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Casella G, Carlotto S, Lanero F, Mozzon M, Sgarbossa P, Bertani R. Cyclo- and Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:8117. [PMID: 36500209 PMCID: PMC9736570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic and polyphosphazenes are extremely interesting and versatile substrates characterized by the presence of -P=N- repeating units. The chlorine atoms on the P atoms in the starting materials can be easily substituted with a variety of organic substituents, thus giving rise to a huge number of new materials for industrial applications. Their properties can be designed considering the number of repetitive units and the nature of the substituent groups, opening up to a number of peculiar properties, including the ability to give rise to supramolecular arrangements. We focused our attention on the extensive scientific literature concerning their biomedical applications: as antimicrobial agents in drug delivery, as immunoadjuvants in tissue engineering, in innovative anticancer therapies, and treatments for cardiovascular diseases. The promising perspectives for their biomedical use rise from the opportunity to combine the benefits of the inorganic backbone and the wide variety of organic side groups that can lead to the formation of nanoparticles, polymersomes, or scaffolds for cell proliferation. In this review, some aspects of the preparation of phosphazene-based systems and their characterization, together with some of the most relevant chemical strategies to obtain biomaterials, have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girolamo Casella
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Carlotto
- Department of Chemical Sciences (DiSC), University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy (ICMATE), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Department of Chemical Sciences (DiSC), University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Lanero
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mirto Mozzon
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Sgarbossa
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Bertani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Wang M, Lin S, Mequanint K. Electrospun Biodegradable α-Amino Acid-Substituted Poly(organophosphazene) Fiber Mats for Stem Cell Differentiation towards Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081555. [PMID: 35458303 PMCID: PMC9025042 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells, derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), are valuable for generating smooth muscle cells (SMCs) for vascular tissue engineering applications. In this study, we synthesized biodegradable α-amino acid-substituted poly(organophosphazene) polymers and electrospun nano-fibrous scaffolds (~200 nm diameter) to evaluate their suitability as a matrix for differentiation of iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iMSC) into mature contractile SMCs. Both the polymer synthesis approach and the electrospinning parameters were optimized. Three types of cells, namely iMSC, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC), and primary human coronary artery SMC, attached and spread on the materials. Although L-ascorbic acid (AA) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) were able to differentiate iMSC along the smooth muscle lineage, we showed that the electrospun fibrous mats provided material cues for the enhanced differentiation of iMSCs. Differentiation of iMSC to SMC was characterized by increased transcriptional levels of early to late-stage smooth muscle marker proteins on electrospun fibrous mats. Our findings provide a feasible strategy for engineering functional vascular tissues.
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Chen F, Teniola OR, Laurencin CT. Biodegradable Polyphosphazenes for Regenerative Engineering. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2022; 37:1417-1428. [PMID: 36203785 PMCID: PMC9531846 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-022-00551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative engineering is a field that seeks to regenerate complex tissues and biological systems, rather than simply restore and repair individual tissues or organs. Since the first introduction of regenerative engineering in 2012, numerous research has been devoted to the development of this field. Biodegradable polymers such as polyphosphazenes in particular have drawn significant interest as regenerative engineering materials for their synthetic flexibility in designing into materials with a wide range of mechanical properties, degradation rates, and chemical functionality. These polyphosphazenes can go through complete hydrolytic degradation and provide harmlessly and pH neutral buffering degradation products such as phosphates and ammonia, which is crucial for reducing inflammation in vivo. Here, we discuss the current accomplishments of polyphosphazene, different methods for synthesizing them, and their applications in tissue regeneration such as bones, nerves, and elastic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Chen
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - O R Teniola
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- Connecticut Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Connecticut Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Hsu W, Csaba N, Alexander C, Garcia‐Fuentes M. Polyphosphazenes for the delivery of biopharmaceuticals. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Hsin Hsu
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS)Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation School of PharmacyUniversity of Nottingham UK
| | - Noemi Csaba
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS)Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cameron Alexander
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation School of PharmacyUniversity of Nottingham UK
| | - Marcos Garcia‐Fuentes
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS)Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Ogueri KS, Ogueri KS, Allcock HR, Laurencin CT. Polyphosphazene polymers: The next generation of biomaterials for regenerative engineering and therapeutic drug delivery. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. B, NANOTECHNOLOGY & MICROELECTRONICS : MATERIALS, PROCESSING, MEASUREMENT, & PHENOMENA : JVST B 2020; 38:030801. [PMID: 32309041 PMCID: PMC7156271 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The demand for new biomaterials in several biomedical applications, such as regenerative engineering and drug delivery, has increased over the past two decades due to emerging technological advances in biomedicine. Degradable polymeric biomaterials continue to play a significant role as scaffolding materials and drug devices. Polyphosphazene platform is a subject of broad interest, as it presents an avenue for attaining versatile polymeric materials with excellent structure and property tunability, and high functional diversity. Macromolecular substitution enables the facile attachment of different organic groups and drug molecules to the polyphosphazene backbone for the development of a broad class of materials. These materials are more biocompatible than traditional biomaterials, mixable with other clinically relevant polymers to obtain new materials and exhibit unique erosion with near-neutral degradation products. Hence, polyphosphazene represents the next generation of biomaterials. In this review, the authors systematically discuss the synthetic design, structure-property relationships, and the promising potentials of polyphosphazenes in regenerative engineering and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kennedy S Ogueri
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Harry R Allcock
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Strasser P, Teasdale I. Main-Chain Phosphorus-Containing Polymers for Therapeutic Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E1716. [PMID: 32276516 PMCID: PMC7181247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers in which phosphorus is an integral part of the main chain, including polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters, have been widely investigated in recent years for their potential in a number of therapeutic applications. Phosphorus, as the central feature of these polymers, endears the chemical functionalization, and in some cases (bio)degradability, to facilitate their use in such therapeutic formulations. Recent advances in the synthetic polymer chemistry have allowed for controlled synthesis methods in order to prepare the complex macromolecular structures required, alongside the control and reproducibility desired for such medical applications. While the main polymer families described herein, polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters and their analogues, as well as phosphorus-based dendrimers, have hitherto predominantly been investigated in isolation from one another, this review aims to highlight and bring together some of this research. In doing so, the focus is placed on the essential, and often mutual, design features and structure-property relationships that allow the preparation of such functional materials. The first part of the review details the relevant features of phosphorus-containing polymers in respect to their use in therapeutic applications, while the second part highlights some recent and innovative applications, offering insights into the most state-of-the-art research on phosphorus-based polymers in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
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Ogueri KS, Allcock HR, Laurencin CT. Generational Biodegradable and Regenerative Polyphosphazene Polymers and their Blends with Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid). Prog Polym Sci 2019; 98:101146. [PMID: 31551636 PMCID: PMC6758934 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
New fields such as regenerative engineering have driven the design of advanced biomaterials with a wide range of properties. Regenerative engineering is a multidisciplinary approach that integrates the fields of advanced materials science and engineering, stem cell science, physics, developmental biology, and clinical translation for the regeneration of complex tissues. The complexity and demands of this innovative approach have motivated the synthesis of new polymeric materials that can be customized to meet application-specific needs. Polyphosphazene polymers represent this fundamental change and are gaining renewed interest as biomaterials due to their outstanding synthetic flexibility, neutral bioactivity (buffering degradation products), and tunable properties across the range. Polyphosphazenes are a unique class of polymers composed of an inorganic backbone with alternating phosphorus and nitrogen atoms. Each phosphorus atom bears two substituents, with a wide variety of side groups available for property optimization. Polyphosphazenes have been investigated as potential biomaterials for regenerative engineering. Polyphosphazenes for use in regenerative applications have evolved as a class to include different generations of degradable polymers. The first generation of polyphosphazenes for tissue regeneration entailed the use of hydrolytically active side groups such as imidazole, lactate, glycolate, glucosyl, or glyceryl groups. These side groups were selected based on their ability to sensitize the polymer backbone to hydrolysis, which allowed them to break down into non-toxic small molecules that could be metabolized or excreted. The second generation of degradable polyphosphazenes developed consisted of polymers with amino acid ester side groups. When blended with poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), the feasibility of neutralizing acidic degradation products of PLGA was demonstrated. The blends formed were mostly partially miscible. The desire to improve miscibility led to the design of the third generation of degradable polyphosphazenes by incorporating dipeptide side groups which impart significant hydrogen bonding capability to the polymer for the formation of completely miscible polyphosphazene-PLGA blends. Blend system of the dipeptide-based polyphosphazene and PLGA exhibit a unique degradation behavior that allows the formation of interconnected porous structures upon degradation. These inherent pore-forming properties have distinguished degradable polyphosphazenes as a potentially important class of biomaterials for further study. The design considerations and strategies for the different generations of degradable polyphosphazenes and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S. Ogueri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Harry R. Allcock
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Cato T. Laurencin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Khan RU, Wang L, Yu H, Zain-ul-Abdin, Akram M, Wu J, Haroon M, Ullah RS, Deng Z, Xia X. Recent progress in the synthesis of poly(organo)phosphazenes and their applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Khalid Z, Ali S, Akram M. Review on polyphosphazenes-based materials for bone and skeleton tissue engineering. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2017.1375495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zohra Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, South University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Zhou X, Qiu S, Xing W, Gangireddy CSR, Gui Z, Hu Y. Hierarchical Polyphosphazene@Molybdenum Disulfide Hybrid Structure for Enhancing the Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Property of Epoxy Resins. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:29147-29156. [PMID: 28786655 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel polyphosphazene (PZS) microsphere@molybdenum disulfide nanoflower (MoS2) hierarchical hybrid architecture was first synthesized and applied for enhancing the mechanical performance and flame retardancy of epoxy (EP) resin via a cooperative effect. Herein, using PZS microsphere as the template, a layer of MoS2 nanoflowers were anchored to PZS spheres via a hydrothermal strategy. The well-designed PZS@MoS2 exhibits excellent fire retardancy and a reinforcing effect. The obtained PZS@MoS2 significantly enhanced the flame-retardant performance of EP composites, which can be proved by thermogravimetric and cone calorimeter results. For instance, the incorporation of 3 wt % PZS@MoS2 brought about a 41.3% maximum reduction in the peak heat-release rate and decreased by 30.3% maximum in the total heat release, accompanying the higher graphitized char layer. With regard to mechanical property, the storage modulus of EP/PZS@MoS23.0 in the glassy state was dramatically increased to 22.4 GPa in comparison with that of pure EP (11.15 GPa). It is sensible to know that the improved flame-retardant performance for EP composites is primarily assigned to a physical barrier effect of the MoS2 nanoflowers and the polyphosphazene structure has an positive impact on promoting char formation in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shuilai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 8523, Hong Kong
| | - Weiyi Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chandra Sekhar Reddy Gangireddy
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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Ogueri KS, Escobar Ivirico JL, Nair LS, Allcock HR, Laurencin CT. Biodegradable Polyphosphazene-Based Blends for Regenerative Engineering. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 3:15-31. [PMID: 28596987 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-016-0022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of musculoskeletal tissue injury or disease and the subsequent functional impairment is at an alarming rate. It continues to be one of the most challenging problems in the human health care. Regenerative engineering offers a promising transdisciplinary strategy for tissues regeneration based on the convergence of tissue engineering, advanced materials science, stem cell science, developmental biology and clinical translation. Biomaterials are emerging as extracellular-mimicking matrices designed to provide instructive cues to control cell behavior and ultimately, be applied as therapies to regenerate damaged tissues. Biodegradable polymers constitute an attractive class of biomaterials for the development of scaffolds due to their flexibility in chemistry and the ability to be excreted or resorbed by the body. Herein, the focus will be on biodegradable polyphosphazene-based blend systems. The synthetic flexibility of polyphosphazene, combined with the unique inorganic backbone, has provided a springboard for more research and subsequent development of numerous novel materials that are capable of forming miscible blends with poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLAGA). Laurencin and co-workers has demonstrated the exploitation of the synthetic flexibility of Polyphosphazene that will allow the design of novel polymers, which can form miscible blends with PLAGA for biomedical applications. These novel blends, due to their well-tuned biodegradability, and mechanical and biological properties coupled with the buffering capacity of the degradation products, constitute ideal materials for regeneration of various musculoskeletal tissues. LAY SUMMARY Regenerative engineering aims to regenerate complex tissues to address the clinical challenge of organ damage. Tissue engineering has largely focused on the restoration and repair of individual tissues and organs, but over the past 25 years, scientific, engineering, and medical advances have led to the introduction of this new approach which involves the regeneration of complex tissues and biological systems such as a knee or a whole limb. While a number of excellent advanced biomaterials have been developed, the choice of biomaterials, however, has increased over the past years to include polymers that can be designed with a range of mechanical properties, degradation rates, and chemical functionality. The polyphosphazenes are one good example. Their chemical versatility and hydrogen bonding capability encourages blending with other biologically relevant polymers. The further development of Polyphosphazene-based blends will present a wide spectrum of advanced biomaterials that can be used as scaffolds for regenerative engineering and as well as other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Ogueri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jorge L Escobar Ivirico
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Lakshmi S Nair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Harry R Allcock
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Kaplan J, Grinstaff M. Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications. J Vis Exp 2015:e53117. [PMID: 26383018 DOI: 10.3791/53117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Superhydrophobic materials, with surfaces possessing permanent or metastable non-wetted states, are of interest for a number of biomedical and industrial applications. Here we describe how electrospinning or electrospraying a polymer mixture containing a biodegradable, biocompatible aliphatic polyester (e.g., polycaprolactone and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)), as the major component, doped with a hydrophobic copolymer composed of the polyester and a stearate-modified poly(glycerol carbonate) affords a superhydrophobic biomaterial. The fabrication techniques of electrospinning or electrospraying provide the enhanced surface roughness and porosity on and within the fibers or the particles, respectively. The use of a low surface energy copolymer dopant that blends with the polyester and can be stably electrospun or electrosprayed affords these superhydrophobic materials. Important parameters such as fiber size, copolymer dopant composition and/or concentration, and their effects on wettability are discussed. This combination of polymer chemistry and process engineering affords a versatile approach to develop application-specific materials using scalable techniques, which are likely generalizable to a wider class of polymers for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University
| | - Mark Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Boston University;
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13
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Biodegradable polyphosphazene biomaterials for tissue engineering and delivery of therapeutics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:761373. [PMID: 24883323 PMCID: PMC4022062 DOI: 10.1155/2014/761373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Degradable biomaterials continue to play a major role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as well as for delivering therapeutic agents. Although the chemistry of polyphosphazenes has been studied extensively, a systematic review of their applications for a wide range of biomedical applications is lacking. Polyphosphazenes are synthesized through a relatively well-known two-step reaction scheme which involves the substitution of the initial linear precursor with a wide range of nucleophiles. The ease of substitution has led to the development of a broad class of materials that have been studied for numerous biomedical applications including as scaffold materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The objective of this review is to discuss the suitability of poly(amino acid ester)phosphazene biomaterials in regard to their unique stimuli responsive properties, tunable degradation rates and mechanical properties, as well as in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. The application of these materials in areas such as tissue engineering and drug delivery is discussed systematically. Lastly, the utility of polyphosphazenes is further extended as they are being employed in blend materials for new applications and as another method of tailoring material properties.
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Abstract
Disease and injury have resulted in a large, unmet need for functional tissue replacements. Polymeric scaffolds can be used to deliver cells and bioactive signals to address this need for regenerating damaged tissue. Phosphorous-containing polymers have been implemented to improve and accelerate the formation of native tissue both by mimicking the native role of phosphorous groups in the body and by attachment of other bioactive molecules. This manuscript reviews the synthesis, properties, and performance of phosphorous-containing polymers that can be useful in regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M. Watson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - F. Kurtis Kasper
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Gualandi C, Celli A, Zucchelli A, Focarete ML. Nanohybrid Materials by Electrospinning. ORGANIC-INORGANIC HYBRID NANOMATERIALS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2014_281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Silva Nykänen VP, Puska MA, Nykänen A, Ruokolainen J. Synthesis and biomimetic mineralization of l
-proline substituted polyphosphazenes as bulk and nanofiber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mervi A. Puska
- Department of Applied Physics, Molecular Materials; Aalto University; FI-02015 Espoo Finland
| | - Antti Nykänen
- Department of Applied Physics, Molecular Materials; Aalto University; FI-02015 Espoo Finland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, Molecular Materials; Aalto University; FI-02015 Espoo Finland
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Rampichová M, Martinová L, Koštáková E, Filová E, Míčková A, Buzgo M, Michálek J, Přádný M, Nečas A, Lukáš D, Amler E. A simple drug anchoring microfiber scaffold for chondrocyte seeding and proliferation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:555-563. [PMID: 22223027 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The structural properties of microfiber meshes made from poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) were found to significantly depend on the chemical composition and subsequent cross-linking and nebulization processes. PHEMA microfibres showed promise as scaffolds for chondrocyte seeding and proliferation. Moreover, the peak liposome adhesion to PHEMA microfiber scaffolds observed in our study resulted in the development of a simple drug anchoring system. Attached foetal bovine serum-loaded liposomes significantly improved both chondrocyte adhesion and proliferation. In conclusion, fibrous scaffolds from PHEMA are promising materials for tissue engineering and, in combination with liposomes, can serve as a simple drug delivery tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michala Rampichová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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The three-dimensional vascularization of growth factor-releasing hybrid scaffold of poly (epsilon-caprolactone)/collagen fibers and hyaluronic acid hydrogel. Biomaterials 2011; 32:8108-17. [PMID: 21807407 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A significant stumbling block in the creation of functional three-dimensional (3D) engineered tissues is the proper vascularization of the constructs. Furthermore, in the context of electrospinning, the development of 3D constructs using this technique has been hindered by the limited infiltration of cells into their structure. In an attempt to address these issues, a hybrid mesh of poly (ɛ-caprolactone)-collagen blend (PCL/Col) and hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel, Heprasil™ was created via a dual electrodeposition system. Simultaneous deposition of HA and PCL/Col allowed the dual loading and controlled release of two potent angiogenic growth factors VEGF(165) and PDGF-BB over a period of five weeks in vitro. Furthermore, this manner of loading sustained the bioactivity of the two growth factors. Utilizing an in-house developed 3D co-culture assay model of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and lung fibroblasts, the growth factor-loaded hybrid meshes was shown to not only support cellular attachment, but also their infiltration and the recapitulation of primitive capillary network in the scaffold's architecture. Thus, the creation of a PCL/Col-Heprasil hybrid scaffold is a step forward toward the attainment of a 3D bio-functionalized, vascularized tissue engineering construct.
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Zhao M, Song C, Zhang W, Hou Y, Huang R, Song Y, Xie W, Shi Y, Song C. The three-dimensional nanofiber scaffold culture condition improves viability and function of islets. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:667-72. [PMID: 20336763 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Significant problems existing in the islet transplantation include a poor survival ability of the islet cells cultured under static conditions in vitro, decreased secretion function, and limited transplantation efficiency. In this study, we cocultured the three-dimensional (3D) self-assembling peptide nanofiber hydrogel scaffold with the islets from adult Wistar rats. The nanofiber scaffold constructed a 3D environment for the islets culture. The results of DTZ staining showed that the purity of the islets in the scaffold was >80%. The result of the fluorescent staining with AO-PI demonstrated that the viability of the islets in the 3D culture environment (within scaffold) was greater than those in the two-dimensional (2D) culture environment (without scaffold). The islets encapsulated in the 3D peptide nanofiber scaffold exhibited better secretion function. The insulin releasing index in the 3D group was remarkably higher than that in the 2D group. By scanning electron microscopy, it was observed that the 3D self-assembling peptide nanofiber hydrogel scaffold formed a nano scale fiber with a geometric form and the islets were encapsulated in this scaffold. Our research demonstrated that this nanofiber scaffold provided a favorable 3D environment for the islets to be cultured in vitro and then improve the secretion function and prolong the survival time of the islet in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation of Ministry of Health and Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Baiguera S, Del Gaudio C, Fioravanzo L, Bianco A, Grigioni M, Folin M. In vitro astrocyte and cerebral endothelial cell response to electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone) mats of different architecture. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:1353-1362. [PMID: 19957022 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the evaluation of the potential use of electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) micrometric and/or sub-micrometric fibrous membranes for rat hippocampal astrocyte (HA) and rat cerebro-microvascular endothelial cell (CEC) cultures. Both mats supported cell adhesion, proliferation, cellular phenotype and spreading. Microfibrous mats allowed cellular infiltration, while both HAs and CECs were unable to migrate within the sub-micrometric fibrous mat, leaving an acellularized inner region. This finding was correlated to the presence of larger voids within electrospun PCL microfibrous mats, suggesting that the morphology should be accurately selected for the realization of a cell environment-mimicking mat. Based on our results, the proper fiber architecture can be regarded as a crucial issue to be considered in order to deal with suitable polymeric mats tailored for specific in vitro application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Baiguera
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
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Lin YJ, Cai Q, Li L, Li QF, Yang XP, Jin RG. Co-electrospun composite nanofibers of blends of poly[(amino acid ester)phosphazene] and gelatin. POLYM INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yang X, Shah JD, Wang H. Nanofiber enabled layer-by-layer approach toward three-dimensional tissue formation. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:945-56. [PMID: 18788981 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking rapid and efficient formation of functional tissues as our long-term goal, we discuss in this study a new and generic approach toward formation of multilayered three-dimensional (3D) tissues using nanofibers. 3:1 poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) (8% w/v)/collagen (8.0% w/v) solution was electrospun into nanofibers with an average diameter of 454.5 +/- 84.9 nm. The culture of human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) on PCL/collagen nanofibers showed a high initial cell adhesion (88.1 +/- 1.5%), and rapid cell spreading with spindle morphology. Three-dimensional multilayered cell-nanofiber constructs were built with alternating NHDF seeding (1 x 10(5)cells/layer) and PCL/collagen nanofiber collection on site of electrospinning, where almost all the seeded cells retained in the constructs. The formed construct showed layered structure with uniform cell distribution in between layers of PCL/collagen nanofibers. In the 3D constructs, cells continuously proliferated and deposited new extracellular matrix. By culturing either fibroblast/fiber layered constructs or keratinocyte/fibroblast/fiber layered constructs, dermal-like tissues or bilayer skin tissues (containing both epidermal and dermal layers) were consequently produced within 1 week. Taken together, the present study reports a novel approach to 3D multilayered tissue formation using a bottom-up, on-site layer-by-layer cell assembly while electrospinning. This approach has marked potentials to form functional tissues composed of multiple types of cells, heterogeneous scaffold composition, and customized specific microenvironment for cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
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de Mel A, Bolvin C, Edirisinghe M, Hamilton G, Seifalian AM. Development of cardiovascular bypass grafts: endothelialization and applications of nanotechnology. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2009; 6:1259-77. [PMID: 18939913 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.9.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a critical clinical need for small-diameter bypass grafts, with applications involved in the coronary artery and lower limb. Commercially available materials give rise to unfavorable responses when in contact with blood and subjected to low-flow hemodynamics and, thus, are nonideal as small-diameter bypass grafts. Optimizing the mechanical properties to match both the native artery and the graft surfaces has received keen attention. Endothelialization of bypass grafts is considered a protective mechanism where the biochemicals produced from endothelial cells exert a range of favorable responses, including antithrombotic, noninflammatory responses and inhibition of intimal hyperplasia. In situ endothelialization is most desirable. Nanotechnology approaches facilitate all aspects of endothelialization, including endothelial progenitor cell mobilization, migration, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. 'Surface nanoarchitecturing mechanisms', which mimic the natural extracellular matrix to optimize endothelial progenitor cell interaction and controlled delivery of various factors in the form of nanoparticles, which can be combined with gene therapy, are of keen interest. This article discusses the development of bypass grafts, focusing on the optimization of the biological properties of mechanically suitable grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achala de Mel
- Centre of Nanotechnology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering, UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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Ashammakhi N, Ndreu A, Nikkola L, Wimpenny I, Yang Y. Advancing tissue engineering by using electrospun nanofibers. Regen Med 2008; 3:547-74. [PMID: 18588476 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.3.4.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is a versatile technique that enables the development of nanofiber-based scaffolds, from a variety of polymers that may have drug-release properties. Using nanofibers, it is now possible to produce biomimetic scaffolds that can mimic the extracellular matrix for tissue engineering. Interestingly, nanofibers can guide cell growth along their direction. Combining factors like fiber diameter, alignment and chemicals offers new ways to control tissue engineering. In vivo evaluation of nanomats included their degradation, tissue reactions and engineering of specific tissues. New advances made in electrospinning, especially in drug delivery, support the massive potential of these nanobiomaterials. Nevertheless, there is already at least one product based on electrospun nanofibers with drug-release properties in a Phase III clinical trial, for wound dressing. Hopefully, clinical applications in tissue engineering will follow to enhance the success of regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, The Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST47QB, UK.
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Sell SA, Bowlin GL. Creating small diameter bioresorbable vascular grafts through electrospinning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b711848a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Applications of Inorganic Polymeric Materials, III: Polyphosphazenes. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-007-0705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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