders A, Mathur R, Palacios-Peña L, Pirovano G, Pozzoli L, Prank M, Schultz M, Sokhi RS, Sudo K, Tuccella P, Takemura T, Sekiya T, Unal A. Two-scale multi-model ensemble: is a hybrid ensemble of opportunity telling us more? Atmos Chem Phys 2018; 18:2727-2744. [PMID: 30972110 PMCID: PMC6452644 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-8727-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study we introduce a hybrid ensemble consisting of air quality models operating at both the global and regional scale. The work is motivated by the fact that these different types of models treat specific portions of the atmospheric spectrum with different levels of detail, and it is hypothesized that their combination can generate an ensemble that performs better than mono-scale ensembles. A detailed analysis of the hybrid ensemble is carried out in the attempt to investigate this hypothesis and determine the real benefit it produces compared to ensembles constructed from only global-scale or only regional-scale models. The study utilizes 13 regional and 7 global models participating in the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollutants phase 2 (HTAP2)-Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative phase 3 (AQMEII3) activity and focuses on surface ozone concentrations over Europe for the year 2010. Observations from 405 monitoring rural stations are used for the evaluation of the ensemble performance. The analysis first compares the modelled and measured power spectra of all models and then assesses the properties of the mono-scale ensembles, particularly their level of redundancy, in order to inform the process of constructing the hybrid ensemble. This study has been conducted in the attempt to identify that the improvements obtained by the hybrid ensemble relative to the mono-scale ensembles can be attributed to its hybrid nature. The improvements are visible in a slight increase of the diversity (4 % for the hourly time series, 10 % for the daily maximum time series) and a smaller improvement of the accuracy compared to diversity. Root mean square error (RMSE) improved by 13-16 % compared to G and by 2-3 % compared to R. Probability of detection (POD) and false-alarm rate (FAR) show a remarkable improvement, with a steep increase in the largest POD values and smallest values of FAR across the concentration ranges. The results show that the optimal set is constructed from an equal number of global and regional models at only 15 % of the stations. This implies that for the majority of the cases the regional-scale set of models governs the ensemble. However given the high degree of redundancy that characterizes the regional-scale models, no further improvement could be expected in the ensemble performance by adding yet more regional models to it. Therefore the improvement obtained with the hybrid set can confidently be attributed to the different nature of the global models. The study strongly reaffirms the importance of an in-depth inspection of any ensemble of opportunity in order to extract the maximum amount of information and to have full control over the data used in the construction of the ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Kioutsioukis
- Physics Department, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece
| | - Efisio Solazzo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, JRC, Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Ummugulsum Alyuz
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Johannes Bieser
- Institute of Coastal Research, Chemistry Transport Modelling Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joergen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jesper H. Christensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Augustin Colette
- INERIS, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Alata, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Gabriele Curci
- CETEMPS, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Dept. Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Yanko Davila
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xinyi Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37919, USA
| | | | - Xavier Francis
- Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Andrea Fraser
- Ricardo Energy & Environment, Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon, OX11 0QR, UK
| | - Joshua Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37919, USA
| | - Daven K. Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- Computational Exposure Division – NERL, ORD, U.S. EPA, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ulas Im
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero
- Department of Physics, Physics of the Earth, Facultad de Química, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Astrid Manders
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Computational Exposure Division – NERL, ORD, U.S. EPA, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Laura Palacios-Peña
- Department of Physics, Physics of the Earth, Facultad de Química, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Luca Pozzoli
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, JRC, Ispra (VA), Italy
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Marie Prank
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Rajeet S. Sokhi
- Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Kengo Sudo
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Paolo Tuccella
- Dept. Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Toshihiko Takemura
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Sekiya
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Alper Unal
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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6
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Im U, Christensen JH, Geels C, Hansen KM, Brandt J, Solazzo E, Alyuz U, Balzarini A, Baro R, Bellasio R, Bianconi R, Bieser J, Colette A, Curci G, Farrow A, Flemming J, Fraser A, Jimenez-Guerrero P, Kitwiroon N, Liu P, Nopmongcol U, Palacios-Peña L, Pirovano G, Pozzoli L, Prank M, Rose R, Sokhi R, Tuccella P, Unal A, Vivanco MG, Yarwood G, Hogrefe C, Galmarini S. Influence of anthropogenic emissions and boundary conditions on multi-model simulations of major air pollutants over Europe and North America in the framework of AQMEII3. Atmos Chem Phys 2018; 18:8929-8952. [PMID: 30147714 PMCID: PMC6104647 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-8929-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the framework of the third phase of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII3), and as contribution to the second phase of the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP2) activities for Europe and North America, the impacts of a 20 % decrease of global and regional anthropogenic emissions on surface air pollutant levels in 2010 are simulated by an international community of regional-scale air quality modeling groups, using different state-of-the-art chemistry and transport models (CTMs). The emission perturbations at the global level, as well as over the HTAP2-defined regions of Europe, North America and East Asia, are first simulated by the global Composition Integrated Forecasting System (C-IFS) model from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), which provides boundary conditions to the various regional CTMs participating in AQMEII3. On top of the perturbed boundary conditions, the regional CTMs used the same set of perturbed emissions within the regional domain for the different perturbation scenarios that introduce a 20 % reduction of anthropogenic emissions globally as well as over the HTAP2-defined regions of Europe, North America and East Asia. Results show that the largest impacts over both domains are simulated in response to the global emission perturbation, mainly due to the impact of domestic emission reductions. The responses of NO2, SO2 and PM concentrations to a 20 % anthropogenic emission reduction are almost linear (~ 20 % decrease) within the global perturbation scenario with, however, large differences in the geographical distribution of the effect. NO2, CO and SO2 levels are strongly affected over the emission hot spots. O3 levels generally decrease in all scenarios by up to ~ 1 % over Europe, with increases over the hot spot regions, in particular in the Benelux region, by an increase up to ~ 6 % due to the reduced effect of NOx titration. O3 daily maximum of 8 h running average decreases in all scenarios over Europe, by up to ~ 1 %. Over the North American domain, the central-to-eastern part and the western coast of the US experience the largest response to emission perturbations. Similar but slightly smaller responses are found when domestic emissions are reduced. The impact of intercontinental transport is relatively small over both domains, however, still noticeable particularly close to the boundaries. The impact is noticeable up to a few percent, for the western parts of the North American domain in response to the emission reductions over East Asia. O3 daily maximum of 8 h running average decreases in all scenarios over north Europe by up to ~ 5 %. Much larger reductions are calculated over North America compared to Europe. In addition, values of the Response to Extra-Regional Emission Reductions (RERER) metric have been calculated in order to quantify the differences in the strengths of nonlocal source contributions to different species among the different models. We found large RERER values for O3 (~ 0.8) over both Europe and North America, indicating a large contribution from non-local sources, while for other pollutants including particles, low RERER values reflect a predominant control by local sources. A distinct seasonal variation in the local vs. non-local contributions has been found for both O3 and PM2.5, particularly reflecting the springtime long-range transport to both continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulas Im
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Camilla Geels
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kaj Mantzius Hansen
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Efisio Solazzo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Ummugulsum Alyuz
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Rocio Baro
- University of Murcia, Department of Physics, Physics of the Earth, Campus de Espinardo, Facultad de Química, Murcia, Spain
- now at: Section Environmental Meteorology, Division Customer Service, ZAMG e Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Johannes Bieser
- Institute of Coastal Research, Chemistry Transport Modelling Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Augustin Colette
- INERIS, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Gabriele Curci
- Dept. Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Center of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Aidan Farrow
- Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Johannes Flemming
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, UK
| | - Andrea Fraser
- Ricardo Energy & Environment, Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon, UK
| | - Pedro Jimenez-Guerrero
- University of Murcia, Department of Physics, Physics of the Earth, Campus de Espinardo, Facultad de Química, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Peng Liu
- NRC Research Associate at Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Laura Palacios-Peña
- University of Murcia, Department of Physics, Physics of the Earth, Campus de Espinardo, Facultad de Química, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Luca Pozzoli
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Marje Prank
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- Cornell University, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Rose
- Ricardo Energy & Environment, Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon, UK
| | - Ranjeet Sokhi
- Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Paolo Tuccella
- Dept. Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Center of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Alper Unal
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Marta G. Vivanco
- INERIS, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, Madrid, Spain
| | - Greg Yarwood
- Ramboll Environ, 773 San Marin Drive, Suite 2115, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Law KS, Roiger A, Thomas JL, Marelle L, Raut JC, Dalsøren S, Fuglestvedt J, Tuccella P, Weinzierl B, Schlager H. Local Arctic air pollution: Sources and impacts. Ambio 2017; 46:453-463. [PMID: 29076019 PMCID: PMC5673878 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-017-0962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Local emissions of Arctic air pollutants and their impacts on climate, ecosystems and health are poorly understood. Future increases due to Arctic warming or economic drivers may put additional pressures on the fragile Arctic environment already affected by mid-latitude air pollution. Aircraft data were collected, for the first time, downwind of shipping and petroleum extraction facilities in the European Arctic. Data analysis reveals discrepancies compared to commonly used emission inventories, highlighting missing emissions (e.g. drilling rigs) and the intermittent nature of certain emissions (e.g. flaring, shipping). Present-day shipping/petroleum extraction emissions already appear to be impacting pollutant (ozone, aerosols) levels along the Norwegian coast and are estimated to cool and warm the Arctic climate, respectively. Future increases in shipping may lead to short-term (long-term) warming (cooling) due to reduced sulphur (CO2) emissions, and be detrimental to regional air quality (ozone). Further quantification of local Arctic emission impacts is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy S. Law
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Anke Roiger
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany
| | - Jennie L. Thomas
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Louis Marelle
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
- Present Address: CICERO, Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Stig Dalsøren
- Present Address: CICERO, Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Paolo Tuccella
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Hans Schlager
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany
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Solazzo E, Bianconi R, Hogrefe C, Curci G, Tuccella P, Alyuz U, Balzarini A, Barô R, Bellasio R, Bieser J, Brandt J, Christensen JH, Colette A, Francis X, Fraser A, Vivanco MG, Jiménez-Guerrero P, Im U, Manders A, Nopmongcol U, Kitwiroon N, Pirovano G, Pozzoli L, Prank M, Sokhi RS, Unal A, Yarwood G, Galmarini S. Evaluation and error apportionment of an ensemble of atmospheric chemistry transport modeling systems: multivariable temporal and spatial breakdown. Atmos Chem Phys 2017; 17:3001-3054. [PMID: 30147713 PMCID: PMC6105295 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-3001-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Through the comparison of several regional-scale chemistry transport modeling systems that simulate meteorology and air quality over the European and North American continents, this study aims at (i) apportioning error to the responsible processes using timescale analysis, (ii) helping to detect causes of model error, and (iii) identifying the processes and temporal scales most urgently requiring dedicated investigations. The analysis is conducted within the framework of the third phase of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII) and tackles model performance gauging through measurement-to-model comparison, error decomposition, and time series analysis of the models biases for several fields (ozone, CO, SO2, NO, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, wind speed, and temperature). The operational metrics (magnitude of the error, sign of the bias, associativity) provide an overallsense of model strengths and deficiencies, while apportioning the error to its constituent parts (bias, variance, and covariance) can help assess the nature and quality of the error. Each of the error components is analyzed independently and apportioned to specific processes based on the corresponding timescale (long scale, synoptic, diurnal, and intraday) using the error apportionment technique devised in the former phases of AQMEII. The application of the error apportionment method to the AQMEII Phase 3 simulations provides several key insights. In addition to reaffirming the strong impact of model inputs (emission and boundary conditions) and poor representation of the stable boundary layer on model bias, results also highlighted the high interdependencies among meteorological and chemical variables, as well as among their errors. This indicates that the evaluation of air quality model performance for individual pollutants needs to be supported by complementary analysis of meteorological fields and chemical precursors to provide results that are more insightful from a model development perspective. This will require evaluaion methods that are able to frame the impact on error of processes, conditions, and fluxes at the surface. For example, error due to emission and boundary conditions is dominant for primary species (CO, particulate matter (PM)), while errors due to meteorology and chemistry are most relevant to secondary species, such as ozone. Some further aspects emerged whose interpretation requires additional consideration, such as the uniformity of the synoptic error being region- and model-independent, observed for several pollutants; the source of unexplained variance for the diurnal component; and the type of error caused by deposition and at which scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efisio Solazzo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Air and Climate Unit, Ispra (VA), Italy
| | | | - Christian Hogrefe
- Environmental Protection Agency, Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Gabriele Curci
- CETEMPS, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Dept. Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Tuccella
- Dept. Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Ummugulsum Alyuz
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Rocio Barô
- University of Murcia, Department of Physics, Physics of the Earth, Campus de Espinardo, Ed. CIOyN, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Johannes Bieser
- Institute of Coastal Research, Chemistry Transport Modelling Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399,4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jesper H. Christensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399,4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Augistin Colette
- INERIS, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Alata, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Xavier Francis
- INERIS, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Alata, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Andrea Fraser
- Ricardo Energy & Environment, Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon, OX11 0QR, UK
| | - Marta Garcia Vivanco
- INERIS, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Alata, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- CIEMAT. Avda. Complutense 40., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero
- University of Murcia, Department of Physics, Physics of the Earth, Campus de Espinardo, Ed. CIOyN, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ulas Im
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399,4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Astrid Manders
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Luca Pozzoli
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Air and Climate Unit, Ispra (VA), Italy
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Marje Prank
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ranjeet S. Sokhi
- INERIS, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Alata, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Alper Unal
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Greg Yarwood
- Ramboll Environ, 773 San Marin Drive, Suite 2115, Novato, CA 94998, USA
| | - Stefano Galmarini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Air and Climate Unit, Ispra (VA), Italy
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Tuccella P, Curci G, Visconti G, Bessagnet B, Menut L, Park RJ. Modeling of gas and aerosol with WRF/Chem over Europe: Evaluation and sensitivity study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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