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Iyer M, Anand U, Thiruvenkataswamy S, Babu HWS, Narayanasamy A, Prajapati VK, Tiwari CK, Gopalakrishnan AV, Bontempi E, Sonne C, Barceló D, Vellingiri B. A review of chromium (Cr) epigenetic toxicity and health hazards. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163483. [PMID: 37075992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenic metals affect a variety of cellular processes, causing oxidative stress and cancer. The widespread distribution of these metals caused by industrial, residential, agricultural, medical, and technical activities raises concern for adverse environmental and human health effects. Of these metals, chromium (Cr) and its derivatives, including Cr(VI)-induced, are of a public health concern as they cause DNA epigenetic alterations resulting in heritable changes in gene expression. Here, we review and discuss the role of Cr(VI) in epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, micro-RNA changes, biomarkers of exposure and toxicity, and highlight prevention and intervention strategies to protect susceptible populations from exposure and adverse occupational health effects. Cr(VI) is a ubiquitous toxin linked to cardiovascular, developmental, neurological, and endocrine diseases as well as immunologic disorders and a high number of cancer types in humans following inhalation and skin contact. Cr alters DNA methylation levels as well as global and gene-specific histone posttranslational modifications, emphasizing the importance of considering epigenetics as a possible mechanism underlying Cr(VI) toxicity and cell-transforming ability. Our review shows that determining the levels of Cr(VI) in occupational workers is a crucial first step in shielding health problems, including cancer and other disorders. More clinical and preventative measures are therefore needed to better understand the toxicity and safeguard employees against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore 641021, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Saranya Thiruvenkataswamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Zoology (PG-SF), PSG college of arts and science, Coimbatore 641014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harysh Winster Suresh Babu
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandan Kumar Tiwari
- Research and Development section, Carestream Health Inc., Oakdale, MN 55128, United States of America
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, Girona 17003, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 1826, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, North block, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India.
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Neelgund GM, Jimenez EA, Ray RL, Kurkuri MD. Facilitated Adsorption of Mercury(II) and Chromium(VI) Ions over Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes. TOXICS 2023; 11:545. [PMID: 37368645 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
By considering the importance of water and its purity, herein, a powerful adsorbent has been developed for the adsorption of two toxic contaminants that commonly exist in water, viz., divalent mercury and hexavalent chromium. The efficient adsorbent, CNTs-PLA-Pd, was prepared by covalent grafting polylactic acid to carbon nanotubes and subsequent deposition of palladium nanoparticles. The CNTs-PLA-Pd could adsorb Hg(II), and Cr(VI) entirely exists in water. The adsorption rate for Hg(II) and Cr(VI) was rapid at initial stage, followed by gradual decrease, and attained the equilibrium. The Hg(II) and Cr(VI) adsorption was perceived within 50 min and 80 min, respectively with CNTs-PLA-Pd,. Further, experimental data for Hg(II) and Cr(VI) adsorption was analyzed, and kinetic parameters were estimated using pseudo-first and second-order models. The adsorption process of Hg(II) and Cr(VI) followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the rate-limiting step in the adsorption was chemisorption. The Weber-Morris intraparticle pore diffusion model revealed that the Hg(II) and Cr(VI) adsorption over CNTs-PLA-Pd occurs through multiple phases. The experimental equilibrium parameters for the Hg(II) and Cr(VI) adsorption were estimated by Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms models. All three models were well suited and demonstrated that Hg(II) and Cr(VI) adsorption over CNTs-PLA-Pd transpires through monolayer molecular covering and chemisorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj M Neelgund
- Department of Chemistry, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
| | - Erica A Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
| | - Ram L Ray
- College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
| | - Mahaveer D Kurkuri
- Centre for Research in Functional Materials (CRFM), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru 562 112, Karnataka, India
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Mallik AK, Moktadir MA, Rahman MA, Shahruzzaman M, Rahman MM. Progress in surface-modified silicas for Cr(VI) adsorption: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127041. [PMID: 34488103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Various toxic chemicals are discharging to the environment due to rapid industrialization and polluting soil, water, and air causing numerous diseases including life-threatening cancer. Among these pollutants, Cr(VI) or hexavalent chromium is one of the most carcinogenic and toxic contaminants hostile to human health and other living things. Therefore, along with other contaminants, the removal of Cr(VI) efficiently is very crucial to keep our environment neat and clean. On the other hand, silica has a lot of room to modify its surfaces as it is available with various sizes, shapes, pore sizes, surface areas etc. and the surface silanol groups are susceptible to design and prepare adsorbents for Cr(VI). This review emphases on the progress in the development of different types of silica-based adsorbents by modifying the surfaces of silica and their application for the removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater. Toxicity of Cr(VI), different silica surface modification processes, and removal techniques are also highlighted. The adsorption capacities of the surface-modified silica materials with other parameters are discussed extensively to understand how to select the best condition, silica and modifiers to achieve optimum removal performance. The adsorption mechanisms of various adsorbents are also discussed. Finally, future prospects are summarized and some suggestions are given to enhance the adsorption capacities of the surface-modified silica materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul K Mallik
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Abdul Moktadir
- Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Ashiqur Rahman
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Shahruzzaman
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammed Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh.
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Jang EH, Pack SP, Kim I, Chung S. A systematic study of hexavalent chromium adsorption and removal from aqueous environments using chemically functionalized amorphous and mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5558. [PMID: 32221311 PMCID: PMC7101345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and characterization of highly monodisperse amorphous silica nanoparticles (ASNs) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with particle sizes of 15-60 nm. We demonstrate adsorption of Cr(VI) ions on amino-functionalized ASNs (NH2-ASNs) and MSNs (NH2-MSNs) and their removal from aqueous environments and show the specific surface area (SSA) of NH2-MSNs is four times as larger as that of NH2-ASNs and that more than 70% of the total SSA of NH2-MSNs is due to the presence of nanopores. Analyses of Cr(VI) adsorption kinetics on NH2-ASNs and NH2-MSNs exhibited relatively rapid adsorption behavior following pseudo-second order kinetics as determined by nonlinear fitting. NH2-ASNs and NH2-MSNs exhibited significantly higher Cr(VI) adsorption capacities of 34.0 and 42.2 mg·g-1 and removal efficiencies of 61.9 and 76.8% than those of unfunctionalized ASNs and MSNs, respectively. The Langmuir model resulted in best fits to the adsorption isotherms of NH2-ASNs and NH2-MSNs. The adsorption of Cr(VI) on NH2-ASNs and NH2-MSNs was an endothermic and spontaneous process according to the thermodynamic analyses of temperature-dependent adsorption isotherms. The removal efficiencies of NH2-ASNs and NH2-MSNs exhibited a moderate reduction of less than 25% of the maximum values after five regeneration cycles. Furthermore, NH2-MSNs were also found to reduce adsorbed Cr(VI) into less harmful Cr(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Jang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, South Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-Ro, Sejong, 30019, South Korea
| | - Il Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Sungwook Chung
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, South Korea.
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Cr(VI)‐induced genotoxicity and cell cycle arrest in human osteoblast cell line MG‐63. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1057-1065. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Glenske K, Donkiewicz P, Köwitsch A, Milosevic-Oljaca N, Rider P, Rofall S, Franke J, Jung O, Smeets R, Schnettler R, Wenisch S, Barbeck M. Applications of Metals for Bone Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E826. [PMID: 29534546 PMCID: PMC5877687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of bone tissue is the main purpose of most therapies in dental medicine. For bone regeneration, calcium phosphate (CaP)-based substitute materials based on natural (allo- and xenografts) and synthetic origins (alloplastic materials) are applied for guiding the regeneration processes. The optimal bone substitute has to act as a substrate for bone ingrowth into a defect, as well as resorb in the time frame needed for complete regeneration up to the condition of restitution ad integrum. In this context, the modes of action of CaP-based substitute materials have been frequently investigated, where it has been shown that such materials strongly influence regenerative processes such as osteoblast growth or differentiation and also osteoclastic resorption due to different physicochemical properties of the materials. However, the material characteristics needed for the required ratio between new bone tissue formation and material degradation has not been found, until now. The addition of different substances such as collagen or growth factors and also of different cell types has already been tested but did not allow for sufficient or prompt application. Moreover, metals or metal ions are used differently as a basis or as supplement for different materials in the field of bone regeneration. Moreover, it has already been shown that different metal ions are integral components of bone tissue, playing functional roles in the physiological cellular environment as well as in the course of bone healing. The present review focuses on frequently used metals as integral parts of materials designed for bone regeneration, with the aim to provide an overview of currently existing knowledge about the effects of metals in the field of bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Glenske
- Clinic of Small Animals, c/o Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | | | | | - Nada Milosevic-Oljaca
- Clinic of Small Animals, c/o Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | | | - Sven Rofall
- Botiss Biomaterials, D-12109 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jörg Franke
- Clinic for Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, Elbe Kliniken Stade-Buxtehude, D-21682 Stade, Germany.
| | - Ole Jung
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg- Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ralf Smeets
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg- Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Sabine Wenisch
- Clinic of Small Animals, c/o Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Mike Barbeck
- Botiss Biomaterials, D-12109 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg- Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Lytras G, Lytras C, Argyropoulou D, Dimopoulos N, Malavetas G, Lyberatos G. A novel two-phase bioreactor for microbial hexavalent chromium removal from wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 336:41-51. [PMID: 28472707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Α novel two-phase bioreactor for the microbial removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater with high chromium concentration (up to 1350ppm) is developed. Among several potential solid-phase adsorbents tested, Cloisite® 30B, a natural montmorillonite modified with a quaternary ammonium salt that absorbs Cr(VI) in a reversible manner proved to be optimal as the solid phase of the bioreactor. Cloisite® 30B has no toxicity to the acclimated biomass and keeps the concentration of Cr(VI) ions at sub-inhibitory levels that ensure the efficient microbial removal of Cr(VI). The microbial removal of Cr(VI) was achieved using an acclimated mixed culture developed from anaerobic sludge. The novel bioreactor was operated as a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) under anaerobic and mesophilic conditions for over 200 cycles, without further addition of the solid adsorbent, and led to even 100% removal of Cr(VI) with high removal rates for concentrations ranging from 900-1350mg/L Cr(VI). The reduction of Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III) was proved to be mediated by lactate, generated by a lactic acid bacterium, 99% similar to Pediococcus acidilactici as demonstrated by molecular methods The reduction of Cr(VI) took place extracellularly where it reacts with the lactic acid produced during the process of glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lytras
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, GR 15780, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology (ICEHT/FORTH), Stadiou 10, Platani, Patras, GR 26504, Greece
| | - C Lytras
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, GR 15780, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology (ICEHT/FORTH), Stadiou 10, Platani, Patras, GR 26504, Greece
| | - D Argyropoulou
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, GR 15780, Greece
| | - N Dimopoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, GR 15780, Greece
| | - G Malavetas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, GR 15780, Greece
| | - G Lyberatos
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, GR 15780, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology (ICEHT/FORTH), Stadiou 10, Platani, Patras, GR 26504, Greece.
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Abreu PL, Ferreira LMR, Alpoim MC, Urbano AM. Impact of hexavalent chromium on mammalian cell bioenergetics: phenotypic changes, molecular basis and potential relevance to chromate-induced lung cancer. Biometals 2014; 27:409-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Akbar M, Fraser AR, Graham GJ, Brewer JM, Grant MH. Acute inflammatory response to cobalt chromium orthopaedic wear debris in a rodent air-pouch model. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:2109-19. [PMID: 22513721 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used a rodent air-pouch model to assess the acute inflammatory response to cobalt-chromium (CoCr) alloy wear debris from a metal-on-metal hip resurfacing implant that may contribute to joint failure. Air-pouches were injected with either sterile phosphate-buffered saline, 1 μg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or 2.5 mg CoCr wear debris. The in situ inflammatory response was monitored 4, 24, 48 and 72 h and 7 days later. A flow cytometric analysis of the inflammatory exudates showed that CoCr wear debris induced a different inflammatory pattern compared with LPS. LPS induced a strong early (4 h) neutrophil influx, with monocyte/macrophage influx peaking at 24 h, whereas CoCr wear debris initiated almost equal numbers of early monocyte/macrophage and neutrophil recruitment. Histological analyses also showed CoCr debris accumulated in the pouch wall and this was accompanied by vast cellular infiltration and fibrosis around the debris throughout the duration of the experiment. Assessment of inflammatory gene transcripts from air-pouch tissue showed that CoCr wear debris increased the expression of cytokines involved in promoting inflammation and fibrosis (IL-1β, TGF-β) and chemokines that promote the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages (CXCL2 and CCL2). The data suggest that inflammatory responses to CoCr debris induce a specific acute process in which the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeed Akbar
- Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde, Wolfson Centre, Glasgow, UK
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Griffiths S, Maclean M, MacGregor SJ, Anderson JG, Helen Grant M. Decontamination of collagen biomatrices with combined pulsed electric field and nisin treatment. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 96:287-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Adjroud O. Protective effects of selenium against potassium dichromate-induced hematotoxicity in female and male Wistar albino rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1051/ata/2010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang CC, Fang KM, Yang CS, Tzeng SF. Reactive oxygen species-induced cell death of rat primary astrocytes through mitochondria-mediated mechanism. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:933-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Response to chronic exposure to hexavalent chromium in human monocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:647-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Raghunathan VK, Grant MH, Ellis EM. Changes in protein expression associated with chronicin vitroexposure of hexavalent chromium to osteoblasts and monocytes: A proteomic approach. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 92:615-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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