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Goede H, Ge C, Fransman W. Meta-analysis of the quantitative effectiveness of risk management measures (RMM) in the workplace. Ann Work Expo Health 2024:wxae021. [PMID: 38563681 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This paper describes an evaluation and analysis of an updated version of ECEL v3.0-an integrated risk management measure (RMM) library developed as part of a CEFIC LRI initiative. The occupational module contains extensive data on the quantitative effectiveness of RMMs to control inhalation and dermal exposure in the workplace. The objective was to investigate the effectiveness and variability in effectiveness of RMM and to explore the difference between optimal and non-optimal RMM applications in the workplace. METHODS A new database structure and interface were developed and the content of the database was updated with a systematic literature review and integration with other databases (totalling 3373 records from 548 studies). To analyse the data, Bayesian linear mixed models were constructed with the study as a random effect and various study characteristics and RMM categories as fixed effects individually in separate models. A multivariate mixed model was used on a stratified dataset to test (amongst others) the conditions of RMM use. RESULTS Analyses of the data indicated effectiveness values for each RMM category (for example ~87% for technical emission controls compared with ~60% for technical dispersion controls). Substantial variability in effectiveness was observed within and between different types of RMM. Seven study characteristics (covariables) were included in the analyses, which indicated a pronounced difference in as-built (optimal/experimental) and as-used (workplace) conditions of RMM use (93.3% and 74.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This library provides a reliable evidence base to derive base estimates of RMM effectiveness-beneficial for both registrant and downstream users. It stresses the importance of optimal use of RMMs in the workplace (technical design/functioning, use, and maintenance). Various challenges are foreseen to further update ECEL to improve guidance, for deriving improved estimates and ensure user-friendliness of the library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Goede
- TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Calvin Ge
- TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Fransman
- TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Fonseca AS, Ribalta C, Shandilya N, Fransman W, Alstrup Jensen K. Development of handling energy factors for use of dustiness data in exposure assessment modelling. Ann Work Expo Health 2024; 68:295-311. [PMID: 38401569 PMCID: PMC10941727 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Several exposure assessment models use dustiness as an input parameter for scaling or estimating exposure during powder handling. Use of different dustiness methods will result in considerable differences in the dustiness values as they are based on different emission generation principles. EN17199:2019 offers 4 different dustiness test methods considering different dust release scenarios (e.g. powder pouring, mixing and gentle agitation, and vibration). Conceptually, the dustiness value by a given method can be multiplied with a scenario-specific modifier, called a handling energy factor (Hi), that allows conversion of a dustiness value to a release constant. Therefore, a Hi, scaling the effective mechanical energy in the process to the energy supplied in the specific dustiness test, needs to be applied. To improve the accuracy in predictive exposure modelling, we derived experimental Hi to be used in exposure algorithms considering both the mass- and number-based dust release fraction determined by the EN17199-3 continuous drop (CD) and the EN17199-4 small rotating drum (SRD) test methods. Three materials were used to evaluate the relationship between dustiness and dust levels during pouring powder from different heights in a controlled environment. The results showed increasing scatter and difference between the Hi derived for the 2 test methods with increasing pouring height. Nearly all the Hi values obtained for both SRD and CD were <1 indicating that the dustiness tests involved more energy input than the simulated pouring activity and consequently de-agglomeration and dust generation were higher. This effect was most pronounced in CD method showing that SRD mechanistically resembles more closely the powder pouring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Fonseca
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carla Ribalta
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Nöldnerstr. 40-42, 10317 Berlin, Germany
| | - Neeraj Shandilya
- TNO, Risk Assessment of Products In Development, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Fransman
- TNO, Risk Assessment of Products In Development, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rasmussen K, Bleeker EAJ, Baker J, Bouillard J, Fransman W, Kuhlbusch TAJ, Resch S, Sergent JA, Soeteman-Hernandez LG, Suarez-Merino B, Porcari A. A roadmap to strengthen standardisation efforts in risk governance of nanotechnology. NanoImpact 2023; 32:100483. [PMID: 37734653 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2023.100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
A roadmap was developed to strengthen standardisation activities for risk governance of nanotechnology. Its baseline is the available standardised and harmonised methods for nanotechnology developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In order to identify improvements and needs for new themes in standardisation work, an analysis of the state-of-the-art concepts and interpretations of risk governance of nanotechnology was performed. Eleven overall areas of action were identified, each including a subset of specific topics. Themes addressed include physical chemical characterisation, assessment of hazard, exposure, risk and socio-economic factors, as well as education & training and social dialogue. This has been visualised in a standardisation roadmap spanning a timeframe of ten years and including key outcomes and highlights of the analysis. Furthermore, the roadmap indicates potential areas of action for harmonisation and standardisation (H&S) for nanomaterials and nanotechnology. It also includes an evaluation of the current level (limited, moderate, intense) of ongoing H&S activities and indicates the time horizon for the different areas of action. As the identified areas differ in their state of development, the number and type of actions varied widely amongst the different actions towards achieving standardisation. Thus, priority areas were also identified. The overall objective of these actions is to strengthen risk governance towards a safe use of nanomaterials and nano-related products. Though not explicitly addressed, risk-based legislation and policies are supported via the proposed H&S actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Rasmussen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Eric A J Bleeker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - James Baker
- Nanotechnology Industries Association, Avenue Tervueren 143, 1150 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques Bouillard
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Wouter Fransman
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas A J Kuhlbusch
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Friedrich-Henkel-Weg 1 - 25, 44149 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Susanne Resch
- BioNanoNet, Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Steyrergasse 17 / EG, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jacques-Aurélien Sergent
- Solvay SA, Toxicological and Environmental Risk Assessment Unit, Rue de Ransbeek 310, 1120 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Lya G Soeteman-Hernandez
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Porcari
- Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca Industriale, Viale Gorizia 25C, Rome, Lazio, Italy
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Shandilya N, Barreau MS, Suarez-Merino B, Porcari A, Pimponi D, Jensen KA, Fransman W, Franken R. TRAAC framework to improve regulatory acceptance and wider usability of tools and methods for safe innovation and sustainability of manufactured nanomaterials. NanoImpact 2023; 30:100461. [PMID: 37040858 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2023.100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increasing use of advanced materials, particularly manufactured nanomaterials, in industrial applications and consumer products in the last two decades. It has instigated concerns about the sustainability, in particular, risks and uncertainties regarding the interactions of the manufactured nanomaterials with humans and the environment. Consequently, significant resources in Europe and beyond have been invested into the development of tools and methods to support risk mitigation and risk management, and thus facilitate the research and innovation process of manufactured nanomaterials. The level of risk analysis is increasing, including assessment of socio-economic impacts, and sustainability aspects, moving from a conventional risk-based approach to a wider safety-and-sustainability-by-design perspective. Despite these efforts on tools and methods development, the level of awareness and use of most of such tools and methods by stakeholders is still limited. Issues of regulatory compliance and acceptance, reliability and trust, user-friendliness and compatibility with the users' needs are some of the factors which have been traditionally known to hinder their widespread use. Therefore, a framework is presented to quantify the readiness of different tools and methods towards their wider regulatory acceptance and downstream use by different stakeholders. The framework diagnoses barriers which hinder regulatory acceptance and wider usability of a tool/method based on their Transparency, Reliability, Accessibility, Applicability and Completeness (TRAAC framework). Each TRAAC pillar consists of criteria which help in evaluating the overall quality of the tools and methods for their (i) compatibility with regulatory frameworks and (ii) usefulness and usability for end-users, through a calculated TRAAC score based on the assessment. Fourteen tools and methods were assessed using the TRAAC framework as proof-of-concept and for user variability testing. The results provide insights into any gaps, opportunities, and challenges in the context of each of the 5 pillars of the TRAAC framework. The framework could be, in principle, adapted and extended to the evaluation of other type of tools & methods, even beyond the case of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrea Porcari
- Italian Association for Industrial Research, Airi, Viale Gorizia 25/C, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pimponi
- Italian Association for Industrial Research, Airi, Viale Gorizia 25/C, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 105 Lersø Parkallé, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Remy Franken
- TNO, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands
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Fransman W, Otten W, Marquart H, Preuhs K, Willemsen J, Boumann H, Gerritsen R. REACH Worker Exposure Assessments: Ensuring Meaningful Health Risk Communication. Ann Work Expo Health 2023; 67:182-194. [PMID: 36269215 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Within the chemical legislation, REACH was implemented in order to improve safe working conditions with hazardous substances. Literature and real-life experiences by those concerned have shown that there are still gaps with a need for improved risk communication. This study elaborated on how information provided by REACH is understood and acted on by down- and upstream users, and how it can be further improved. METHODS An extensive literature study including 21 studies and 13 tools was carried out. The outcomes were discussed and further supplemented by means of 18 interviews concerning 37 internal safety and REACH documents to build six different use cases representing different Dutch downstream companies. For the upstream perspective also 2 sector organizations and 2 registrants were interviewed. Three online workshops were organized in order to share insights and gather input on international recognition, potential suggestions and further recommendations with 30 participants from nine different EU countries. RESULTS Although the methods to collect the data differed between the different stages of the study, the general results from all three stages elucidated similar themes in the data and each of the stages used the results from the previous stage as a starting point. Recurring themes concerned the (i) complexity of documents, (ii) deficiencies as experienced by SMEs in REACH, (iii) feedback and responsibilities in the supply chain, and (iv) the cooperation between REACH and OSH. DISCUSSION The study at hand revealed that even though there are currently several activities to improve communication on safe-use of chemicals, communication on safe-use in the scope of REACH should be improved. This includes e.g. the future involvement of actual end-users in activities and development related to communication of safe-use information in the scope of REACH including feedback, less complicated and complex documents and clear communication concerning legislations and updates of documents. Furthermore, the issues recognized in the Netherlands are mostly also recognized by international workshop participants, thereby indicating international benefits in various areas by means of improved communication. CONCLUSIONS The study confirmed that many of our generic conclusions were already part of the shared knowledge in the REACH community, but that it is very valuable that this knowledge has been explicated, validated and reported in a structured way in the present project. Besides uncovering some crucial aspects that offer potential improvements regarding risk communication, this study offers possible solutions and next steps to be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Fransman
- Unit Healthy Living, TNO, PO Box 80015, 3508TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Otten
- Unit Healthy Living, TNO, PO Box 80015, 3508TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Marquart
- Department for Regulatory Services, Triskelion BV, Reactorweg 47-A, 3542 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Preuhs
- Unit Healthy Living, TNO, PO Box 80015, 3508TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joeri Willemsen
- Unit Healthy Living, TNO, PO Box 80015, 3508TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Boumann
- Department for Regulatory Services, Triskelion BV, Reactorweg 47-A, 3542 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rianda Gerritsen
- Unit Healthy Living, TNO, PO Box 80015, 3508TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Schlüter U, Meyer J, Ahrens A, Borghi F, Clerc F, Delmaar C, Di Guardo A, Dudzina T, Fantke P, Fransman W, Hahn S, Heussen H, Jung C, Koivisto J, Koppisch D, Paini A, Savic N, Spinazzè A, Zare Jeddi M, von Goetz N. Exposure modelling in Europe: how to pave the road for the future as part of the European Exposure Science Strategy 2020-2030. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2022; 32:499-512. [PMID: 35918394 PMCID: PMC9349043 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure models are essential in almost all relevant contexts for exposure science. To address the numerous challenges and gaps that exist, exposure modelling is one of the priority areas of the European Exposure Science Strategy developed by the European Chapter of the International Society of Exposure Science (ISES Europe). A strategy was developed for the priority area of exposure modelling in Europe with four strategic objectives. These objectives are (1) improvement of models and tools, (2) development of new methodologies and support for understudied fields, (3) improvement of model use and (4) regulatory needs for modelling. In a bottom-up approach, exposure modellers from different European countries and institutions who are active in the fields of occupational, population and environmental exposure science pooled their expertise under the umbrella of the ISES Europe Working Group on exposure models. This working group assessed the state-of-the-art of exposure modelling in Europe by developing an inventory of exposure models used in Europe and reviewing the existing literature on pitfalls for exposure modelling, in order to identify crucial modelling-related strategy elements. Decisive actions were defined for ISES Europe stakeholders, including collecting available models and accompanying information in a living document curated and published by ISES Europe, as well as a long-term goal of developing a best-practices handbook. Alongside these actions, recommendations were developed and addressed to stakeholders outside of ISES Europe. Four strategic objectives were identified with an associated action plan and roadmap for the implementation of the European Exposure Science Strategy for exposure modelling. This strategic plan will foster a common understanding of modelling-related methodology, terminology and future research in Europe, and have a broader impact on strategic considerations globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Schlüter
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Friedrich-Henkel-Weg 1-25, D-44149, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Jessica Meyer
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Friedrich-Henkel-Weg 1-25, D-44149, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Ahrens
- Exposure and Supply Chain Unit, European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), P.O. Box 400, FI-00121, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesca Borghi
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Frédéric Clerc
- National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Pollutants Metrology Division, Nancy, France
| | - Christiaan Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Di Guardo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Tatsiana Dudzina
- Exxon Mobil Petroleum and Chemical B.V., Hermeslaan 2, 1831, Machelen, Belgium
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wouter Fransman
- TNO, Department Risk Analysis for Products in Development, P.O. Box 80015, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Hahn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henri Heussen
- Cosanta BV, Stationsplein Noord-Oost 202, 1117 CJ, Schiphol-Oost, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Jung
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joonas Koivisto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, PL 64, FI-00014, UHEL, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dorothea Koppisch
- Section 1.3 Exposure Monitoring-MGU, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA), Alte Heerstr. 111, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Nenad Savic
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Unisanté, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Maryam Zare Jeddi
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Rämistrasse 101, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), Schwarzenburgstrasse 157, 3003, Bern, Switzerland.
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Krystek P, Shandilya N, Fransman W. Human Health Risk Assessments and Characterization of Nanomaterials: Are We Ready for the Next (Active) Generations? Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:748-759. [PMID: 33909008 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Driven by the concept of the 'four generations of nanomaterials', the current state of the knowledge on risk assessment of future generation is explored for active nanomaterials. Through case studies, we identify challenges and evaluate the preparedness of characterization methods, available risk assessment modeling tools, and analytical instrumentation for such future generation active nanomaterials with dynamic hybrid structures of biotic-abiotic and organic-inorganic combinations. Currently available risk assessment tools and analytical instrumentation were found to be lacking the risk preparedness and characterization readiness for active nanomaterials, respectively. Potential future developments in risk assessment modeling tools and analytical techniques can be based upon this work which shall ensure long-term safety of the next generation of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Krystek
- Environmental Modelling Sensing & Analysis (EMSA), Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Neeraj Shandilya
- Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Fransman
- Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kuijpers E, van Wel L, Loh M, Galea KS, Makris KC, Stierum R, Fransman W, Pronk A. A Scoping Review of Technologies and Their Applicability for Exposome-Based Risk Assessment in the Oil and Gas Industry. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:1011-1028. [PMID: 34219141 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oil and gas workers have been shown to be at increased risk of chronic diseases including cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and hearing loss, among others. Technological advances may be used to assess the external (e.g. personal sensors, smartphone apps and online platforms, exposure models) and internal exposome (e.g. physiologically based kinetic modeling (PBK), biomonitoring, omics), offering numerous possibilities for chronic disease prevention strategies and risk management measures. The objective of this study was to review the literature on these technologies, by focusing on: (i) evaluating their applicability for exposome research in the oil and gas industry, and (ii) identifying key challenges that may hamper the successful application of such technologies in the oil and gas industry. METHOD A scoping review was conducted by identifying peer-reviewed literature with searches in MEDLINE/PubMed and SciVerse Scopus. Two assessors trained on the search strategy screened retrieved articles on title and abstract. The inclusion criteria used for this review were: application of the aforementioned technologies at a workplace in the oil and gas industry or, application of these technologies for an exposure relevant to the oil and gas industry but in another occupational sector, English language and publication period 2005-end of 2019. RESULTS In total, 72 articles were included in this scoping review with most articles focused on omics and bioinformatics (N = 22), followed by biomonitoring and biomarkers (N = 20), external exposure modeling (N = 11), PBK modeling (N = 10), and personal sensors (N = 9). Several studies were identified in the oil and gas industry on the application of PBK models and biomarkers, mainly focusing on workers exposed to benzene. The application of personal sensors, new types of exposure models, and omics technology are still in their infancy with respect to the oil and gas industry. Nevertheless, applications of these technologies in other occupational sectors showed the potential for application in this sector. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION New exposome technologies offer great promise for personal monitoring of workers in the oil and gas industry, but more applied research is needed in collaboration with the industry. Current challenges hindering a successful application of such technologies include (i) the technological readiness of sensors, (ii) the availability of data, (iii) the absence of standardized and validated methods, and (iv) the need for new study designs to study the development of disease during working life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miranda Loh
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen S Galea
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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Goede H, Kuijpers E, Krone T, le Feber M, Franken R, Fransman W, Duyzer J, Pronk A. Future Prospects of Occupational Exposure Modelling of Substances in the Context of Time-Resolved Sensor Data. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:246-254. [PMID: 33215191 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary explores the use of high-resolution data from new, miniature sensors to enrich models that predict exposures to chemical substances in the workplace. To optimally apply these sensors, one can expect an increased need for new models that will facilitate the interpretation and extrapolation of the acquired time-resolved data. We identified three key modelling approaches in the context of sensor data, namely (i) enrichment of existing time-integrated exposure models, (ii) (new) high-resolution (in time and space) empirical models, and (iii) new 'occupational dispersion' models. Each approach was evaluated in terms of their application in research, practice, and for policy purposes. It is expected that substance-specific sensor data will have the potential to transform workplace modelling by re-calibrating, refining, and validating existing (time-integrated) models. An increased shift towards 'sensor-driven' models is expected. It will allow for high-resolution modelling in time and space to identify peak exposures and will be beneficial for more individualized exposure assessment and real-time risk management. New 'occupational dispersion models' such as interpolation, computational fluid dynamic models, and assimilation techniques, together with sensor data, will be specifically useful. These techniques can be applied to develop site-specific concentration maps which calculate personal exposures and mitigate worker exposure through early warning systems, source finding and improved control design and control strategies. Critical development and investment needs for sensor data linked to (new) model development were identified such as (i) the generation of more sensor data with reliable sensor technologies (achieved by improved specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of sensors), (ii) investing in statistical and new model developments, (iii) ensuring that we comply with privacy and security issues of concern, and (iv) acceptance by relevant target groups (such as employers and employees) and stimulation of these new technologies by policymakers and technology developers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Goede
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Risk Assessment for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Kuijpers
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Risk Assessment for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Krone
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Risk Assessment for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike le Feber
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Risk Assessment for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remy Franken
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Risk Assessment for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Fransman
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Risk Assessment for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Duyzer
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Environmental Modelling, Sensing & Analysis (EMSA), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Risk Assessment for Products in Development (RAPID), Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Franken R, Shandilya N, Marquart H, McNally K, Fransman W. Extrapolating the Applicability of Measurement Data on Worker Inhalation Exposure to Chemical Substances. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 64:250-269. [PMID: 31970399 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Measured data are generally preferred to modelled estimates of exposure. Grouping and read-across is already widely used and accepted approach in toxicology, but an appropriate approach and guidance on how to use existing exposure measurement data on one substance and work situation for another substance and/or work situation is currently not available. This study presents a framework for an extensive read-across of existing worker inhalable exposure measurement data. This framework enables the calculation of read-across factors based on another substance and/or work situation by first evaluating the quality of the existing measurement data and then mapping its similarity or difference with another substance and/or work situation. The system of read-across factors was largely based on the determinants in ECETOC TRA and ART exposure models. The applicability of the framework and its proof of principle were demonstrated by using five case studies. In these case studies, either the 75th percentiles of measured exposure data was observed to lie within the estimated 90% confidence intervals from the read-across approach or at least with the increase in the geometric mean of measured exposure, geometric mean of estimated exposure also increased. Testing and re-evaluation of the present framework by experts in exposure assessment and statistics is recommended to develop it further into a tool that can be widely used in exposure assessment and regulatory practices.
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11
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Kuijpers E, Pronk A, Koivisto AJ, Jensen KA, Vermeulen R, Fransman W. Relative Differences in Concentration Levels during Sawing and Drilling of Car Bumpers Containing MWCNT and Organic Pigment. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 64:909. [PMID: 30852593 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eelco Kuijpers
- TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands.,Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lerso Parkallé, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lerso Parkallé, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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12
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Franken R, Kasiotis KM, Tsakirakis AN, Chartzala I, Anastasiadou P, Machera K, Fransman W, Gerritsen-Ebben RM, Spaan S. Experimental Assessment of Inhalation and Dermal Exposure to Chemicals During Industrial or Professional Activities in Relation to the Performance of ECETOC TRA. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 64:944-958. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
For many work situations only insufficient exposure data are available to perform proper risk assessment. Because measuring worker exposure can be time consuming and resource intense, the availability of reliable exposure models is important when performing risk assessments. However, the development and improvement of exposure models are hampered by scarcity of sound exposure data as well as by lack of information on relevant exposure factors and conditions of exposure. This paper describes a study where inhalation and dermal exposure data were collected under defined conditions. Exposure scenarios examined included tasks that have not been investigated in previous validation studies. The results of these measurements were compared with ECETOC TRA model version 3.1 predictions. In this study, five exposure scenarios were selected, namely ‘use in a closed batch process’ (PROC 4), ‘mixing or blending in a partly open batch process’ (PROC 5), ‘rolling’ (PROC 10), ‘immersion’ (PROC 13), and ‘stirring’ (PROC 19). These PROCs stem from the descriptors that Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals has established to depict the identified uses of chemical substances. These exposure scenarios were selected mainly because little or no data are available for these situations, or ECETOC TRA is likely to underestimate exposure for these situations. Experiments were performed by volunteers for the selected exposure scenarios, in which tasks were performed aiming to represent real workplace situations. In total 70 experiments were performed, during which 70 dermal exposure measurements (5 volunteers × 2 repeats × 7 scenarios) and 32 inhalation exposure measurements (4 volunteers × 2 repeats × 4 scenarios) were collected. Two formulations were used, namely pure Tinopal SWN powder (solid product, a fluorescent tracer) and 0.5% Tinopal SWN dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE). DCE is considered a moderate volatile liquid. For exposure scenarios using the liquid formulation, both inhalation and dermal measurements were performed, while for exposure scenarios using the pure powder only dermal exposure measurements were performed. In addition, photographs were taken under ultraviolet light to qualitatively assess exposure patterns on hands and body. Volunteers repeatedly performed a selection of tasks under standardized conditions in a test chamber for each exposure scenario. Results show that ECETOC TRA overestimated dermal hand exposure for all PROCs included in the study, and was considered to be conservative. Additionally, ECETOC TRA overestimated inhalation exposure for closed and partially closed processes, but underestimated inhalation exposure for rolling and handling of immersed objects. Qualitative assessment of the hands and body showed mainly the hands were exposed for tasks involving closed and partially closed processes and when handling of immersed objects. Exposure to other body segments were also observed for rolling and stirring. In conclusion, this study gave insights into dermal and inhalation exposure levels during selected task scenarios, and showed that ECETOC TRA is conservative when dermal exposure is estimated. Inhalation exposure estimates for PROCs 10 and 13 tasks with the moderate volatility liquid were underestimated in this study. It may be therefore necessary to re-evaluate base model predictions for these scenarios when medium fugacity liquids are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Franken
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), TNO, Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos M Kasiotis
- Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos N Tsakirakis
- Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilianna Chartzala
- Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Pelagia Anastasiadou
- Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Machera
- Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Wouter Fransman
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), TNO, Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rianda M Gerritsen-Ebben
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), TNO, Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Spaan
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), TNO, Princetonlaan, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Shandilya N, Kuijpers E, Tuinman I, Fransman W. Powder Intrinsic Properties as Dustiness Predictor for an Efficient Exposure Assessment? Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 63:1029-1045. [PMID: 31587034 PMCID: PMC6853698 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dustiness is not an intrinsic physically defined property of a powder, but the tendency of particles to become airborne in response to mechanical and/or aerodynamic stimuli. The present study considers a set of 10 physical properties to which the powder dustiness can be attributed. Through a preliminary investigation of a standardized continuous drop test scenario, we present first set of results on the varying degrees or weights of influence of these properties on the aerosolization tendency of powder particles. The inter-particle distance is found to be the most dominant property controlling the particle aerosolization, followed by the ability of powder particles to get electrostatically charged. We observe the kinetics involved during powder aerosolization to be governed by two ratios: drag force/cohesive force and drag force/gravitational force. The converging tendencies in these initial results indicate that these physical properties can be used to model dustiness of falling powder, which can eventually be used in risk assessment tools for an efficient exposure estimation of the powders.
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14
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Nymark P, Bakker M, Dekkers S, Franken R, Fransman W, García-Bilbao A, Greco D, Gulumian M, Hadrup N, Halappanavar S, Hongisto V, Hougaard KS, Jensen KA, Kohonen P, Koivisto AJ, Dal Maso M, Oosterwijk T, Poikkimäki M, Rodriguez-Llopis I, Stierum R, Sørli JB, Grafström R. Toward Rigorous Materials Production: New Approach Methodologies Have Extensive Potential to Improve Current Safety Assessment Practices. Small 2020; 16:e1904749. [PMID: 31913582 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advanced material development, including at the nanoscale, comprises costly and complex challenges coupled to ensuring human and environmental safety. Governmental agencies regulating safety have announced interest toward acceptance of safety data generated under the collective term New Approach Methodologies (NAMs), as such technologies/approaches offer marked potential to progress the integration of safety testing measures during innovation from idea to product launch of nanomaterials. Divided in overall eight main categories, searchable databases for grouping and read across purposes, exposure assessment and modeling, in silico modeling of physicochemical structure and hazard data, in vitro high-throughput and high-content screening assays, dose-response assessments and modeling, analyses of biological processes and toxicity pathways, kinetics and dose extrapolation, consideration of relevant exposure levels and biomarker endpoints typify such useful NAMs. Their application generally agrees with articulated stakeholder needs for improvement of safety testing procedures. They further fit for inclusion and add value in nanomaterials risk assessment tools. Overall 37 of 50 evaluated NAMs and tiered workflows applying NAMs are recommended for considering safer-by-design innovation, including guidance to the selection of specific NAMs in the eight categories. An innovation funnel enriched with safety methods is ultimately proposed under the central aim of promoting rigorous nanomaterials innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Nymark
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nobels väg 13, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, Karjakatu 35 B, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Martine Bakker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Dekkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Remy Franken
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, P.O. Box 96800, NL-2509 JE, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Fransman
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, P.O. Box 96800, NL-2509 JE, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Amaia García-Bilbao
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Parque Tecnológico, Ed. 202, 48170, Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Dario Greco
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, 33720, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mary Gulumian
- National Institute for Occupational Health, 25 Hospital St, Constitution Hill, 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Haematology and Molecular Medicine Department, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Niels Hadrup
- National Research Center for the Work Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Vesa Hongisto
- Department of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, Karjakatu 35 B, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Karin Sørig Hougaard
- National Research Center for the Work Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Center for the Work Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pekka Kohonen
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nobels väg 13, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, Karjakatu 35 B, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- National Research Center for the Work Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miikka Dal Maso
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Thies Oosterwijk
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, P.O. Box 96800, NL-2509 JE, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Mikko Poikkimäki
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Rob Stierum
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, P.O. Box 96800, NL-2509 JE, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jorid Birkelund Sørli
- National Research Center for the Work Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roland Grafström
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nobels väg 13, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, Karjakatu 35 B, 20520, Turku, Finland
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15
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Semenzin E, Subramanian V, Pizzol L, Zabeo A, Fransman W, Oksel C, Hristozov D, Marcomini A. Controlling the risks of nano-enabled products through the life cycle: The case of nano copper oxide paint for wood protection and nano-pigments used in the automotive industry. Environ Int 2019; 131:104901. [PMID: 31279910 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in consumer products and the overwhelming uncertainties in their ecological and human health risks have raised concerns regarding their safety among industries and regulators. There has been an ongoing debate over the past few decades on ways to overcome the challenges in assessing and mitigating nano-related risks, which has reached a phase of general consensus that nanotechnology innovation should be accompanied by the application of the precautionary principle and best practice risk management, even if the risk assessment uncertainties are large. We propose a quantitative methodology for selecting the optimal risk control strategy based on information about human health and ecological risks, efficacy of risk mitigation measures, cost and other contextual factors. The risk control (RC) methodology was developed in the European FP7 research project SUN and successfully demonstrated in two case studies involving real industrial nano-enabled products (NEPs): nano-scale copper oxide (CuO) and basic copper carbonate (Cu2(OH)2CO3) used as antimicrobial and antifungal coatings and impregnations for the preservation of treated wood, and two nanoscale pigments used for colouring plastic automotive parts (i.e. red organic pigment and carbon black). The application of RC for human health risks showed that although nano-related risks could easily be controlled in automotive plastics case study with modifications in production technology or specific type of engineering controls, nano-related risks due to sanding and sawing copper oxide painted wood were non-acceptable in the use lifecycle stage and would need the identification of a more effective risk control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Semenzin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Vrishali Subramanian
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Lisa Pizzol
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Alex Zabeo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | | | - Ceyda Oksel
- Institute of Particle Science and Engineering, School of Process, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Danail Hristozov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venezia, Italy.
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16
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Goede H, Christopher-de Vries Y, Kuijpers E, Fransman W. A Review of Workplace Risk Management Measures for Nanomaterials to Mitigate Inhalation and Dermal Exposure. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 62:907-922. [PMID: 30084914 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes an evaluation of the effectiveness of Risk Management Measures (RMM) for nanomaterials in the workplace. Our aim was to review the effectiveness of workplace RMM for nanomaterials and to determine whether established effectiveness values of conventional chemical substances applied for modelling purposes should be adopted or revised based on available evidence. A literature review was conducted to collate nano-specific data on workplace RMM. Besides the quantitative efficacy values, the library was populated with important covariables such as the study design, measurement type, size of particles or agglomerates/aggregates, and metrics applied. In total 770 records were retrieved from 41 studies for three general types of RMM (engineering controls, respiratory equipment and skin protective equipment: gloves and clothing). Records were found for various sub-categories of the different types of RMM although the number of records for each was generally limited. Significant variation in efficacy values was observed within RMM categories while also considering the respective covariables. Based on a comparative evaluation with efficacy values applied for conventional substances, adapted efficacy values are proposed for various RMM sub-categories (e.g. containment, fume cupboards, FFP2 respirators). It is concluded that RMM efficacy data for nanomaterials are limited and often inconclusive to propose effectiveness values. This review also shed some light on the current knowledge gaps for nanomaterials related to RMM effectiveness (e.g. ventilated walk-in enclosures and clean rooms) and the challenges foreseen to derive reliable RMM efficacy values from aggregated data in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Goede
- TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), the Netherlands
| | | | - Eelco Kuijpers
- TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Fransman
- TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), the Netherlands
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17
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Belut E, Sánchez Jiménez A, Meyer-Plath A, Koivisto AJ, Koponen IK, Jensen ACØ, MacCalman L, Tuinman I, Fransman W, Domat M, Bivolarova M, van Tongeren M. Indoor dispersion of airborne nano and fine particles: Main factors affecting spatial and temporal distribution in the frame of exposure modeling. Indoor Air 2019; 29:803-816. [PMID: 31206776 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A particle exposure experiment inside a large climate-controlled chamber was conducted. Data on spatial and temporal distribution of nanoscale and fine aerosols in the range of mobility diameters 8-600 nm were collected with high resolution, for sodium chloride, fluorescein sodium, and silica particles. Exposure scenarios studied included constant and intermittent source emissions, different aggregation conditions, high (10 h-1 ) and low (3.5 h-1 ) air exchange rates (AERs) corresponding to chamber Reynolds number, respectively, equal to 1 × 105 and 3 × 104 . Results are presented and analyzed to highlight the main determinants of exposure and to determine whether the assumptions underlying two-box models hold under various scenarios. The main determinants of exposure found were the source generation rate and the ventilation rate. The effect of particles nature was indiscernible, and the decrease of airborne total number concentrations attributable to surface deposition was estimated lower than 2% when the source was active. A near-field/far-field structure of aerosol concentration was always observed for the AER = 10 h-1 but for AER = 3.5 h-1 , a single-field structure was found. The particle size distribution was always homogeneous in space but a general shift of particle diameter (-8% to +16%) was observed between scenarios in correlation with the AER and with the source position, presumably largely attributable to aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Belut
- INRS, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre, France
| | | | - Asmus Meyer-Plath
- BAuA, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ismo K Koponen
- NRCWE, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander C Ø Jensen
- NRCWE, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura MacCalman
- Centre for Human Exposure, IOM, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Maidá Domat
- ITENE, Instituto Tecnológico del Embalaje, Transporte y Logística, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mariya Bivolarova
- Department of Civil Engineering, DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martie van Tongeren
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
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18
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Kuijpers E, Pronk A, Koivisto AJ, Jensen KA, Vermeulen R, Fransman W. Relative Differences in Concentration Levels during Sawing and Drilling of Car Bumpers Containing MWCNT and Organic Pigment. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 63:148-157. [PMID: 30615066 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Knowledge on the exposure characteristics, including release of nanomaterials, is especially needed in the later stages of nano-enabled products' life cycles to perform better occupational risk assessments. The objective of this study was to assess the concentrations during sawing and drilling in car bumpers containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and nanosized organic pigment (OP) under variable realistic workplace situations related to the ventilation in the room and machine settings. METHODS Twelve different experiments were performed in triplicate (N = 36) using tools powered by induction engines that allow interference-free particle measurements. A DiSCmini was used to measure particle number concentrations, whereas particle size distributions were measured using Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (TSI), Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (TSI), and Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (Dekati). In addition, inhalable particles were sampled using IOM samplers on filters for scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDX) analyses. Data were analysed to estimate the effects of individual exposure determinants, in a two-stage modelling strategy using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average models (stage 1) and subsequently combining first stage results in simulations using multiple linear regression models (stage 2). RESULTS In sawing experiments, partly melted carbon-rich particles (mainly ~2 to ~8 µm) were identified with SEM/EDX, whereas drilling experiments revealed no activity-related particles. In addition, no pristine engineered nanoparticles (MWCNTs and OP) were observed to be liberated from the matrix. Statistical analyses showed significant effects of a higher sawing speed, a reduction in air concentration due to mechanical ventilation, and less exposure during sawing of car bumpers containing MWCNTs compared to bumpers containing OP. CONCLUSION The experiments in this study give an indication of the effects of different abrasive activities (sawing, drilling), machine settings (sawing speed, drill size), mechanical ventilation, and material characteristics on the manufactured nano-objects, their agglomerates, and aggregates concentration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco Kuijpers
- TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, HE Zeist, The Netherlands.,Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan, CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lerso Parkallé, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lerso Parkallé, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan, CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Koivisto AJ, Kling KI, Fonseca AS, Bluhme AB, Moreman M, Yu M, Costa AL, Giovanni B, Ortelli S, Fransman W, Vogel U, Jensen KA. Dip coating of air purifier ceramic honeycombs with photocatalytic TiO 2 nanoparticles: A case study for occupational exposure. Sci Total Environ 2018; 630:1283-1291. [PMID: 29554749 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale TiO2 (nTiO2) is manufactured in high volumes and is of potential concern in occupational health. Here, we measured workers exposure levels while ceramic honeycombs were dip coated with liquid photoactive nanoparticle suspension and dried with an air blade. The measured nTiO2 concentration levels were used to assess process specific emission rates using a convolution theorem and to calculate inhalation dose rates of deposited nTiO2 particles. Dip coating did not result in detectable release of particles but air blade drying released fine-sized TiO2 and nTiO2 particles. nTiO2 was found in pure nTiO2 agglomerates and as individual particles deposited onto background particles. Total particle emission rates were 420×109min-1, 1.33×109μm2min-1, and 3.5mgmin-1 respirable mass. During a continued repeated process, the average exposure level was 2.5×104cm-3, 30.3μm2cm-3, <116μgm-3 for particulate matter. The TiO2 average exposure level was 4.2μgm-3, which is well below the maximum recommended exposure limit of 300μgm-3 for nTiO2 proposed by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. During an 8-hour exposure, the observed concentrations would result in a lung deposited surface area of 4.3×10-3cm2g-1 of lung tissue and 13μg of TiO2 to the trachea-bronchi, and alveolar regions. The dose levels were well below the one hundredth of the no observed effect level (NOEL1/100) of 0.11cm2g-1 for granular biodurable particles and a daily no significant risk dose level of 44μgday-1. These emission rates can be used in a mass flow model to predict the impact of process emissions on personal and environmental exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Joonas Koivisto
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Kirsten Inga Kling
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Ana Sofia Fonseca
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Anders Brostrøm Bluhme
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark; Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345B, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Mingzhou Yu
- China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Baldi Giovanni
- COLOROBBIA CONSULTING S.r.L., Via Pietramarina 53, 50053, Sovigliana, Vinci, FI, Italy
| | | | | | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
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Hristozov D, Pizzol L, Basei G, Zabeo A, Mackevica A, Hansen SF, Gosens I, Cassee FR, de Jong W, Koivisto AJ, Neubauer N, Sanchez Jimenez A, Semenzin E, Subramanian V, Fransman W, Jensen KA, Wohlleben W, Stone V, Marcomini A. Quantitative human health risk assessment along the lifecycle of nano-scale copper-based wood preservatives. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:747-765. [PMID: 29893192 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1472314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of nano-scale copper oxide (CuO) and basic copper carbonate (Cu2(OH)2CO3) in both ionic and micronized wood preservatives has raised concerns about the potential of these substances to cause adverse humans health effects. To address these concerns, we performed quantitative (probabilistic) human health risk assessment (HHRA) along the lifecycles of these formulations used in antibacterial and antifungal wood coatings and impregnations by means of the EU FP7 SUN project's Decision Support System (SUNDS, www.sunds.gd). The results from the risk analysis revealed inhalation risks from CuO in exposure scenarios involving workers handling dry powders and performing sanding operations as well as potential ingestion risks for children exposed to nano Cu2(OH)2CO3 in a scenario involving hand-to-mouth transfer of the substance released from impregnated wood. There are, however, substantial uncertainties in these results, so some of the identified risks may stem from the safety margin of extrapolation to fill data gaps and might be resolved by additional testing. Our stochastic approach successfully communicated the contribution of different sources of uncertainty in the risk assessment. The main source of uncertainty was the extrapolation from short to long-term exposure, which was necessary due to the lack of (sub)chronic in vivo studies with CuO and Cu2(OH)2CO3. Considerable uncertainties also stemmed from the use of default inter- and intra-species extrapolation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danail Hristozov
- a Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics , University Ca' Foscari , Venice , Italy.,b Greendecision Srl , Venice , Italy
| | - Lisa Pizzol
- a Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics , University Ca' Foscari , Venice , Italy.,b Greendecision Srl , Venice , Italy
| | - Gianpietro Basei
- a Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics , University Ca' Foscari , Venice , Italy
| | - Alex Zabeo
- a Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics , University Ca' Foscari , Venice , Italy.,b Greendecision Srl , Venice , Italy
| | - Aiga Mackevica
- c Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Steffen Foss Hansen
- c Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Ilse Gosens
- d National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- d National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands.,e Institute of Risk Assessment Studies , Utrecht University , Netherlands
| | - Wim de Jong
- d National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Elena Semenzin
- a Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics , University Ca' Foscari , Venice , Italy
| | - Vrishali Subramanian
- a Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics , University Ca' Foscari , Venice , Italy
| | - Wouter Fransman
- i Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO , Zeist , Netherlands
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- f National Research Centre for the Working Environment , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- f National Research Centre for the Working Environment , Copenhagen , Denmark.,g BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Vicki Stone
- j School of Life Sciences, Nanosafety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- a Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics , University Ca' Foscari , Venice , Italy
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Fonseca AS, Kuijpers E, Kling KI, Levin M, Koivisto AJ, Nielsen SH, Fransman W, Fedutik Y, Jensen KA, Koponen IK. Particle release and control of worker exposure during laboratory-scale synthesis, handling and simulated spills of manufactured nanomaterials in fume hoods. J Nanopart Res 2018; 20:48. [PMID: 29497347 PMCID: PMC5820406 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-018-4136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fume hoods are one of the most common types of equipment applied to reduce the potential of particle exposure in laboratory environments. A number of previous studies have shown particle release during work with nanomaterials under fume hoods. Here, we assessed laboratory workers' inhalation exposure during synthesis and handling of CuO, TiO2 and ZnO in a fume hood. In addition, we tested the capacity of a fume hood to prevent particle release to laboratory air during simulated spillage of different powders (silica fume, zirconia TZ-3Y and TiO2). Airborne particle concentrations were measured in near field, far field, and in the breathing zone of the worker. Handling CuO nanoparticles increased the concentration of small particles (< 58 nm) inside the fume hood (up to 1 × 105 cm-3). Synthesis, handling and packaging of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles did not result in detectable particle release to the laboratory air. Simulated powder spills showed a systematic increase in the particle concentrations inside the fume hood with increasing amount of material and drop height. Despite powder spills were sometimes observed to eject into the laboratory room, the spill events were rarely associated with notable release of particles from the fume hood. Overall, this study shows that a fume hood generally offers sufficient exposure control during synthesis and handling of nanomaterials. An appropriate fume hood with adequate sash height and face velocity prevents 98.3% of particles release into the surrounding environment. Care should still be made to consider spills and high cleanliness to prevent exposure via resuspension and inadvertent exposure by secondary routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Fonseca
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Lerso Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eelco Kuijpers
- TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten I. Kling
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Lerso Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcus Levin
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Lerso Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antti J. Koivisto
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Lerso Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe H. Nielsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Lerso Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W. Fransman
- TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Yijri Fedutik
- PlasmaChem GmbH, Schwarzschildstr 10, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Keld A. Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Lerso Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ismo K. Koponen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Lerso Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Marquart H, Franken R, Goede H, Fransman W, Schinkel J. Validation of the dermal exposure model in ECETOC TRA. Ann Work Expo Health 2017; 61:854-871. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Fransman W, Buist H, Kuijpers E, Walser T, Meyer D, Zondervan-van den Beuken E, Westerhout J, Klein Entink RH, Brouwer DH. Comparative Human Health Impact Assessment of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Framework of Life Cycle Assessment. Risk Anal 2017; 37:1358-1374. [PMID: 27664001 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For safe innovation, knowledge on potential human health impacts is essential. Ideally, these impacts are considered within a larger life-cycle-based context to support sustainable development of new applications and products. A methodological framework that accounts for human health impacts caused by inhalation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in an indoor air environment has been previously developed. The objectives of this study are as follows: (i) evaluate the feasibility of applying the CF framework for NP exposure in the workplace based on currently available data; and (ii) supplement any resulting knowledge gaps with methods and data from the life cycle approach and human risk assessment (LICARA) project to develop a modified case-specific version of the framework that will enable near-term inclusion of NP human health impacts in life cycle assessment (LCA) using a case study involving nanoscale titanium dioxide (nanoTiO2 ). The intent is to enhance typical LCA with elements of regulatory risk assessment, including its more detailed measure of uncertainty. The proof-of-principle demonstration of the framework highlighted the lack of available data for both the workplace emissions and human health effects of ENMs that is needed to calculate generalizable characterization factors using common human health impact assessment practices in LCA. The alternative approach of using intake fractions derived from workplace air concentration measurements and effect factors based on best-available toxicity data supported the current case-by-case approach for assessing the human health life cycle impacts of ENMs. Ultimately, the proposed framework and calculations demonstrate the potential utility of integrating elements of risk assessment with LCA for ENMs once the data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tobias Walser
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Federal Office of Public Health, Berne, Switzerland
| | - David Meyer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Kuijpers E, Bekker C, Brouwer D, le Feber M, Fransman W. Understanding workers' exposure: Systematic review and data-analysis of emission potential for NOAA. J Occup Environ Hyg 2017; 14:349-359. [PMID: 27801630 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1252843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure assessment for nano-objects, and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAA), has evolved from explorative research toward more comprehensive exposure assessment, providing data to further develop currently used conservative control banding (CB) tools for risk assessment. This study aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on emission potential of NOAA across the occupational life cycle stages by a systematic review and subsequently use the results in a data analysis. Relevant parameters that influence emission were collected from peer-reviewed literature with a focus on the four source domains (SD) in the source-receptor conceptual framework for NOAA. To make the reviewed exposure data comparable, we applied an approach to normalize for workplace circumstances and measurement location, resulting in comparable "surrogate" emission levels. Finally, descriptive statistics were performed. During the synthesis of nanoparticles (SD1), mechanical reduction and gas phase synthesis resulted in the highest emission compared to wet chemistry and chemical vapor condensation. For the handling and transfer of bulk manufactured nanomaterial powders (SD2) the emission could be differentiated for five activity classes: (1) harvesting; (2) dumping; (3); mixing; (4) cleaning of a reactor; and (5) transferring. Additionally, SD2 was subdivided by the handled amount with cleaning further subdivided by energy level. Harvesting and dumping resulted in the highest emissions. Regarding processes with liquids (SD3b), it was possible to distinguish emissions for spraying (propellant gas, (high) pressure and pump), sonication and brushing/rolling. The highest emissions observed in SD3b were for propellant gas spraying and pressure spraying. The highest emissions for the handling of nano-articles (SD4) were found to nano-sized particles (including NOAA) for grinding. This study provides a valuable overview of emission assessments performed in the workplace during the occupational handling of NOAA. Analyses were made per source domain to derive emission levels which can be used for models to quantitatively predict the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Bekker
- a TNO , Zeist , The Netherlands
- b Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - D Brouwer
- a TNO , Zeist , The Netherlands
- c School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, RSA , Johannesburg , South Africa
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Bekker C, Fransman W, Boessen R, Oerlemans A, Ottenbros IB, Vermeulen R. Assessment of Determinants of Emission Potentially Affecting the Concentration of Airborne Nano-Objects and Their Agglomerates and Aggregates. Ann Work Expo Health 2017; 61:98-109. [PMID: 28395316 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nano-specific inhalation exposure models could potentially be effective tools to assess and control worker exposure to nano-objects, and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAA). However, due to the lack of reliable and consistent collected NOAA exposure data, the scientific basis for validation of the existing NOAA exposure models is missing or limited. The main objective of this study was to gain more insight into the effect of various determinants underlying the potential on the concentration of airborne NOAA close to the source with the purpose of providing a scientific basis for existing and future exposure inhalation models. Method Four experimental studies were conducted to investigate the effect of 11 determinants of emission on the concentration airborne NOAA close to the source during dumping of ~100% nanopowders. Determinants under study were: nanomaterial, particle size, dump mass, height, rate, ventilation rate, mixing speed, containment, particle surface coating, moisture content of the powder, and receiving surface. The experiments were conducted in an experimental room (19.5 m3) with well-controlled environmental and ventilation conditions. Particle number concentration and size distribution were measured using real-time measurement devices. Results Dumping of nanopowders resulted in a higher number concentration and larger particles than dumping their reference microsized powder (P < 0.05). Statistically significant more and larger particles were also found during dumping of SiO2 nanopowder compared to TiO2/Al2O3 nanopowders. Particle surface coating did not affect the number concentration but on average larger particles were found during dumping of coated nanopowders. An increase of the powder's moisture content resulted in less and smaller particles in the air. Furthermore, the results indicate that particle number concentration increases with increasing dump height, rate, and mass and decreases when ventilation is turned on. Discussion These results give an indication of the direction and magnitude of the effect of the studied determinants on concentrations close to the source and provide a scientific basis for (further) development of existing and future NOAA inhalation exposure models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bekker
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.,Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Fransman
- Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Boessen
- Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Arné Oerlemans
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse B Ottenbros
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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27
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Ciffroy P, Altenpohl A, Fait G, Fransman W, Paini A, Radovnikovic A, Simon-Cornu M, Suciu N, Verdonck F. Development of a standard documentation protocol for communicating exposure models. Sci Total Environ 2016; 568:557-565. [PMID: 27039272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An important step in building a computational model is its documentation; a comprehensive and structured documentation can improve the model applicability and transparency in science/research and for regulatory purposes. This is particularly crucial and challenging for environmental and/or human exposure models that aim to establish quantitative relationships between personal exposure levels and their determinants. Exposure models simulate the transport and fate of a contaminant from the source to the receptor and may involve a large set of entities (e.g. all the media the contaminants may pass though). Such complex models are difficult to be described in a comprehensive, unambiguous and accessible way. Bad communication of assumptions, theory, structure and/or parameterization can lead to lack of confidence by the user and it may be source of errors. The goal of this paper is to propose a standard documentation protocol (SDP) for exposure models, i.e. a generic format and a standard structure by which all exposure models could be documented. For this purpose, a CEN (European Committee for Standardisation) workshop was set up with objective to agree on minimum requirements for the amount and type of information to be provided on exposure models documentation along with guidelines for the structure and presentation of the information. The resulting CEN workshop agreement (CWA) was expected to facilitate a more rigorous formulation of exposure models description and the understanding by users. This paper intends to describe the process followed for defining the SDP, the standardisation approach, as well as the main components of the SDP resulting from a wide consultation of interested stakeholders. The main outcome is a CEN CWA which establishes terms and definitions for exposure models and their elements, specifies minimum requirements for the amount and type of information to be documented, and proposes a structure for communicating the documentation to different users.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ciffroy
- Electricité de France (EDF) R&D, National Hydraulic and Environment Laboratory, 6 quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France.
| | - A Altenpohl
- Austrian Standards Institute, Heinestr. 38, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - G Fait
- AIEFORIA srl, via Gramsci 22, 43036 Fidenza (PR), Italy
| | - W Fransman
- TNO, PO Box 360, 3700AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - A Paini
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - A Radovnikovic
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - M Simon-Cornu
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV, SERIS, LM2E, Cadarache, France
| | - N Suciu
- Istituto di Chimica Agraria ed Ambientale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - F Verdonck
- Arche cvba, Liefkensstraat 35d, 9032 Gent (Wondelgem), Belgium
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Bekker C, Voogd E, Fransman W, Vermeulen R. The Validity and Applicability of Using a Generic Exposure Assessment Model for Occupational Exposure to Nano-Objects and Their Aggregates and Agglomerates. ANNHYG 2016; 60:1039-1048. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mew048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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29
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Brouwer D, Boessen R, van Duuren-Stuurman B, Bard D, Moehlmann C, Bekker C, Fransman W, Klein Entink R. Evaluation of Decision Rules in a Tiered Assessment of Inhalation Exposure to Nanomaterials. ANNHYG 2016; 60:949-59. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mew045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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30
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Fransman W, Bekker C, Tromp P, Duis WB. Potential Release of Manufactured Nano Objects During Sanding of Nano-Coated Wood Surfaces. ANNHYG 2016; 60:875-84. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mew031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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van Harmelen T, Zondervan-van den Beuken EK, Brouwer DH, Kuijpers E, Fransman W, Buist HB, Ligthart TN, Hincapié I, Hischier R, Linkov I, Nowack B, Studer J, Hilty L, Som C. LICARA nanoSCAN - A tool for the self-assessment of benefits and risks of nanoproducts. Environ Int 2016; 91:150-160. [PMID: 26949868 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The fast penetration of nanoproducts on the market under conditions of significant uncertainty of their environmental properties and risks to humans creates a need for companies to assess sustainability of their products. Evaluation of the potential benefits and risks to build a coherent story for communication with clients, authorities, consumers, and other stakeholders is getting to be increasingly important, but SMEs often lack the knowledge and expertise to assess risks and communicate them appropriately. This paper introduces LICARA nanoSCAN, a modular web based tool that supports SMEs in assessing benefits and risks associated with new or existing nanoproducts. This tool is unique because it is scanning both the benefits and risks over the nanoproducts life cycle in comparison to a reference product with a similar functionality in order to enable the development of sustainable and competitive nanoproducts. SMEs can use data and expert judgment to answer mainly qualitative and semi-quantitative questions as a part of tool application. Risks to public, workers and consumers are assessed, while the benefits are evaluated for economic, environmental and societal opportunities associated with the product use. The tool provides an easy way to visualize results as well as to identify gaps, missing data and associated uncertainties. The LICARA nanoSCAN has been positively evaluated by several companies and was tested in a number of case studies. The tool helps to develop a consistent and comprehensive argument on the weaknesses and strengths of a nanoproduct that may be valuable for the communication with authorities, clients and among stakeholders in the value chain. LICARA nanoSCAN identifies areas for more detailed assessments, product design improvement or application of risk mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon van Harmelen
- TNO, Climate, Air and Sustainability, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Derk H Brouwer
- TNO, Risk Analysis for Products In Development, P.O. Box 360, NL-3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands; University of the Witwatersrand, School of Public Health, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eelco Kuijpers
- TNO, Risk Analysis for Products In Development, P.O. Box 360, NL-3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Fransman
- TNO, Risk Analysis for Products In Development, P.O. Box 360, NL-3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Harrie B Buist
- TNO, Risk Analysis for Products In Development, P.O. Box 360, NL-3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Tom N Ligthart
- TNO, Climate, Air and Sustainability, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Hincapié
- Technology and Society Lab, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Roland Hischier
- Technology and Society Lab, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Igor Linkov
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 696 Virginia Rd., Concord, MA 01742, USA; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Technology and Society Lab, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Studer
- Informatics and Sustainability Research Group, Department of Informatics, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestrasse 14, CH-8050 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Hilty
- Technology and Society Lab, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Informatics and Sustainability Research Group, Department of Informatics, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestrasse 14, CH-8050 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Som
- Technology and Society Lab, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Kuijpers E, Bekker C, Fransman W, Brouwer D, Tromp P, Vlaanderen J, Godderis L, Hoet P, Lan Q, Silverman D, Vermeulen R, Pronk A. Occupational Exposure to Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes During Commercial Production Synthesis and Handling. Ann Occup Hyg 2015; 60:305-17. [PMID: 26613611 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The world-wide production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has increased substantially in the last decade, leading to occupational exposures. There is a paucity of exposure data of workers involved in the commercial production of CNTs. The goals of this study were to assess personal exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) during the synthesis and handling of MWCNTs in a commercial production facility and to link these exposure levels to specific activities. Personal full-shift filter-based samples were collected, during commercial production and handling of MWCNTs, R&D activities, and office work. The concentrations of MWCNT were evaluated on the basis of EC concentrations. Associations were studied between observed MWCNT exposure levels and location and activities. SEM analyses showed MWCNTs, present as agglomerates ranging between 200 nm and 100 µm. Exposure levels of MWCNTs observed in the production area during the full scale synthesis of MWCNTs (N = 23) were comparable to levels observed during further handling of MWCNTs (N = 19): (GM (95% lower confidence limit-95% upper confidence limit)) 41 μg m(-3) (20-88) versus 43 μg m(-3) (22-86), respectively. In the R&D area (N = 11) and the office (N = 5), exposure levels of MWCNTs were significantly (P < 0.05) lower: 5 μg m(-3) (2-11) and 7 μg m(-3) (2-28), respectively. Bagging, maintenance of the reactor, and powder conditioning were associated with higher exposure levels in the production area, whereas increased exposure levels in the R&D area were related to handling of MWCNTs powder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy Bekker
- 1.TNO - PO Box 360, Zeist, The Netherlands; 2.IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- 2.IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lode Godderis
- 3.Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - Centre for Environment and Health, Kapucijnenvoer 35/5, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; 4.IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Peter Hoet
- 3.Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - Centre for Environment and Health, Kapucijnenvoer 35/5, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qing Lan
- 5.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Debra Silverman
- 5.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- 2.IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bekker C, Kuijpers E, Brouwer DH, Vermeulen R, Fransman W. Occupational Exposure to Nano-Objects and Their Agglomerates and Aggregates Across Various Life Cycle Stages; A Broad-Scale Exposure Study. Ann Occup Hyg 2015; 59:681-704. [PMID: 25846362 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational exposure to manufactured nano-objects and their agglomerates, and aggregates (NOAA) has been described in several workplace air monitoring studies. However, data pooling for general conclusions and exposure estimates are hampered by limited exposure data across the occupational life cycle of NOAA and a lack in comparability between the methods of collecting and analysing the data. By applying a consistent method of collecting and analysing the workplace exposure data, this study aimed to provide information about the occupational NOAA exposure levels across various life cycle stages of NOAA in the Netherlands which can also be used for multi-purpose use. METHODS Personal/near field task-based exposure data was collected using a multi-source exposure assessment method collecting real time particle number concentration, particle size distribution (PSD), filter-based samples for morphological, and elemental analysis and detailed contextual information. A decision logic was followed allowing a consistent and objective way of analysing the exposure data. RESULTS In total, 46 measurement surveys were conducted at 15 companies covering 18 different exposure situations across various occupational life cycle stages of NOAA. Highest activity-effect levels were found during replacement of big bags (<1000-76000 # cm(-3)), mixing/dumping of powders manually (<1000-52000 # cm(-3)) and mechanically (<1000-100000 # cm(-3)), and spraying of liquid (2000-800000 # cm(-3)) showing a high variability between and within the various exposure situations. In general, a limited change in PSD was found during the activity compared to the background. CONCLUSIONS This broad-scale exposure study gives a comprehensive overview of the NOAA exposure situations in the Netherlands and an indication of the levels of occupational exposure to NOAA across various life cycle of NOAA. The collected workplace exposure data and contextual information will serve as basis for future pooling of data and modelling of worker exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bekker
- 1.Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands 2.TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Roel Vermeulen
- 1.Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Losert S, von Goetz N, Bekker C, Fransman W, Wijnhoven SWP, Delmaar C, Hungerbuhler K, Ulrich A. Human exposure to conventional and nanoparticle--containing sprays-a critical review. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:5366-5378. [PMID: 24821461 DOI: 10.1021/es5001819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The release of pesticides from conventional spray products has been investigated in depth, and suitable analytical techniques detecting the mass of the released substances are available. In contrast, nanoparticle-containing sprays are less studied, although they are perceived as critical for consumers because inhalation exposure can occur to potentially toxic nanoparticles. A few recent studies presented analytical concepts for exposure experiments and generated data for exposure assessment. This study attempts to review and compare the current approaches to characterize nanosprays and to identify challenges for future research. Furthermore, experimental setups used for exposure assessment from conventional sprays are reviewed and compared to setups used for nanoparticle-containing sprays. National and international norms dealing with nanoparticle characterization, spray characterization and exposure are inspected with regard to their usefulness for standardizing exposure assessment. Different approaches in the field of exposure modeling are reviewed and compared. The conclusion is that due to largely varying experimental setups to date exposure values for nanosprays are difficult to compare. All studies are only conducted with a limited set of sprays, and no systematic evaluation of the study conditions is available. A suitable set of experimental setups as well as minimum reporting requirements should be agreed upon to enable the systematic evaluation of consumer sprays in the future. Indispensable features of such experimental setups are developed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Losert
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Switzerland, Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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McNally K, Warren N, Fransman W, Entink RK, Schinkel J, van Tongeren M, Cherrie JW, Kromhout H, Schneider T, Tielemans E. Advanced REACH Tool: a Bayesian model for occupational exposure assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 58:551-65. [PMID: 24665110 PMCID: PMC4053932 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a Bayesian model for the assessment of inhalation exposures in an occupational setting; the methodology underpins a freely available web-based application for exposure assessment, the Advanced REACH Tool (ART). The ART is a higher tier exposure tool that combines disparate sources of information within a Bayesian statistical framework. The information is obtained from expert knowledge expressed in a calibrated mechanistic model of exposure assessment, data on inter- and intra-individual variability in exposures from the literature, and context-specific exposure measurements. The ART provides central estimates and credible intervals for different percentiles of the exposure distribution, for full-shift and long-term average exposures. The ART can produce exposure estimates in the absence of measurements, but the precision of the estimates improves as more data become available. The methodology presented in this paper is able to utilize partially analogous data, a novel approach designed to make efficient use of a sparsely populated measurement database although some additional research is still required before practical implementation. The methodology is demonstrated using two worked examples: an exposure to copper pyrithione in the spraying of antifouling paints and an exposure to ethyl acetate in shoe repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McNally
- 1.Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL), Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Nicholas Warren
- 1.Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL), Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | | | | | | | - Martie van Tongeren
- 3.Center for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - John W Cherrie
- 3.Center for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Hans Kromhout
- 4.Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Environmental Epidemiology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schneider
- 5.National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of the Advanced REACH Tool (ART) by (i) studying interassessor agreement of the resulting exposure estimates generated by the ART mechanistic model, (ii) studying interassessor agreement per model parameters of the ART mechanistic model, (iii) investigating assessor characteristics resulting in reliable estimates, and (iv) estimating the effect of training on assessor agreement. METHODS Prior to the 1-day workshop, participants had to assess four scenarios with the ART. During two 1-day workshops, 54 participants received 3-h training in applying the mechanistic model and the technical aspects of the web tool. Afterward, the participants assessed another four scenarios. The assessments of the participants were compared with gold standard estimates compiled by the workshop instructors. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated and per model parameter and the percentage agreement and Cohen kappa statistics were estimated. RESULTS The ICCs showed good agreement before and almost perfect agreement after training. However, substantial variability was observed between individual assessors' estimates for an individual scenario. After training, only 42% of the assessments lay within a factor of three of the gold standard estimate. The reliability appeared to be influenced by several factors: (i) information provided by text and video hampered the assessors gaining additional information required to make the assessments, (ii) for some parameters, the guidance documentation implemented in the tool may have been insufficient, and (iii) in some cases, the assessors were not able to implement the information explicitly provided. CONCLUSIONS The ART is an expert tool and extensive training is recommended prior to use. Improvements of the guidance documentation, consensus procedures, and improving the training methods could improve the reliability of ART. Nevertheless, considerable variability can be expected between assessors using ART to estimate exposure levels for a given scenario.
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Bekker C, Brouwer DH, van Duuren-Stuurman B, Tuinman IL, Tromp P, Fransman W. Airborne manufactured nano-objects released from commercially available spray products: temporal and spatial influences. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2014; 24:74-81. [PMID: 23860399 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a study of the dispersion of manufactured nano-objects (MNOs) through the air, both in time and space, during the use of two commercially available nano-spray products and comparable products without MNOs. The main objective was to identify whether personal exposure can occur at a greater distance than the immediate proximity of the source (>1 m from the source), that is, in the "far field" (bystanders), or at a period after the emission occurred (re-entry). The spray experiments were conducted in an experimental room with well-controlled environmental and ventilation conditions (19.5 m(3)). The concentration of MNOs was investigated by measuring real-time size distribution, number, and active surface area concentration. For off-line analysis of the particles in the air, samples for scanning/transmission electron microscopy and elemental analysis were collected. The release of MNOs was measured at ∼30 and 290 cm from the source ("near field" and "far field", respectively). For all four spray products, the maximum number and surface area concentrations in the "near field" exceeded the maximum concentrations reached in the "far field". At 2 min after the emission occurred, the concentration in both the "near field" and "far field" reached a comparable steady-state level above background level. These steady-state concentrations remained elevated above background concentration throughout the entire measurement period (12 min). The results of the real-time measurement devices mainly reflect the liquid aerosols emitted by the spray process itself rather than only the MNO, which hampers the interpretation of the results. However, the combination of the off-line analysis and the results of the real-time devices indicates that after the use of nano-spray products, personal exposure to MNOs can occur not only in the near field, but also at a greater distance than the immediate proximity of the source and at a period after emission occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bekker
- TNO Quality of Life, Risk Analysis for Products In Development, P.O. Box 360, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Derk H Brouwer
- TNO Quality of Life, Risk Analysis for Products In Development, P.O. Box 360, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ilse L Tuinman
- TNO Quality of Life, CBRN Protection, P.O. Box 45, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Tromp
- TNO Quality of Life, Applied Environmental Chemistry, P.O. Box 80015, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Fransman
- TNO Quality of Life, Risk Analysis for Products In Development, P.O. Box 360, Zeist, The Netherlands
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Van Duuren-Stuurman B, Vink SR, Verbist KJM, Heussen HGA, Brouwer DH, Kroese DED, Van Niftrik MFJ, Tielemans E, Fransman W. Stoffenmanager Nano version 1.0: a web-based tool for risk prioritization of airborne manufactured nano objects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 56:525-41. [PMID: 22267129 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mer113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Stoffenmanager Nano (version 1.0) is a risk-banding tool developed for employers and employees to prioritize health risks occurring as a result of exposure to manufactured nano objects (MNOs) for a broad range of worker scenarios and to assist implementation of control measures to reduce exposure levels. In order to prioritize the health risks, the Stoffenmanager Nano combines the available hazard information of a substance with a qualitative estimate of potential for inhalation exposure. The development of the Stoffenmanager Nano started with a review of the available literature on control banding. Input parameters for the hazard assessment of MNOs were selected based on the availability of these parameters in, for instance, Safety Data Sheets or product information sheets. The conceptual exposure model described by Schneider et al. (2011) was used as the starting point for exposure banding. During the development of the Stoffenmanager Nano tool, the precautionary principle was applied to deal with the uncertainty regarding hazard and exposure assessment of MNOs. Subsequently, the model was converted into an online tool (http://nano.stoffenmanager.nl), tested, and reviewed by a number of companies. In this paper, we describe the Stoffenmanager Nano. This tool offers a practical approach for risk prioritization in exposure situations where quantitative risk assessment is currently not possible. Updates of this first version are anticipated as more data become available in the future.
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Brouwer D, Berges M, Virji MA, Fransman W, Bello D, Hodson L, Gabriel S, Tielemans E. Harmonization of measurement strategies for exposure to manufactured nano-objects; report of a workshop. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 56:1-9. [PMID: 22156566 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mer099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present paper summarizes the outcome of the discussions at the First International Scientific Workshop on Harmonization of Strategies to Measure and Analyze Exposure to (Manufactured) Nano-objects in Workplace Air that was organized and hosted by the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) and the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA) (Zeist, The Netherlands, December 2010). It reflects the discussions by 25 international participants in the area of occupational (nano) exposure assessment from Europe, USA, Japan, and Korea on nano-specific issues related to the three identified topics: (i) measurement strategies; (ii) analyzing, evaluating, and reporting of exposure data; and (iii) core information for (exposure) data storage. Preliminary recommendations were achieved with respect to (i) a multimetric approach to exposure assessment, a minimal set of data to be collected, and basic data analysis and reporting as well as (ii) a minimum set of contextual information to be collected and reported. Other issues that have been identified and are of great interest include (i) the need for guidance on statistical approaches to analyze time-series data and on electron microscopy analysis and its reporting and (ii) the need for and possible structure of a (joint) database to store and merge data. To make progress in the process of harmonization, it was concluded that achieving agreement among researchers on the preliminary recommendations of the workshop is urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derk Brouwer
- TNO, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Research Group Quality & Safety, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, Netherlands.
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Koppisch D, Schinkel J, Gabriel S, Fransman W, Tielemans E. Use of the MEGA exposure database for the validation of the Stoffenmanager model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 56:426-39. [PMID: 22064766 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mer097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper explores the usefulness of the exposure database MEGA for model validation and evaluates the capability of two Stoffenmanager model equations (i.e. handling of powders/granules and machining) to estimate workers exposure to inhalable dust. METHODS For the task groups, 'handling of powders and granules' (handling) and 'machining of wood and stone' (machining) measurements were selected from MEGA and grouped in scenarios depending on task, product, and control measures. The predictive capability of the model was tested by calculating the relative bias of the single measurements and the correlation between geometric means (GMs) for scenarios. The conservatism of the model was evaluated by checking if the percentage of measurement values above the 90th percentile estimate was ≤10%. RESULTS From 22 596 personal measurements on inhalable dust within MEGA, 390 could be selected for handling and 1133 for machining. The relative bias for the task groups was -25 and 68%, respectively, the percentage of measurements with a higher result than the estimated 90th percentile 11 and 7%. Correlations on a scenario level were good for both model equations as well for the GM (handling: r(s) = 0.90, n = 15 scenarios; machining: r(s) = 0.84, n = 22 scenarios) as for the 90th percentile (handling: r(s) = 0.79; machining: r(s) = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS The MEGA database could be used for model validation, although the presented analyses have learned that improvements in the database are necessary for modelling purposes in the future. For a substantial amount of data, contextual information on exposure determinants in addition to basic core information is stored in this database. The relative low bias, the good correlation, and the level of conservatism of the tested model show that the Stoffenmanager can be regarded as a useful Tier 1 model for the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Koppisch
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA), Sankt Augustin, Germany.
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van Tongeren M, Fransman W, Spankie S, Tischer M, Brouwer D, Schinkel J, Cherrie JW, Tielemans E. Advanced REACH Tool: Development and Application of the Substance Emission Potential Modifying Factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 55:980-8. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mer093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martie van Tongeren
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK. martie.van.tongeren@
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Fransman W, Van Tongeren M, Cherrie JW, Tischer M, Schneider T, Schinkel J, Kromhout H, Warren N, Goede H, Tielemans E. Advanced Reach Tool (ART): development of the mechanistic model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 55:957-79. [PMID: 22003239 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mer083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of the mechanistic model within a collaborative project, referred to as the Advanced REACH Tool (ART) project, to develop a tool to model inhalation exposure for workers sharing similar operational conditions across different industries and locations in Europe. The ART mechanistic model is based on a conceptual framework that adopts a source receptor approach, which describes the transport of a contaminant from the source to the receptor and defines seven independent principal modifying factors: substance emission potential, activity emission potential, localized controls, segregation, personal enclosure, surface contamination, and dispersion. ART currently differentiates between three different exposure types: vapours, mists, and dust (fumes, fibres, and gases are presently excluded). Various sources were used to assign numerical values to the multipliers to each modifying factor. The evidence used to underpin this assessment procedure was based on chemical and physical laws. In addition, empirical data obtained from literature were used. Where this was not possible, expert elicitation was applied for the assessment procedure. Multipliers for all modifying factors were peer reviewed by leading experts from industry, research institutes, and public authorities across the globe. In addition, several workshops with experts were organized to discuss the proposed exposure multipliers. The mechanistic model is a central part of the ART tool and with advancing knowledge on exposure, determinants will require updates and refinements on a continuous basis, such as the effect of worker behaviour on personal exposure, 'best practice' values that describe the maximum achievable effectiveness of control measures, the intrinsic emission potential of various solid objects (e.g. metal, glass, plastics, etc.), and extending the applicability domain to certain types of exposures (e.g. gas, fume, and fibre exposure).
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Marquart H, Schneider T, Goede H, Tischer M, Schinkel J, Warren N, Fransman W, Spaan S, Van Tongeren M, Kromhout H, Tielemans E, Cherrie JW. Classification of occupational activities for assessment of inhalation exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 55:989-1005. [PMID: 21926067 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mer072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a large variety of activities in workplaces that can lead to emission of substances. Coding systems based on determinants of emission have so far not been developed. In this paper, a system of Activity Classes and Activity Subclasses is proposed for categorizing activities involving chemical use. Activity Classes share their so-called 'emission generation mechanisms' and physical state of the product handled and the underlying determinants of emission. A number of (industrial) stakeholders actively participated in testing and fine-tuning the system. With the help of these stakeholders, it was found to be relatively easy to allocate a large number of activities to the Activity Classes and Activity Subclasses. The system facilitates a more structured classification of activities in exposure databases, a structured analysis of the analogy of exposure activities, and a transparent quantification of the activity emission potential in (new) exposure assessment models. The first use of the system is in the Advanced REACH Tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Marquart
- TNO Triskelion, PO Box 844, Zeist 3700 AV, Netherlands.
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Schneider T, Brouwer DH, Koponen IK, Jensen KA, Fransman W, Van Duuren-Stuurman B, Van Tongeren M, Tielemans E. Conceptual model for assessment of inhalation exposure to manufactured nanoparticles. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2011; 21:450-63. [PMID: 21364703 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2011.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As workplace air measurements of manufactured nanoparticles are relatively expensive to conduct, models can be helpful for a first tier assessment of exposure. A conceptual model was developed to give a framework for such models. The basis for the model is an analysis of the fate and underlying mechanisms of nanoparticles emitted by a source during transport to a receptor. Four source domains are distinguished; that is, production, handling of bulk product, dispersion of ready-to-use nanoproducts, fracturing and abrasion of end products. These domains represent different generation mechanisms that determine particle emission characteristics; for example, emission rate, particle size distribution, and source location. During transport, homogeneous coagulation, scavenging, and surface deposition will determine the fate of the particles and cause changes in both particle size distributions and number concentrations. The degree of impact of these processes will be determined by a variety of factors including the concentration and size mode of the emitted nanoparticles and background aerosols, source to receptor distance, and ventilation characteristics. The second part of the paper focuses on to what extent the conceptual model could be fit into an existing mechanistic predictive model for ''conventional'' exposures. The model should be seen as a framework for characterization of exposure to (manufactured) nanoparticles and future exposure modeling.
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Henkel R, Fransman W, Hipler UC, Wiegand C, Schreiber G, Menkveld R, Weitz F, Fisher D. Typha capensis (Rohrb.)N.E.Br. (bulrush) extract scavenges free radicals, inhibits collagenase activity and affects human sperm motility and mitochondrial membrane potential in vitro: a pilot study. Andrologia 2011; 44 Suppl 1:287-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Vlaanderen J, Fransman W, Miller B, Burstyn I, Heederik D, Hurley F, Vermeulen R, Kromhout H. A graphical tool to evaluate temporal coverage of occupational history by exposure measurements. Occup Environ Med 2011; 67:636-8. [PMID: 20798029 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2009.053421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In occupational epidemiology, differences in the temporal coverage of the exposure history by available exposure measurement data may affect the uncertainty of exposure estimates. In the reporting of results of studies, greater attention should be paid to the extent to which exposure assessments require extrapolation outside the timeframe for which exposure measurements are available. We propose a simple graphical method that can be used to visualise the temporal coverage of exposure history with exposure measurements and the extent of temporal extrapolation needed. METHODS We construct a graph that displays the accumulated work history years for which exposure had to be assessed in each calendar year. Years for which exposure measurements were available are shaded. The proportion of work history years covered by exposure measurements and the proportion of work history years accrued before the first measurements are summarised. When available, the actual number of measurements available in each calendar year is shown. RESULTS We demonstrate the application of the graphical tool in three nested case-control studies that reported on leukaemia in relation to low-level benzene exposures in the petroleum industry. Considerable differences in temporal coverage between the studies were illustrated, which may have resulted in differences in the reliability of the retrospective exposure estimates derived for these studies. CONCLUSION We introduce a graphical tool for visualising the temporal coverage by available exposure measurement data in epidemiological studies and encourage others to use similar graphs to derive and share better qualitative insights into the uncertainty in exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Mc Donnell PE, Schinkel JM, Coggins MA, Fransman W, Kromhout H, Cherrie JW, Tielemans EL. Validation of the inhalable dust algorithm of the Advanced REACH Tool using a dataset from the pharmaceutical industry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1597-606. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10189g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schinkel J, Warren N, Fransman W, van Tongeren M, McDonnell P, Voogd E, Cherrie JW, Tischer M, Kromhout H, Tielemans E. Advanced REACH Tool (ART): Calibration of the mechanistic model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1374-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em00007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Spaan S, Fransman W, Warren N, Cotton R, Cocker J, Tielemans E. Variability of biomarkers in volunteer studies: The biological component. Toxicol Lett 2010; 198:144-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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van de Ven P, Fransman W, Schinkel J, Rubingh C, Warren N, Tielemans E. Stoffenmanager exposure model: company-specific exposure assessments using a Bayesian methodology. J Occup Environ Hyg 2010; 7:216-23. [PMID: 20146134 DOI: 10.1080/15459621003597488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The web-based tool "Stoffenmanager" was initially developed to assist small- and medium-sized enterprises in the Netherlands to make qualitative risk assessments and to provide advice on control at the workplace. The tool uses a mechanistic model to arrive at a "Stoffenmanager score" for exposure. In a recent study it was shown that variability in exposure measurements given a certain Stoffenmanager score is still substantial. This article discusses an extension to the tool that uses a Bayesian methodology for quantitative workplace/scenario-specific exposure assessment. This methodology allows for real exposure data observed in the company of interest to be combined with the prior estimate (based on the Stoffenmanager model). The output of the tool is a company-specific assessment of exposure levels for a scenario for which data is available. The Bayesian approach provides a transparent way of synthesizing different types of information and is especially preferred in situations where available data is sparse, as is often the case in small- and medium sized-enterprises. Real-world examples as well as simulation studies were used to assess how different parameters such as sample size, difference between prior and data, uncertainty in prior, and variance in the data affect the eventual posterior distribution of a Bayesian exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van de Ven
- Business Unit Quality & Safety, TNO Quality of Life, Zeist, The Netherlands
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