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Yoshihara T, Tamura T, Shiozaki S, Chou LC, Kakuchi R, Rokudai S. Confocal microscopic oxygen imaging of xenograft tumors using Ir(III) complexes as in vivo intravascular and intracellular probes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18443. [PMID: 39117886 PMCID: PMC11310526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important feature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of most solid tumors, and it is closely linked to cancer cell proliferation, therapy resistance, and the tumor immune response. Herein, we describe a method for hypoxia-induced heterogeneous oxygen distribution in xenograft tumors based on phosphorescence imaging microscopy (PLIM) using intravascular and intracellular oxygen probes. We synthesized Ir(III) complexes with polyethylene glycol (PEG) units of different molecular weights into the ligand as intravascular oxygen probes, BTP-PEGm (m = 2000, 5000, 10000, 20000). BTP-PEGm showed red emission with relatively high emission quantum yield and high oxygen sensitivity in saline. Cellular and in vivo experiments using these complexes revealed that BTP-PEG10000 was the most suitable probe in terms of blood retention and ease of intravenous administration in mice. PLIM measurements of xenograft tumors in mice treated with BTP-PEG10000 allowed simultaneous imaging of the tumor microvasculature and quantification of oxygen partial pressures. From lifetime images using the red-emitting intracellular oxygen probe BTPDM1 and the green-emitting intravascular fluorescent probe FITC-dextran, we demonstrated hypoxic heterogeneity in the TME with a sparse vascular network and showed that the oxygen levels of tumor cells gradually decreased with vascular distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitada Yoshihara
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-Cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Takuto Tamura
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-Cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Shuichi Shiozaki
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-Cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Li-Chieh Chou
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-Cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kakuchi
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-Cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Susumu Rokudai
- Molecular Pharmacology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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2
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Pilvar A, Mehendale AM, Karrobi K, El-Adili F, Bujor A, Roblyer D. Spatial frequency domain imaging for the assessment of scleroderma skin involvement. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:2955-2968. [PMID: 37342706 PMCID: PMC10278615 DOI: 10.1364/boe.489609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the widespread deposition of excess collagen in the skin and internal organs, as well as vascular dysfunction. The current standard of care technique used to quantify the extent of skin fibrosis in SSc patients is the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS), which is an assessment of skin thickness based on clinical palpation. Despite being considered the gold standard, mRSS testing requires a trained physician and suffers from high inter-observer variability. In this study, we evaluated the use of spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) as a more quantitative and reliable method for assessing skin fibrosis in SSc patients. SFDI is a wide-field and non-contact imaging technique that utilizes spatially modulated light to generate a map of optical properties in biological tissue. The SFDI data were collected at six measurement sites (left and right forearms, hands, and fingers) of eight control subjects and ten SSc patients. mRSS were assessed by a physician, and skin biopsies were collected from subject's forearms and used to assess for markers of skin fibrosis. Our results indicate that SFDI is sensitive to skin changes even at an early stage, as we found a significant difference in the measured optical scattering (μs') between healthy controls and SSc patients with a local mRSS score of zero (no appreciable skin fibrosis by gold standard). Furthermore, we found a strong correlation between the diffuse reflectance (Rd) at a spatial frequency of 0.2 mm-1 and the total mRSS between all subjects (Spearman correlation coefficient = -0.73, p-value < 0.0028), as well as high correlation with histology results. The healthy volunteer results show excellent inter- and intra-observer reliability (ICC > 0.8). Our results suggest that the measurement of tissue μs' and Rd at specific spatial frequencies and wavelengths can provide an objective and quantitative assessment of skin involvement in SSc patients, which could greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of monitoring disease progression and evaluating drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Pilvar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aarohi M. Mehendale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kavon Karrobi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Fatima El-Adili
- Division of Rheumatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Andreea Bujor
- Division of Rheumatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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3
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Karrobi K, Tank A, Fuzail MA, Kalidoss M, Tilbury K, Zaman M, Ferruzzi J, Roblyer D. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) reveals spatial-metabolic changes in 3D breast cancer spheroids. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3624. [PMID: 36869092 PMCID: PMC9984376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are mechanically sensitive to physical properties of the microenvironment, which can affect downstream signaling to promote malignancy, in part through the modulation of metabolic pathways. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) can be used to measure the fluorescence lifetime of endogenous fluorophores, such as the metabolic co-factors NAD(P)H and FAD, in live samples. We used multiphoton FLIM to investigate the changes in cellular metabolism of 3D breast spheroids derived from MCF-10A and MD-MB-231 cell lines embedded in collagen with varying densities (1 vs. 4 mg/ml) over time (Day 0 vs. Day 3). MCF-10A spheroids demonstrated spatial gradients, with the cells closest to the spheroid edge exhibiting FLIM changes consistent with a shift towards oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) while the spheroid core had changes consistent with a shift towards glycolysis. The MDA-MB-231 spheroids had a large shift consistent with increased OXPHOS with a more pronounced change at the higher collagen concentration. The MDA-MB-231 spheroids invaded into the collagen gel over time and cells that traveled the farthest had the largest changes consistent with a shift towards OXPHOS. Overall, these results suggest that the cells in contact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and those that migrated the farthest had changes consistent with a metabolic shift towards OXPHOS. More generally, these results demonstrate the ability of multiphoton FLIM to characterize how spheroids metabolism and spatial metabolic gradients are modified by physical properties of the 3D ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavon Karrobi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Anup Tank
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Madhumathi Kalidoss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Karissa Tilbury
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Muhammad Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jacopo Ferruzzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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4
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Tank A, Vergato C, Waxman DJ, Roblyer D. Spatial frequency domain imaging for monitoring immune-mediated chemotherapy treatment response and resistance in a murine breast cancer model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5864. [PMID: 35393476 PMCID: PMC8989878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI) can provide longitudinal, label-free, and widefield hemodynamic and scattering measurements of murine tumors in vivo. Our previous work has shown that the reduced scattering coefficient (μ's) at 800 nm, as well as the wavelength dependence of scattering, both have prognostic value in tracking apoptosis and proliferation during treatment with anti-cancer therapies. However, there is limited work in validating these optical biomarkers in clinically relevant tumor models that manifest specific treatment resistance mechanisms that mimic the clinical setting. It was recently demonstrated that metronomic dosing of cyclophosphamide induces a strong anti-tumor immune response and tumor volume reduction in the E0771 murine breast cancer model. This immune activation mechanism can be blocked with an IFNAR-1 antibody, leading to treatment resistance. Here we present a longitudinal study utilizing SFDI to monitor this paired responsive-resistant model for up to 30 days of drug treatment. Mice receiving the immune modulatory metronomic cyclophosphamide schedule had a significant increase in tumor optical scattering compared to mice receiving cyclophosphamide in combination with the IFNAR-1 antibody (9% increase vs 10% decrease on day 5 of treatment, p < 0.001). The magnitude of these differences increased throughout the duration of treatment. Additionally, scattering changes on day 4 of treatment could discriminate responsive versus resistant tumors with an accuracy of 78%, while tumor volume had an accuracy of only 52%. These results validate optical scattering as a promising prognostic biomarker that can discriminate between treatment responsive and resistant tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Tank
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cameron Vergato
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Kang W, Ferruzzi J, Spatarelu CP, Han YL, Sharma Y, Koehler SA, Mitchel JA, Khan A, Butler JP, Roblyer D, Zaman MH, Park JA, Guo M, Chen Z, Pegoraro AF, Fredberg JJ. A novel jamming phase diagram links tumor invasion to non-equilibrium phase separation. iScience 2021; 24:103252. [PMID: 34755092 PMCID: PMC8564056 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the early malignant tumor invades surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) in a manner that depends upon material properties of constituent cells, surrounding ECM, and their interactions. Recent studies have established the capacity of the invading tumor spheroids to evolve into coexistent solid-like, fluid-like, and gas-like phases. Using breast cancer cell lines invading into engineered ECM, here we show that the spheroid interior develops spatial and temporal heterogeneities in material phase which, depending upon cell type and matrix density, ultimately result in a variety of phase separation patterns at the invasive front. Using a computational approach, we further show that these patterns are captured by a novel jamming phase diagram. We suggest that non-equilibrium phase separation based upon jamming and unjamming transitions may provide a unifying physical picture to describe cellular migratory dynamics within, and invasion from, a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Kang
- Department of Environmental Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacopo Ferruzzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | | | - Yu Long Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yasha Sharma
- Department of Environmental Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephan A. Koehler
- Department of Environmental Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Mitchel
- Department of Environmental Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - James P. Butler
- Department of Environmental Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Muhammad H. Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Department of Environmental Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zi Chen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey J. Fredberg
- Department of Environmental Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Jawde SB, Karrobi K, Roblyer D, Vicario F, Herrmann J, Casey D, Lutchen KR, Stamenović D, Bates JHT, Suki B. Inflation instability in the lung: an analytical model of a thick-walled alveolus with wavy fibres under large deformations. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210594. [PMID: 34637644 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflation of hollow elastic structures can become unstable and exhibit a runaway phenomenon if the tension in their walls does not rise rapidly enough with increasing volume. Biological systems avoid such inflation instability for reasons that remain poorly understood. This is best exemplified by the lung, which inflates over its functional volume range without instability. The goal of this study was to determine how the constituents of lung parenchyma determine tissue stresses that protect alveoli from instability-related overdistension during inflation. We present an analytical model of a thick-walled alveolus composed of wavy elastic fibres, and investigate its pressure-volume behaviour under large deformations. Using second-harmonic generation imaging, we found that collagen waviness follows a beta distribution. Using this distribution to fit human pressure-volume curves, we estimated collagen and elastin effective stiffnesses to be 1247 kPa and 18.3 kPa, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate that linearly elastic but wavy collagen fibres are sufficient to achieve inflation stability within the physiological pressure range if the alveolar thickness-to-radius ratio is greater than 0.05. Our model thus identifies the constraints on alveolar geometry and collagen waviness required for inflation stability and provides a multiscale link between alveolar pressure and stresses on fibres in healthy and diseased lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Bou Jawde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kavon Karrobi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Jacob Herrmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dylan Casey
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Division, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kenneth R Lutchen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dimitrije Stamenović
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jason H T Bates
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Division, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Béla Suki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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7
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Yasukagawa M, Shimada A, Shiozaki S, Tobita S, Yoshihara T. Phosphorescent Ir(III) complexes conjugated with oligoarginine peptides serve as optical probes for in vivo microvascular imaging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4733. [PMID: 33637825 PMCID: PMC7910296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging the vascular structures of organ and tumor tissues is extremely important for assessing various pathological conditions. Herein we present the new vascular imaging probe BTQ-Rn (n = 8, 12, 16), a phosphorescent Ir(III) complex containing an oligoarginine peptide as a ligand. This microvasculature staining probe can be chemically synthesized, unlike the commonly used tomato lectins labeled with a fluorophore such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Intravenous administration of BTQ-R12 to mice and subsequent confocal luminescence microscope measurements enabled in vivo vascular imaging of tumors and various organs, including kidney, liver and pancreas. Dual color imaging of hepatic tissues of living mice fed a high-fat diet using BTQ-R12 and the lipid droplet-specific probe PC6S revealed small and large lipid droplets in the hepatocytes, causing distortion of the sinusoidal structure. BTQ-R12 selectively stains vascular endothelium and thus allows longer-term vascular network imaging compared to fluorescent dextran with a molecular weight of 70 kDa that circulate in the bloodstream. Furthermore, time-gated measurements using this phosphorescent vascular probe enabled imaging of blood vessel structures without interference from autofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Yasukagawa
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Aya Shimada
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Shuichi Shiozaki
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Seiji Tobita
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Toshitada Yoshihara
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515 Japan
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8
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Applegate MB, Spink SS, Roblyer D. Dual-DMD hyperspectral spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) using dispersed broadband illumination with a demonstration of blood stain spectral monitoring. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:676-688. [PMID: 33520393 PMCID: PMC7818964 DOI: 10.1364/boe.411976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a widefield diffuse optical measurement technique capable of generating 2D maps of sub-surface absorption and scattering in biological tissue. We developed a new hyperspectral SFDI instrument capable of collecting images at wavelengths from the visible to the near infrared. The system utilizes a custom-built monochromator with a digital micromirror device (DMD) that can dynamically select illumination wavelength bands from a broadband quartz tungsten halogen lamp, and a second DMD to provide spatially modulated sample illumination. The system is capable of imaging 10 wavelength bands in approximately 25 seconds. The spectral resolution can be varied from 12 to 30 nm by tuning the input slit width and the output DMD column width. We compared the optical property extraction accuracy between the new device and a commercial SFDI system and found an average error of 23% in absorption and 6% in scattering. The system was highly stable, with less than 5% variation in absorption and less than 0.2% variation in scattering across all wavelengths over two hours. The system was used to monitor hyperspectral changes in the optical absorption and reduced scattering spectra of blood exposed to air over 24 hours. This served as a general demonstration of the utility of this system, and points to a potential application for blood stain age estimation. We noted significant changes in both absorption and reduced scattering spectra over multiple discrete stages of aging. To our knowledge, these are the first measurement of changes in scattering of blood stains. This hyperspectral SFDI system holds promise for a multitude of applications in quantitative tissue and diffuse sample imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Applegate
- Boston University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Samuel S. Spink
- Boston University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Boston University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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