1
|
Canedy CL, Bewley WW, Tomasulo S, Kim CS, Merritt CD, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Kim M, Rotter TJ, Balakrishnan G, Golding TD. Mid-infrared interband cascade light emitting devices grown on off-axis silicon substrates. Opt Express 2021; 29:35426-35441. [PMID: 34808977 DOI: 10.1364/oe.435825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high-quality growth of midwave infrared light emitters on silicon substrates will advance their incorporation into photonic integrated circuits, and also introduce manufacturing advantages over conventional devices grown on lattice-matched GaSb. Here we report interband cascade light emitting devices (ICLEDs) grown on 4 degree offcut silicon with 12% lattice mismatch. Four wafers produced functioning devices, with variations from wafer to wafer but uniform performance of devices from a given wafer. The full width at half maxima for the (004) GaSb rocking curves were as narrow as ∼ 163 arc seconds, and the root mean square surface roughness as small as 3.2 nm. Devices from the four wafers, as well as from a control structure grown to the same design on GaSb, were mounted epitaxial-side-up (epi-up). While core heating severely limited continuous wave (cw) emission from the control devices at relatively modest currents, efficient heat dissipation via the substrate allowed output from the devices on silicon to increase up to much higher currents. Although the devices on silicon had higher leakage currents, probably occurring primarily at dislocations resulting from the lattice-mismatched growth, accounting for differences in architecture the efficiency at high cw current was approximately 75% of that of our previous best-performing standard epi-down ICLEDs grown on GaSb. At 100 mA injection current, 200-µm-diameter mesas produced 184 µW of cw output power when operated at T = 25 °C, and 140 µW at 85°C. Epi-up mid-IR light emitters grown on silicon will be far simpler to process and much less expensive to manufacture than conventional devices grown on GaSb and mounted epi-down.
Collapse
|
2
|
Li N, Tao L, Yi H, Kim CS, Kim M, Canedy CL, Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Zondlo MA. Methane detection using an interband-cascade LED coupled to a hollow-core fiber. Opt Express 2021; 29:7221-7231. [PMID: 33726228 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Midwave infrared interband-cascade light-emitting devices (ICLEDs) have the potential to improve the selectivity, stability, and sensitivity of low-cost gas sensors. We demonstrate a broadband direct absorption CH4 sensor with an ICLED coupled to a plastic hollow-core fiber (1 m length, 1500 µm inner diameter). The sensor achieves a 1σ noise equivalent absorption of approximately 0.2 ppmv CH4 at 1 Hz, while operating at a low drive power of 0.5 mW. A low-cost sub-ppmv CH4 sensor would make monitoring emissions more affordable and more accessible for many relevant industries, such as the petroleum, agriculture, and waste industries.
Collapse
|
3
|
Meyer JR, Kim CS, Kim M, Canedy CL, Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Vurgaftman I. Interband Cascade Photonic Integrated Circuits on Native III-V Chip. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21020599. [PMID: 33467034 PMCID: PMC7830904 DOI: 10.3390/s21020599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe how a midwave infrared photonic integrated circuit (PIC) that combines lasers, detectors, passive waveguides, and other optical elements may be constructed on the native GaSb substrate of an interband cascade laser (ICL) structure. The active and passive building blocks may be used, for example, to fabricate an on-chip chemical detection system with a passive sensing waveguide that evanescently couples to an ambient sample gas. A variety of highly compact architectures are described, some of which incorporate both the sensing waveguide and detector into a laser cavity defined by two high-reflectivity cleaved facets. We also describe an edge-emitting laser configuration that optimizes stability by minimizing parasitic feedback from external optical elements, and which can potentially operate with lower drive power than any mid-IR laser now available. While ICL-based PICs processed on GaSb serve to illustrate the various configurations, many of the proposed concepts apply equally to quantum-cascade-laser (QCL)-based PICs processed on InP, and PICs that integrate III-V lasers and detectors on silicon. With mature processing, it should become possible to mass-produce hundreds of individual PICs on the same chip which, when singulated, will realize chemical sensing by an extremely compact and inexpensive package.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R. Meyer
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Chul Soo Kim
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
| | - Mijin Kim
- Jacobs Corporation, Hanover, MD 21076, USA;
| | - Chadwick L. Canedy
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
| | - Charles D. Merritt
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
| | - William W. Bewley
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 5613, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (C.S.K.); (C.L.C.); (C.D.M.); (W.W.B.); (I.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sterczewski LA, Bagheri M, Frez C, Canedy CL, Vurgaftman I, Kim M, Kim CS, Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Meyer JR. Near-infrared frequency comb generation in mid-infrared interband cascade lasers. Opt Lett 2019; 44:5828-5831. [PMID: 31774790 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.005828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interband cascade laser (ICL) is an ideal candidate for low-power mid-infrared frequency comb spectroscopy. In this work, we demonstrate that its intracavity second-order optical nonlinearity induces a coherent up-conversion of the generated mid-infrared light to the near-infrared through second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation. At 1.8 µm, 10 mW of light at 3.6 µm convert into sub-nanowatt levels of optical power, spread across 30 nm of spectral coverage. The observed linear-to-nonlinear conversion efficiency exceeds ${3\;{\unicode{x00B5} {\rm W/W}}^2}$3µW/W2 in continuous wave operation. We use a dual-band ICL frequency comb source to characterize water vapor absorption in both spectral bands.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sterczewski LA, Westberg J, Bagheri M, Frez C, Vurgaftman I, Canedy CL, Bewley WW, Merritt CD, Kim CS, Kim M, Meyer JR, Wysocki G. Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy with interband cascade lasers. Opt Lett 2019; 44:2113-2116. [PMID: 30985824 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two semiconductor optical frequency combs, consuming less than 1 W of electrical power, are used to demonstrate high-sensitivity mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy in the important 3-4 μm spectral region. The devices are 4 mm long by 4 μm wide, and each emits 8 mW of average optical power. The spectroscopic sensing performance is demonstrated by measurements of methane and hydrogen chloride with optical multi-pass cell sensitivity enhancement. The system provides a spectral coverage of 33 cm-1 (1 THz), 0.32 cm-1 (9.7 GHz) frequency sampling interval, and peak signal-to-noise ratio of ∼100 at 100 μs integration time. The monolithic design, low drive power, and direct generation of mid-infrared radiation are highly attractive for portable broadband spectroscopic instrumentation in future terrestrial and space applications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Canedy CL, Bewley WW, Merritt CD, Kim CS, Kim M, Warren MV, Jackson EM, Nolde JA, Affouda CA, Aifer EH, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR. Resonant-cavity infrared detector with five-quantum-well absorber and 34% external quantum efficiency at 4 μm. Opt Express 2019; 27:3771-3781. [PMID: 30732391 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.003771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report resonant-cavity infrared detectors with 34% external quantum efficiency at room temperature at the resonant wavelength of 4.0 μm, even though the absorber consists of only five quantum wells with a total thickness of 50 nm. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) linewidth is 46 nm, and the peak absorption is enhanced by nearly a factor of 30 over that for a single pass through the absorber. In spite of an unfavorable Shockley-Read lifetime in the current material, the dark current density is at the level of state-of-the-art HgCdTe detectors as quantified by "Rule 07." The Johnson-noise limited detectivity (D*) at 21°C is 7 × 109 cm Hz½/W. We expect that future improvements in the device design and material quality will lead to higher quantum efficiency, as well as a significant reduction of the dark current density consistent with the very thin absorber.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bagheri M, Frez C, Sterczewski LA, Gruidin I, Fradet M, Vurgaftman I, Canedy CL, Bewley WW, Merritt CD, Kim CS, Kim M, Meyer JR. Passively mode-locked interband cascade optical frequency combs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3322. [PMID: 29463807 PMCID: PMC5820280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their inception, optical frequency combs have transformed a broad range of technical and scientific disciplines, spanning time keeping to navigation. Recently, dual comb spectroscopy has emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional Fourier transform spectroscopy, since it offers higher measurement sensitivity in a fraction of the time. Midwave infrared (mid-IR) frequency combs are especially promising as an effective means for probing the strong fundamental absorption lines of numerous chemical and biological agents. Mid-IR combs have been realized via frequency down-conversion of a near-IR comb, by optical pumping of a micro-resonator, and beyond 7 μm by four-wave mixing in a quantum cascade laser. In this work, we demonstrate an electrically-driven frequency comb source that spans more than 1 THz of bandwidth centered near 3.6 μm. This is achieved by passively mode-locking an interband cascade laser (ICL) with gain and saturable absorber sections monolithically integrated on the same chip. The new source will significantly enhance the capabilities of mid-IR multi-heterodyne frequency comb spectroscopy systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Bagheri
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA.
| | - Clifford Frez
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Lukasz A Sterczewski
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Ivan Gruidin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Mathieu Fradet
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Chul Soo Kim
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Mijin Kim
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc., Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Jerry R Meyer
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng H, Lou M, Dong L, Wu H, Ye W, Yin X, Kim CS, Kim M, Bewley WW, Merritt CD, Canedy CL, Warren MV, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Tittel FK. Compact photoacoustic module for methane detection incorporating interband cascade light emitting device. Opt Express 2017; 25:16761-16770. [PMID: 28789177 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.016761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A photoacoustic module (PAM) for methane detection was developed by combining a novel 3.2 μm interband cascade light emitting device (ICLED) with a compact differential photoacoustic cell. The ICLED with a 22-stage interband cascade active core emitted a collimated power of ~700 μW. A concave Al-coat reflector was positioned adjacent to the photoacoustic cell to enhance the gas absorption length. Assembly of the ICLED and reflector with the photoacoustic cell resulted in a robust and portable PAM without any moving parts. The PAM performance was evaluated in terms of operating pressure, sensitivity and linearity. A 1σ detection limit of 3.6 ppmv was achieved with a 1-s integration time.
Collapse
|
9
|
Venus G, Smirnov V, Mokhun O, Bewley WW, Merritt CD, Canedy CL, Kim CS, Kim M, Vurgaftman I, Meyer J, Vodopyanov K, Glebov L. Spectral narrowing and stabilization of interband cascade laser by volume Bragg grating. Appl Opt 2016; 55:77-80. [PMID: 26835624 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A volume Bragg grating recorded in photo-thermo-refractive glass was used to spectrally lock the emission from an 18-μm-wide interband cascade laser ridge to a wavelength of 3.12 μm. The spectral width of emission into the resonant mode is narrowed by more than 300 times, and the thermal wavelength shift is reduced by 60 times. While the power loss penalty is about 30%, the spectral brightness increases by 200 times.
Collapse
|
10
|
Trofimov IE, Canedy CL, Kim CS, Kim M, Bewley WW, Merritt CL, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Le LT. Interband cascade lasers with long lifetimes. Appl Opt 2015; 54:9441-9445. [PMID: 26560770 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.009441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Narrow-ridge interband cascade lasers were subjected to accelerated aging. The aging curves were statistically evaluated by a log-normal distribution of the failure time, and by the mixed effects of the degradation parameters. Based on 10,000 h of output power trend data for lasers operating at 90°C and the maximum cw power, an unexpectedly long lifetime is predicted. The projected lifetimes range from about 500,000 h (57 years) for the linear degradation model to 183,000 h (21 years) for the exponential one.
Collapse
|
11
|
Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Kim CS, Canedy CL, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Kim M. Gain and loss as a function of current density and temperature in interband cascade lasers. Appl Opt 2015; 54:F1-F7. [PMID: 26560596 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.0000f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We characterize the internal efficiency, internal loss, and optical gain versus current density in 7-stage interband cascade lasers operating at λ=3.1 and 3.45 μm using a cavity-length study of the external differential quantum efficiency (EDQE) and threshold current density at temperatures between 300 and 345 K. We find that the pronounced efficiency droop of the EDQE at high current densities is primarily due to an increase in the internal loss rather than a reduction in the internal efficiency. On the other hand, if the current density J is fixed, the temperature variation of the EDQE at that J is due primarily to a decrease of the internal efficiency. The gain versus current density is fit well by a logarithmic relationship, although the magnitude of the experimental gain is >20% below the theoretical estimate.
Collapse
|
12
|
Northern JH, O'Hagan S, Fletcher B, Gras B, Ewart P, Kim CS, Kim M, Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Canedy CL, Abell J, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR. Mid-infrared multi-mode absorption spectroscopy using interband cascade lasers for multi-species sensing. Opt Lett 2015; 40:4186-9. [PMID: 26368743 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.004186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An interband cascade laser (ICL) operating at 3.7 μm has been used to perform multimode absorption spectroscopy, MUMAS, at scan rates up to 10 kHz. Line widths of individual modes in the range 10-80 MHz were derived from isolated lines in the MUMAS signatures of HCl. MUMAS data for methane covering a spectral range of 30 nm yielded a detection level of 30 μbar·m for 1 s measurement time at 100 Hz. Simultaneous detection of methane, acetylene, and formaldehyde in a gas mixture containing all three species is reported.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim M, Bewley WW, Canedy CL, Kim CS, Merritt CD, Abell J, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR. High-power continuous-wave interband cascade lasers with 10 active stages. Opt Express 2015; 23:9664-9672. [PMID: 25969003 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.009664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the pulsed and continuous wave (cw) performance of 10-stage interband cascade lasers (ICLs) emitting at both λ ≈3.2 μm and λ ≈3.45 μm. The slope efficiency is higher while the external differential quantum efficiency per stage remains about the same when comparison is made to earlier results for 7-stage ICLs with similar carrier-rebalanced designs. At T = 25°C, an 18-μm-wide ridge with 4.5 mm cavity length and high-reflection/anti-reflection coatings emits up to 464 mW of cw output power with beam quality factor M(2) = 1.9, for higher brightness than has ever been reported previously for an ICL. When the cavity length is reduced to 1 mm, both the 10-stage and 7-stage devices reach 18% cw wallplug efficiency at T = 25°C.
Collapse
|
14
|
Canedy CL, Abell J, Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Kim CS, Kim M, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR. Pulsed and CW performance of 7-stage interband cascade lasers. Opt Express 2014; 22:7702-7710. [PMID: 24718146 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.007702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a narrow-ridge interband cascade laser emitting at λ ≈3.5 μm that produces up to 592 mW of cw power with a wallplug efficiency of 10.1% and beam quality factor of M(2) = 3.7 at T = 25 °C. A pulsed cavity length study of broad-area lasers from the same wafer confirms that the 7-stage structure with thicker separate confinement layers has a reduced internal loss of ≈3 cm(-1). More generally, devices from a large number of wafers with similar 7-stage designs and wavelengths spanning 2.95-4.7 μm exhibit consistently higher pulsed external differential quantum efficiencies than earlier state-of-the-art ICLs.
Collapse
|
15
|
Bewley WW, Canedy CL, Kim CS, Kim M, Merritt CD, Abell J, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR. High-power room-temperature continuous-wave mid-infrared interband cascade lasers. Opt Express 2012; 20:20894-20901. [PMID: 23037213 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.020894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate cw output powers >290 mW into a nearly diffraction-limited (M² ≈2.2) output beam from an interband cascade laser operating at λ = 3.6-3.7 μm at room temperature. The interband cascade laser was designed for nearly equal electron and hole populations in the active region with heavy electron-injector doping, and was processed into narrow ridges mounted epitaxial side down on a copper heat sink. A 15.7-μm-wide, 4-mm-long ridge with the back facet coated for high reflection (HR) and an anti-reflection-coated front facet produced 253 mW of cw output power at T = 25°C into a beam with M² ≈2.7. Furthermore, corrugating the sidewalls of the ridge leads to a 20% improvement in the brightness. A 15.7-μm-wide, 0.5-mm-long ridge with an HR-coated back facet and an uncoated front facet exhibited a maximum cw wall-plug efficiency of nearly 15% at room temperature.
Collapse
|
16
|
Bewley WW, Canedy CL, Kim CS, Kim M, Merritt CD, Abell J, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR. Continuous-wave interband cascade lasers operating above room temperature at λ = 4.7-5.6 μm. Opt Express 2012; 20:3235-3240. [PMID: 22330561 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.003235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have substantially improved the performance of interband cascade lasers emitting at λ = 4.7 and 5.6 μm, by applying the recently-pioneered approach of heavily doping the injector regions to rebalance the electron and hole concentrations in the active quantum wells. Ridges of ≈10 μm width, 4 mm length, and high-reflectivity back facets achieve maximum continuous wave operating temperatures of 60°C and 48°C, respectively. The threshold power density of ≈1 kW/cm2 at T = 25°C is over an order of magnitude lower than for state-of-the-art quantum cascade lasers emitting in this spectral range.
Collapse
|
17
|
Caffey D, Day T, Kim CS, Kim M, Vurgaftman I, Bewley WW, Lindle JR, Canedy CL, Abell J, Meyer JR. Performance characteristics of a continuous-wave compact widely tunable external cavity interband cascade lasers. Opt Express 2010; 18:15691-15696. [PMID: 20720951 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.015691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and performance of a novel broadly tunable continuous-wave external-cavity interband cascade laser (ECicL). The ICL die growth and fabrication, as well as the external cavity geometry are described. Tuning across the 3.2-3.35 microm wavelength range, limited by the gain width of the ICL active medium, is achieved at a maximum power level of 4 mW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Caffey
- Daylight Solutions, Inc., 13029 Danielson Street, Suite 130, Poway, CA 92064, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim CS, Vurgaftman I, Flynn RA, Kim M, Lindle JR, Bewley WW, Bussmann K, Meyer JR, Long JP. An integrated surface-plasmon source. Opt Express 2010; 18:10609-10615. [PMID: 20588913 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.010609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A compact and versatile source of coherent surface-plasmon polaritions (SPPs) is demonstrated by end-coupling a laser diode operating at 1.46 microm to a plasmonic waveguide integrated on the same microchip. With an optimized overlap between the spatial-modes of the laser and a planar-stripe waveguide, a high coupling efficiency of approximately 36% is achieved, that computations show could approach approximately 60% with smaller, readily achievable gaps between laser and waveguide. This integrated and electrically-activated source, with an available SPP power limited only by the laser diode, appears ideally suited for directly driving plasmonic circuitry or surface-enhanced sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Kim
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Felix CL, Bewley WW, Vurgaftman I, Bartolo RE, Stokes DW, Meyer JR, Yang MJ, Lee H, Menna RJ, Martinelli RU, Garbuzov DZ, Connolly JC, Maiorov M, Sugg AR, Olsen GH. Mid-infrared w quantum-well lasers for noncryogenic continuous-wave operation. Appl Opt 2001; 40:806-811. [PMID: 18357060 DOI: 10.1364/ao.40.000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We review the recent progress of electrically injected and optically pumped mid-IR lasers based on antimonide quantum wells with the type II W configuration. W quantum-well diodes have achieved cw operation up to 195 K at lambda = 3.25 mum. Optically pumped devices that employ the diamond pressure bond heat sink have reached 290 K at 3 mum and 210 K at 6 mum. Pulsed power conversion efficiencies of up to 7% at 220 K have been attained by use of an optical pumping injection cavity approach, in which an etalon cavity for the pump beam significantly enhances its absorptance. The angled-grating distributed-feedback configuration has been used to obtain near-diffraction-limited output for an optical pumping stripe width of 50 mum.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bewley WW, Felix CL, Vurgaftman I, Aifer EH, Olafsen LJ, Meyer JR, Goldberg L, Chow DH. Mid-infrared vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for chemical sensing. Appl Opt 1999; 38:1502-1505. [PMID: 18305773 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.001502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The first (to our knowledge) III-V mid-IR vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (lambda = 2.9 microm) are demonstrated and show promising characteristics for chemical detection applications. The cw optical-pumping threshold is low (4 mW at 80 K) and efficiency is high (5.6% W/W). Pulsed operation is obtained up to 280 K and cw up to 160 K. Lateral-mode confinement will lead to spectrally pure, single-mode output for chemical identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W W Bewley
- Hughes Research Laboratory, MS RL63, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bewley WW, Felix CL, Plombon JJ, Sherwin MS, Sundaram M, Hopkins PF, Gossard AC. Far-infrared second-harmonic generation in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs heterostructures: Perturbative and nonperturbative response. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 48:2376-2390. [PMID: 10008630 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.2376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|