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Wang Y, Zhang Q, Tan Y, Lv W, Zhao C, Xiong M, Hou K, Wu M, Ren Y, Zeng N, Wu Y. Current Progress in Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2022; 11:785887. [PMID: 35070989 PMCID: PMC8770274 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.785887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is an uncommon type of T-cell lymphoma. Although with a low incidence, the epidemiological data raised the biosafety and health concerns of breast reconstruction and breast augmentation for BIA-ALCL. Emerging evidence confirms that genetic features, bacterial contamination, chronic inflammation, and textured breast implant are the relevant factors leading to the development of BIA-ALCL. Almost all reported cases with a medical history involve breast implants with a textured surface, which reflects the role of implant surface characteristics in BIA-ALCL. With this review, we expect to highlight the most significant features on etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of BIA-ALCL, as well as we review the physical characteristics of breast implants and their potential pathogenic effect and hopefully provide a foundation for optimal choice of type of implant with minimal morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuping Ren
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Zeng
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- *Correspondence: Yiping Wu, ; Min Wu, ; Yuping Ren, ; Ning Zeng,
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2
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Lam M, Migonney V, Falentin-Daudre C. Review of silicone surface modification techniques and coatings for antibacterial/antimicrobial applications to improve breast implant surfaces. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:68-88. [PMID: 33212233 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Silicone implants are widely used in the medical field for plastic or reconstructive surgeries for the purpose of soft tissue issues. However, as with any implanted object, healthcare-associated infections are not completely avoidable. The material suffers from a lack of biocompatibility and is often subject to bacterial/microbial infections characterized by biofilm growth. Numerous strategies have been developed to either prevent, reduce, or fight bacterial adhesion by providing an antibacterial property. The present review summarizes the diverse approaches to deal with bacterial infections on silicone surfaces along with the different methods to activate/oxidize the surface before any surface modifications. It includes antibacterial coatings with antibiotics or nanoparticles, covalent attachment of active bacterial molecules like peptides or polymers. Regarding silicone surfaces, the activation step is essential to render the surface reactive for any further modifications using energy sources (plasma, UV, ozone) or chemicals (acid solutions, sol-gel strategies, chemical vapor deposition). Meanwhile, corresponding work on breast silicone prosthesis is discussed. The latter is currently in the line of sight for causing severe capsular contractures. Specifically, to that end, besides chemical modifications, the antibacterial effect can also be achieved by physical surface modifications by adjusting the surface roughness and topography for instance.
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Kottmann A, Mejía E, Hémery T, Klein J, Kragl U. Recent Developments in the Preparation of Silicones with Antimicrobial Properties. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1168-1179. [PMID: 28393471 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This Focus Review describes state-of-the-art methods for the preparation of antimicrobial silicones. Given the diversity of antimicrobial activity and their mechanisms, the performance of these materials is highly dependent on the characteristics of the polymeric matrix. Therefore, different synthetic routes have been developed, such as 1) physical treatments, 2) chemical transformations, and 3) copolymerization. This classification is not exclusive, so some products belong to more than one class. Herein, we attempt to present a handy overview of the development of antimicrobial silicones, their most important application fields, the most relevant antimicrobial assays, and, as the title suggests, an overview of the most relevant preparation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kottmann
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Esteban Mejía
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thérèse Hémery
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstraße 67, 40589, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johann Klein
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstraße 67, 40589, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Udo Kragl
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,University of Rostock, Institute of Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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4
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Zhao S, Zhang J, Zhu M, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Ma Y, Zhu Y, Zhang C. Effects of functional groups on the structure, physicochemical and biological properties of mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1612-1623. [PMID: 32262434 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01287a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of biomaterials with specific functional groups is one of the most straightforward strategies to induce specific cell responses to biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200233
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200093
- People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200233
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongtang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics
- Changhai Hospital
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyu Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yufang Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200233
- People's Republic of China
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5
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Chen Z, Kang L, Wang Z, Xu F, Gu G, Cui F, Guo Z. Recent progress in the research of biomaterials regulating cell behavior. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05534a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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6
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Taguchi T, Okada M, Kogai Y, Masuda M, Shimomura Y, Inoue M, Ito T, Hamahata T, Funatogawa K, Kirikae T, Furuzono T. Prevention of catheter infection using a biodegradable tissue adhesive composed of human serum albumin and disuccinimidyl tartrate. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911514528409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new material was prepared to reduce catheter infection composed of a flocked silicone sheet (AmTiO2NP-F) with TiO2 nanoparticle–immobilized poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers modified with surface amino groups. This system was used in conjunction with a tissue adhesive composed of disuccinimidyl tartrate and human serum albumin. At a fixed disuccinimidyl tartrate content of 0.2 mmol in human serum albumin solution, AmTiO2NP-F bonded well with collagen-based casing (a model material for skin), with bond strength increasing to a maximum of 38 w/v% human serum albumin. The adhesive bonded AmTiO2NP-F to subcutaneous tissue in mice, and infiltration of the tissue into the AmTiO2NP-F further increased the bond strength for long-term insertions. The material was degraded within 7 days of implantation, and tissue reaction was mild, while infection was completely prevented. These results indicate that the combined use of AmTiO2NP-F and disuccinimidyl tartrate-A for implanted catheters can significantly alleviate the associated risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Taguchi
- Biomaterials Unit, Nano-Life Field, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okada
- Department of Bioengineering, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Kogai
- Department of Bioengineering, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Miwa Masuda
- Department of Bioengineering, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Yumi Shimomura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoki Inoue
- Biomaterials Unit, Nano-Life Field, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Temmei Ito
- Biomaterials Unit, Nano-Life Field, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Hamahata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Funatogawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Teruo Kirikae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Furuzono
- Department of Bioengineering, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
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7
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Campoccia D, Montanaro L, Arciola CR. A review of the biomaterials technologies for infection-resistant surfaces. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8533-54. [PMID: 23953781 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 771] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anti-infective biomaterials need to be tailored according to the specific clinical application. All their properties have to be tuned to achieve the best anti-infective performance together with safe biocompatibility and appropriate tissue interactions. Innovative technologies are developing new biomaterials and surfaces endowed with anti-infective properties, relying either on antifouling, or bactericidal, or antibiofilm activities. This review aims at thoroughly surveying the numerous classes of antibacterial biomaterials and the underlying strategies behind them. Bacteria repelling and antiadhesive surfaces, materials with intrinsic antibacterial properties, antibacterial coatings, nanostructured materials, and molecules interfering with bacterial biofilm are considered. Among the new strategies, the use of phages or of antisense peptide nucleic acids are discussed, as well as the possibility to modulate the local immune response by active cytokines. Overall, there is a wealth of technical solutions to contrast the establishment of an implant infection. Many of them exhibit a great potential in preclinical models. The lack of well-structured prospective multicenter clinical trials hinders the achievement of conclusive data on the efficacy and comparative performance of anti-infective biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Campoccia
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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8
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Treccani L, Yvonne Klein T, Meder F, Pardun K, Rezwan K. Functionalized ceramics for biomedical, biotechnological and environmental applications. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7115-50. [PMID: 23567940 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Surface functionalization has become of paramount importance and is considered a fundamental tool for the development and design of countless devices and engineered systems for key technological areas in biomedical, biotechnological and environmental applications. In this review, surface functionalization strategies for alumina, zirconia, titania, silica, iron oxide and calcium phosphate are presented and discussed. These materials have become particularly important concerning the aforementioned applications, being not only of great academic, but also of steadily increasing human and commercial, interest. In this review, special emphasis is given to their use as biomaterials, biosensors, biological targets, drug delivery systems, implants, chromatographic supports for biomolecule purification and analysis, and adsorbents for toxic substances and pollutants. The objective of this review is to provide a broad picture of the enormous possibilities offered by surface functionalization and to identify particular challenges regarding surface analysis and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Treccani
- University of Bremen, Advanced Ceramics, Am Biologischen Garten 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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Nazli C, Ergenc TI, Yar Y, Acar HY, Kizilel S. RGDS-functionalized polyethylene glycol hydrogel-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles enhance specific intracellular uptake by HeLa cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1903-20. [PMID: 22619531 PMCID: PMC3356191 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s29442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop thin, biocompatible, and biofunctional hydrogel-coated small-sized nanoparticles that exhibit favorable stability, viability, and specific cellular uptake. This article reports the coating of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) with covalently cross-linked biofunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel. Silanized MIONPs were derivatized with eosin Y, and the covalently cross-linked biofunctional PEG hydrogel coating was achieved via surface-initiated photopolymerization of PEG diacrylate in aqueous solution. The thickness of the PEG hydrogel coating, between 23 and 126 nm, was tuned with laser exposure time. PEG hydrogel-coated MIONPs were further functionalized with the fibronectin-derived arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine (RGDS) sequence, in order to achieve a biofunctional PEG hydrogel layer around the nanoparticles. RGDS-bound PEG hydrogel-coated MIONPs showed a 17-fold higher uptake by the human cervical cancer HeLa cell line than that of amine-coated MIONPs. This novel method allows for the coating of MIONPs with nano-thin biofunctional hydrogel layers that may prevent undesirable cell and protein adhesion and may allow for cellular uptake in target tissues in a specific manner. These findings indicate that the further biofunctional PEG hydrogel coating of MIONPs is a promising platform for enhanced specific cell targeting in biomedical imaging and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caner Nazli
- Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Tang CY, Chen DZ, Chan KYY, Chu KM, Ng PC, Yue TM. Fabrication of antibacterial silicone composite by an antibacterial agent deposition, solution casting and crosslinking technique. POLYM INT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.3102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Shirai T, Shimizu T, Ohtani K, Zen Y, Takaya M, Tsuchiya H. Antibacterial iodine-supported titanium implants. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:1928-33. [PMID: 21115142 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Deep infection remains a serious complication in orthopedic implant surgery. In order to reduce the incidence of implant-associated infections, several biomaterial surface treatments have been proposed. This study focused on evaluating the antibacterial activity of iodine-supported titanium (Ti-I(2)) and its impact on post-implant infection, as well as determining the potential suitability of Ti-I(2) as a biomaterial. External fixation pins were used in this experiment as trial implants because of the ease of making the septic models. The antibacterial activity of the metal was measured using a modification of the Japanese Industrial Standards method. Activity was evaluated by exposing the implants to Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli and comparing reaction of pathogens to Ti-I(2) vs. stainless steel and titanium controls. Ti-I(2) clearly inhibited bacterial colonization more than the control metals. In addition, cytocompatibility was assessed by counting the number of colonies that formed on the metals. The three metals showed the same amount of fibroblast colony formation. Japanese white rabbits were used as an in vivo model. Three pins were inserted into both femora of six rabbits for histological analysis. Pin sites were inspected and graded for infection and inflammation. Fewer signs of infection and inflammatory changes were observed in conjunction with the Ti-I(2) pins. Furthermore, osteoconductivity of the implant was evaluated with osteoid formation surface of the pin. Consecutive bone formation was observed around the Ti-I(2) and titanium pins, while little osteoid formation was found around the stainless steel pins. These findings suggest that Ti-I(2) has antimicrobial activity and exhibits cytocompatibility. Therefore, Ti-I(2) substantially reduces the incidence of implant infection and shows particular promise as a biomaterial.
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12
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Swanson TE, Cheng X, Friedrich C. Development of chitosan-vancomycin antimicrobial coatings on titanium implants. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 97:167-76. [PMID: 21370447 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Techniques for titanium surface modification have been studied for applications in orthopedic implants specifically for local drug delivery. The extensive research in surface modification is driving the development of devices that integrate infection prevention, osseointegration, and functionality in a structural role. In this study, vancomycin was applied to modified titanium surfaces to determine the effect of surface morphology on drug loading and release profiles. The antimicrobial effectiveness of the released vancomycin was evaluated and found to have a similar effect as the standard vancomycin. The engineered surfaces included sandblasted, sandblasted acid etched, electrochemically etched, and sandblasted electrochemically etched. The antibiotic release was observed to be independent of the measured surface parameters of the engineered surfaces. The development of an implantable device in which the surface morphology can be tailored for an application with no effect on the total drug released would be beneficial to more precisely control the biological response while maintaining local drug delivery for infection prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Swanson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Multi-Scale Technologies Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA.
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13
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Preparation and characterization of porous titania-grafted poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)/maleic anhydride nanocomposite microspheres. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Thevenot P, Cho J, Wavhal D, Timmons RB, Tang L. Surface chemistry influences cancer killing effect of TiO2 nanoparticles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 4:226-36. [PMID: 18502186 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been shown to eradicate cancer cells. However, the required in situ introduction of ultraviolet light limits the use of such a therapy in humans. In the present study the nonphotocatalytic anticancer effect of surface-functionalized TiO2 was examined. Nanoparticles bearing -OH, -NH(2), or -COOH surface groups were tested for their effect on in vitro survival of several cancer and control cell lines. The cells tested included B16F10 melanoma, Lewis lung carcinoma, JHU prostate cancer cells, and 3T3 fibroblasts. Cell viability was observed to depend on particle concentrations, cell types, and surface chemistry. Specifically, -NH(2) and -OH groups showed significantly higher toxicity than -COOH. Microscopic and spectrophotometric studies revealed nanoparticle-mediated cell membrane disruption leading to cell death. The results suggest that functionalized TiO2, and presumably other nanoparticles, can be surface-engineered for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Thevenot
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0138, USA
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15
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LI S, WANG K, CHENG J, WEN XF, PI PH, YANG ZR, LI ZY. Synthesis of TiO2/Poly(styrene-co-divinybenzene) Nanocomposite Microspheres by Grafting Copolymerization. CHINESE J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200890146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Pitcher MW, Arslan Y, Edinç P, Kartal M, Masjedi M, Metin Ö, Şen F, Türkarslan Ö, Yiğitsoy B. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Inorganic Polymer. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500701540431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Pitcher
- a Department of Chemistry , Middle East Technical University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasin Arslan
- a Department of Chemistry , Middle East Technical University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Edinç
- a Department of Chemistry , Middle East Technical University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Müjgan Kartal
- a Department of Chemistry , Middle East Technical University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehdi Masjedi
- a Department of Chemistry , Middle East Technical University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Önder Metin
- a Department of Chemistry , Middle East Technical University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Şen
- a Department of Chemistry , Middle East Technical University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlem Türkarslan
- a Department of Chemistry , Middle East Technical University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Başak Yiğitsoy
- a Department of Chemistry , Middle East Technical University , Ankara, Turkey
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