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Wilkinson P, Bozo IY, Braxton T, Just P, Jones E, Deev RV, Giannoudis PV, Feichtinger GA. Systematic Review of the Preclinical Technology Readiness of Orthopedic Gene Therapy and Outlook for Clinical Translation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:626315. [PMID: 33816447 PMCID: PMC8011540 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.626315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone defects and improper healing of fractures are an increasing public health burden, and there is an unmet clinical need in their successful repair. Gene therapy has been proposed as a possible approach to improve or augment bone healing with the potential to provide true functional regeneration. While large numbers of studies have been performed in vitro or in vivo in small animal models that support the use of gene therapy for bone repair, these systems do not recapitulate several key features of a critical or complex fracture environment. Larger animal models are therefore a key step on the path to clinical translation of the technology. Herein, the current state of orthopedic gene therapy research in preclinical large animal models was investigated based on performed large animal studies. A summary and an outlook regarding current clinical studies in this sector are provided. It was found that the results found in the current research literature were generally positive but highly methodologically inconsistent, rendering a comparison difficult. Additionally, factors vital for translation have not been thoroughly addressed in these model systems, and the risk of bias was high in all reviewed publications. These limitations directly impact clinical translation of gene therapeutic approaches due to lack of comparability, inability to demonstrate non-inferiority or equivalence compared with current clinical standards, and lack of safety data. This review therefore aims to provide a current overview of ongoing preclinical and clinical work, potential bottlenecks in preclinical studies and for translation, and recommendations to overcome these to enable future deployment of this promising technology to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piers Wilkinson
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,CDT Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ilya Y Bozo
- Federal Medical Biophysical Center, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Thomas Braxton
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,CDT Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Just
- Into Numbers Data Science GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter V Giannoudis
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom.,NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Georg A Feichtinger
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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2
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García-Bernal D, García-Arranz M, Yáñez RM, Hervás-Salcedo R, Cortés A, Fernández-García M, Hernando-Rodríguez M, Quintana-Bustamante Ó, Bueren JA, García-Olmo D, Moraleda JM, Segovia JC, Zapata AG. The Current Status of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Controversies, Unresolved Issues and Some Promising Solutions to Improve Their Therapeutic Efficacy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:650664. [PMID: 33796536 PMCID: PMC8007911 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.650664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) currently constitute the most frequently used cell type in advanced therapies with different purposes, most of which are related with inflammatory processes. Although the therapeutic efficacy of these cells has been clearly demonstrated in different disease animal models and in numerous human phase I/II clinical trials, only very few phase III trials using MSCs have demonstrated the expected potential therapeutic benefit. On the other hand, diverse controversial issues on the biology and clinical applications of MSCs, including their specific phenotype, the requirement of an inflammatory environment to induce immunosuppression, the relevance of the cell dose and their administration schedule, the cell delivery route (intravascular/systemic vs. local cell delivery), and the selected cell product (i.e., use of autologous vs. allogeneic MSCs, freshly cultured vs. frozen and thawed MSCs, MSCs vs. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles, etc.) persist. In the current review article, we have addressed these issues with special emphasis in the new approaches to improve the properties and functional capabilities of MSCs after distinct cell bioengineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David García-Bernal
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Medicine Department, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano García-Arranz
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Yáñez
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Hervás-Salcedo
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cortés
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernández-García
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Hernando-Rodríguez
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Quintana-Bustamante
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Bueren
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Damián García-Olmo
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Moraleda
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Medicine Department, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José C Segovia
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM)), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín G Zapata
- Spanish Network of Cell Therapy (TerCel), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Kim S, Lee M. Rational design of hydrogels to enhance osteogenic potential. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020; 32:9508-9530. [PMID: 33551566 PMCID: PMC7857485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) encompasses the field of biomaterials, cells, and bioactive molecules to successfully guide the growth and repair of bone tissue. Current BTE strategies rely on delivering osteogenic molecules or cells via scaffolding materials. However, growth factor- and stem cell-based treatments have several limitations, such as source restriction, low stability, difficulties in predicting long-term efficacy, and high costs, among others. These issues have promoted the development of material-based therapy with properties of accessibility, high stability, tunable efficacy, and low-cost production. Hydrogels are widely used in BTE applications because of their unique hydrophilic nature and tunable physicochemical properties to mimic the native bone environment. However, current hydrogel materials are not ideal candidates due to minimal osteogenic capability on their own. Therefore, recent studies of BTE hydrogels attempt to counterbalance these issues by modifying their biophysical properties. In this article, we review recent progress in the design of hydrogels to instruct osteogenic potential, and present strategies developed to precisely control its bone healing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyon Kim
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Min Lee
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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4
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Pawitan JA, Bui TA, Mubarok W, Antarianto RD, Nurhayati RW, Dilogo IH, Oceandy D. Enhancement of the Therapeutic Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Genetic Modification: A Systematic Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:587776. [PMID: 33195245 PMCID: PMC7661472 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.587776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The therapeutic capacity of mesenchymal stem cells (also known as mesenchymal stromal cells/MSCs) depends on their ability to respond to the need of the damaged tissue by secreting beneficial paracrine factors. MSCs can be genetically engineered to express certain beneficial factors. The aim of this systematic review is to compile and analyze published scientific literatures that report the use of engineered MSCs for the treatment of various diseases/conditions, to discuss the mechanisms of action, and to assess the efficacy of engineered MSC treatment. Methods We retrieved all published studies in PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library on July 27, 2019, without time restriction using the following keywords: “engineered MSC” and “therapy” or “manipulated MSC” and “therapy.” In addition, relevant articles that were found during full text search were added. We identified 85 articles that were reviewed in this paper. Results Of the 85 articles reviewed, 51 studies reported the use of engineered MSCs to treat tumor/cancer/malignancy/metastasis, whereas the other 34 studies tested engineered MSCs in treating non-tumor conditions. Most of the studies reported the use of MSCs in animal models, with only one study reporting a trial in human subjects. Thirty nine studies showed that the expression of beneficial paracrine factors would significantly enhance the therapeutic effects of the MSCs, whereas thirty three studies showed moderate effects, and one study in humans reported no effect. The mechanisms of action for MSC-based cancer treatment include the expression of “suicide genes,” induction of tumor cell apoptosis, and delivery of cytokines to induce an immune response against cancer cells. In the context of the treatment of non-cancerous diseases, the mechanism described in the reviewed papers included the expression of angiogenic, osteogenic, and growth factors. Conclusion The therapeutic capacity of MSCs can be enhanced by inducing the expression of certain paracrine factors by genetic modification. Genetically engineered MSCs have been used successfully in various animal models of diseases. However, the results should be interpreted cautiously because animal models might not perfectly represent real human diseases. Therefore, further studies are needed to explore the translational potential of genetically engineered MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Adiwinata Pawitan
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Stem Cell Medical Technology Integrated Service Unit, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Thuy Anh Bui
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wildan Mubarok
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Radiana Dhewayani Antarianto
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Retno Wahyu Nurhayati
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ismail Hadisoebroto Dilogo
- Stem Cell Medical Technology Integrated Service Unit, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Delvac Oceandy
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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5
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West-Livingston LN, Park J, Lee SJ, Atala A, Yoo JJ. The Role of the Microenvironment in Controlling the Fate of Bioprinted Stem Cells. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11056-11092. [PMID: 32558555 PMCID: PMC7676498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has made numerous advances in recent years in the arena of fabricating multifunctional, three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs. This can be attributed to novel approaches in the bioprinting of stem cells. There are expansive options in bioprinting technology that have become more refined and specialized over the years, and stem cells address many limitations in cell source, expansion, and development of bioengineered tissue constructs. While bioprinted stem cells present an opportunity to replicate physiological microenvironments with precision, the future of this practice relies heavily on the optimization of the cellular microenvironment. To fabricate tissue constructs that are useful in replicating physiological conditions in laboratory settings, or in preparation for transplantation to a living host, the microenvironment must mimic conditions that allow bioprinted stem cells to proliferate, differentiate, and migrate. The advances of bioprinting stem cells and directing cell fate have the potential to provide feasible and translatable approach to creating complex tissues and organs. This review will examine the methods through which bioprinted stem cells are differentiated into desired cell lineages through biochemical, biological, and biomechanical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N. West-Livingston
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Jihoon Park
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - James J. Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
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6
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Efficient in vivo bone formation by BMP-2 engineered human mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in a projection stereolithographically fabricated hydrogel scaffold. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:254. [PMID: 31412905 PMCID: PMC6694509 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cell-based bone tissue engineering shows promise for bone repair but faces some challenges, such as insufficient osteogenesis and limited architecture flexibility of the cell-delivery scaffold. Methods In this study, we first used lentiviral constructs to transduce ex vivo human bone marrow-derived stem cells with human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) gene (BMP-hBMSCs). We then introduced these cells into a hydrogel scaffold using an advanced visible light-based projection stereolithography (VL-PSL) technology, which is compatible with concomitant cell encapsulation and amenable to computer-aided architectural design, to fabricate scaffolds fitting local physical and structural variations in different bones and defects. Results The results showed that the BMP-hBMSCs encapsulated within the scaffolds had high viability with sustained BMP-2 gene expression and differentiated toward an osteogenic lineage without the supplement of additional BMP-2 protein. In vivo bone formation efficacy was further assessed using an intramuscular implantation model in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) imaging indicated rapid bone formation by the BMP-hBMSC-laden constructs as early as 14 days post-implantation. Histological examination revealed a mature trabecular bone structure with considerable vascularization. Through tracking of the implanted cells, we also found that BMP-hBMSC were directly involved in the new bone formation. Conclusions The robust, self-driven osteogenic capability and computer-designed architecture of the construct developed in this study should have potential applications for customized clinical repair of large bone defects or non-unions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1350-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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7
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Andrews S, Cheng A, Stevens H, Logun MT, Webb R, Jordan E, Xia B, Karumbaiah L, Guldberg RE, Stice S. Chondroitin Sulfate Glycosaminoglycan Scaffolds for Cell and Recombinant Protein-Based Bone Regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:575-585. [PMID: 30666821 PMCID: PMC6525555 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2)‐loaded collagen sponges remain the clinical standard for treatment of large bone defects when there is insufficient autograft, despite associated complications. Recent efforts to negate comorbidities have included biomaterials and gene therapy approaches to extend the duration of BMP‐2 release and activity. In this study, we compared the collagen sponge clinical standard to chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (CS‐GAG) scaffolds as a delivery vehicle for recombinant human BMP‐2 (rhBMP‐2) and rhBMP‐2 expression via human BMP‐2 gene inserted into mesenchymal stem cells (BMP‐2 MSC). We demonstrated extended release of rhBMP‐2 from CS‐GAG scaffolds compared to their collagen sponge counterparts, and further extended release from CS‐GAG gels seeded with BMP‐2 MSC. When used to treat a challenging critically sized femoral defect model in rats, both rhBMP‐2 and BMP‐2 MSC in CS‐GAG induced comparable bone formation to the rhBMP‐2 in collagen sponge, as measured by bone volume, strength, and stiffness. We conclude that CS‐GAG scaffolds are a promising delivery vehicle for controlling the release of rhBMP‐2 and to mediate the repair of critically sized segmental bone defects. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:575–585
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Andrews
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Albert Cheng
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hazel Stevens
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Meghan T Logun
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Biomedical Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robin Webb
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Erin Jordan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Boao Xia
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Department of ADS, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Department of ADS, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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8
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Kwon SG, Kwon YW, Lee TW, Park GT, Kim JH. Recent advances in stem cell therapeutics and tissue engineering strategies. Biomater Res 2018; 22:36. [PMID: 30598836 PMCID: PMC6299977 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-018-0148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue regeneration includes delivering specific types of cells or cell products to injured tissues or organs for restoration of tissue and organ function. Stem cell therapy has drawn considerable attention since transplantation of stem cells can overcome the limitations of autologous transplantation of patient’s tissues; however, it is not perfect for treating diseases. To overcome the hurdles associated with stem cell therapy, tissue engineering techniques have been developed. Development of stem cell technology in combination with tissue engineering has opened new ways of producing engineered tissue substitutes. Several studies have shown that this combination of tissue engineering and stem cell technologies enhances cell viability, differentiation, and therapeutic efficacy of transplanted stem cells. Main body Stem cells that can be used for tissue regeneration include mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Transplantation of stem cells alone into injured tissues exhibited low therapeutic efficacy due to poor viability and diminished regenerative activity of transplanted cells. In this review, we will discuss the progress of biomedical engineering, including scaffolds, biomaterials, and tissue engineering techniques to overcome the low therapeutic efficacy of stem cells and to treat human diseases. Conclusion The combination of stem cell and tissue engineering techniques overcomes the limitations of stem cells in therapy of human diseases, and presents a new path toward regeneration of injured tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Gyu Kwon
- 1Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612 Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Woo Kwon
- 1Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612 Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wook Lee
- 1Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612 Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Tae Park
- 1Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612 Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- 1Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612 Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea.,2Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, 50612 Republic of Korea
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9
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Rottensteiner-Brandl U, Detsch R, Sarker B, Lingens L, Köhn K, Kneser U, Bosserhoff AK, Horch RE, Boccaccini AR, Arkudas A. Encapsulation of Rat Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Alginate Dialdehyde/Gelatin Microbeads with and without Nanoscaled Bioactive Glass for In Vivo Bone Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1880. [PMID: 30275427 PMCID: PMC6213117 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alginate dialdehyde (ADA), gelatin, and nano-scaled bioactive glass (nBG) particles are being currently investigated for their potential use as three-dimensional scaffolding materials for bone tissue engineering. ADA and gelatin provide a three-dimensional scaffold with properties supporting cell adhesion and proliferation. Combined with nanocristalline BG, this composition closely mimics the mineral phase of bone. In the present study, rat bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), commonly used as an osteogenic cell source, were evaluated after encapsulation into ADA-gelatin hydrogel with and without nBG. High cell survival was found in vitro for up to 28 days with or without addition of nBG assessed by calcein staining, proving the cell-friendly encapsulation process. After subcutaneous implantation into rats, survival was assessed by DAPI/TUNEL fluorescence staining. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining for the macrophage marker ED1 (CD68) and the endothelial cell marker lectin were used to evaluate immune reaction and vascularization. After in vivo implantation, high cell survival was found after 1 week, with a notable decrease after 4 weeks. Immune reaction was very mild, proving the biocompatibility of the material. Angiogenesis in implanted constructs was significantly improved by cell encapsulation, compared to cell-free beads, as the implanted MSCs were able to attract endothelial cells. Constructs with nBG showed higher numbers of vital MSCs and lectin positive endothelial cells, thus showing a higher degree of angiogenesis, although this difference was not significant. These results support the use of ADA/gelatin/nBG as a scaffold and of MSCs as a source of osteogenic cells for bone tissue engineering. Future studies should however improve long term cell survival and focus on differentiation potential of encapsulated cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Rottensteiner-Brandl
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Rainer Detsch
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Bapi Sarker
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Lara Lingens
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Köhn
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Kneser
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
- Department of Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery-Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Anja K Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Arkudas
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Lee JC, Volpicelli EJ. Bioinspired Collagen Scaffolds in Cranial Bone Regeneration: From Bedside to Bench. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:10.1002/adhm.201700232. [PMID: 28585295 PMCID: PMC5831258 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Calvarial defects are common reconstructive dilemmas secondary to a variety of etiologies including traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, oncologic resection, and congenital anomalies. Reconstruction of the calvarium is generally undertaken for the purposes of cerebral protection, contour restoration for psychosocial well-being, and normalization of neurological dysfunction frequently found in patients with massive cranial defects. Current methods for reconstruction using autologous grafts, allogeneic grafts, or alloplastic materials have significant drawbacks that are unique to each material. The combination of wide medical relevance and the need for a better clinical solution render defects of the cranial skeleton an ideal target for development of regenerative strategies focused on calvarial bone. With the improved understanding of the instructive properties of tissue-specific extracellular matrices and the advent of precise nanoscale modulation in materials science, strategies in regenerative medicine have shifted in paradigm. Previously considered to be simple carriers of stem cells and growth factors, increasing evidence exists for differential materials directing lineage specific differentiation of progenitor cells and tissue regeneration. In this work, we review the clinical challenges for calvarial reconstruction, the anatomy and physiology of bone, and extracellular matrix-inspired, collagen-based materials that have been tested for in vivo cranial defect healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine C Lee
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Research Service, Los Angeles, California
- University of California Los Angeles Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elizabeth J Volpicelli
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Research Service, Los Angeles, California
- University of California Los Angeles Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Los Angeles, California
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11
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Kim H, Lee J. Strategies to Maximize the Potential of Marine Biomaterials as a Platform for Cell Therapy. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E29. [PMID: 26821034 PMCID: PMC4771982 DOI: 10.3390/md14020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biopolymers have been explored as a promising cell therapy system for efficient cell delivery and tissue engineering. However, the marine biomaterial-based systems themselves have exhibited limited performance in terms of maintenance of cell viability and functions, promotion of cell proliferation and differentiation as well as cell delivery efficiency. Thus, numerous novel strategies have been devised to improve cell therapy outcomes. The strategies include optimization of physical and biochemical properties, provision of stimuli-responsive functions, and design of platforms for efficient cell delivery and tissue engineering. These approaches have demonstrated substantial improvement of therapeutic outcomes in a variety of research settings. In this review, therefore, research progress made with marine biomaterials as a platform for cell therapy is reported along with current research directions to further advance cell therapies as a tool to cure incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongmin Kim
- Pharmaceutical Formulation Design Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- Pharmaceutical Formulation Design Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
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12
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Scarfì S. Use of bone morphogenetic proteins in mesenchymal stem cell stimulation of cartilage and bone repair. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:1-12. [PMID: 26839636 PMCID: PMC4723717 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix-associated bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) govern a plethora of biological processes. The BMPs are members of the transforming growth factor-β protein superfamily, and they actively participate to kidney development, digit and limb formation, angiogenesis, tissue fibrosis and tumor development. Since their discovery, they have attracted attention for their fascinating perspectives in the regenerative medicine and tissue engineering fields. BMPs have been employed in many preclinical and clinical studies exploring their chondrogenic or osteoinductive potential in several animal model defects and in human diseases. During years of research in particular two BMPs, BMP2 and BMP7 have gained the podium for their use in the treatment of various cartilage and bone defects. In particular they have been recently approved for employment in non-union fractures as adjunct therapies. On the other hand, thanks to their potentialities in biomedical applications, there is a growing interest in studying the biology of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), the rules underneath their differentiation abilities, and to test their true abilities in tissue engineering. In fact, the specific differentiation of MSCs into targeted cell-type lineages for transplantation is a primary goal of the regenerative medicine. This review provides an overview on the current knowledge of BMP roles and signaling in MSC biology and differentiation capacities. In particular the article focuses on the potential clinical use of BMPs and MSCs concomitantly, in cartilage and bone tissue repair.
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Sharma S, Sapkota D, Xue Y, Sun Y, Finne-Wistrand A, Bruland O, Mustafa K. Adenoviral Mediated Expression of BMP2 by Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Cultured in 3D Copolymer Scaffolds Enhances Bone Formation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147507. [PMID: 26808122 PMCID: PMC4725849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection of appropriate osteoinductive growth factors, suitable delivery method and proper supportive scaffold are critical for a successful outcome in bone tissue engineering using bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). This study examined the molecular and functional effect of a combination of adenoviral mediated expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) in BMSC and recently developed and characterized, biodegradable Poly(L-lactide-co-є-caprolactone){poly(LLA-co-CL)}scaffolds in osteogenic molecular changes and ectopic bone formation by using in vitro and in vivo approaches. Pathway-focused custom PCR array, validation using TaqMan based quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and ALP staining showed significant up-regulation of several osteogenic and angiogenic molecules, including ALPL and RUNX2 in ad-BMP2 BMSC group grown in poly(LLA-co-CL) scaffolds both at 3 and 14 days. Micro CT and histological analyses of the subcutaneously implanted scaffolds in NOD/SCID mice revealed significantly increased radiopaque areas, percentage bone volume and formation of vital bone in ad-BMP2 scaffolds as compared to the control groups both at 2 and 8 weeks. The increased bone formation in the ad-BMP2 group in vivo was paralleled at the molecular level with concomitant over-expression of a number of osteogenic and angiogenic genes including ALPL, RUNX2, SPP1, ANGPT1. The increased bone formation in ad-BMP2 explants was not found to be associated with enhanced endochondral activity as evidenced by qRT-PCR (SOX9 and FGF2) and Safranin O staining. Taken together, combination of adenoviral mediated BMP-2 expression in BMSC grown in the newly developed poly(LLA-co-CL) scaffolds induced expression of osteogenic markers and enhanced bone formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Sharma
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dipak Sapkota
- The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Finne-Wistrand
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ove Bruland
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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14
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Balmayor ER, van Griensven M. Gene therapy for bone engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:9. [PMID: 25699253 PMCID: PMC4313589 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone has an intrinsic healing capacity that may be exceeded when the fracture gap is too big or unstable. In that moment, osteogenic measures need to be taken by physicians. It is important to combine cells, scaffolds and growth factors, and the correct mechanical conditions. Growth factors are clinically administered as recombinant proteins. They are, however, expensive and needed in high supraphysiological doses. Moreover, their half-life is short when administered to the fracture. Therefore, gene therapy may be an alternative. Cells can constantly produce the protein of interest in the correct folding, with the physiological glycosylation and in the needed amounts. Genes can be delivered in vivo or ex vivo by viral or non-viral methods. Adenovirus is mostly used. For the non-viral methods, hydrogels and recently sonoporation seem to be promising means. This review will give an overview of recent advancements in gene therapy approaches for bone regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rosado Balmayor
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; Institute for Advanced Science, Technical University Munich , Garching , Germany
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany
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15
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Xie L, Zhang N, Marsano A, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Zhang Y, Lopez MJ. In vitro mesenchymal trilineage differentiation and extracellular matrix production by adipose and bone marrow derived adult equine multipotent stromal cells on a collagen scaffold. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 9:858-72. [PMID: 23892935 PMCID: PMC3834181 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of adult multipotent stromal cells (MSC) is critical for effective treatment strategies. This study was designed to evaluate the capability of equine MSC from bone marrow (BMSC) and adipose tissue (ASC) on a type I collagen (COLI) scaffold to undergo chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation and form extracellular matrix (ECM) in vitro. Following determination of surface antigen expression, MSC were loaded into scaffolds in a perfusion bioreactor and loading efficiency was quantified. Cell-scaffold constructs were assessed after loading and 7, 14 and 21 days of culture in stromal or induction medium. Cell number was determined with DNA content, cell viability and spatial uniformity with confocal laser microscopy and cell phenotype and matrix production with light and scanning electron microscopy and mRNA levels. The MSC were positive for CD29 (>90 %), CD44 (>99 %), and CD105 (>60 %). Loading efficiencies were >70 %. The ASC and BMSC cell numbers on scaffolds were affected by culture in induction medium differently. Viable cells remained uniformly distributed in scaffolds for up to 21 days and could be directed to differentiate or to maintain an MSC phenotype. Micro- and ultrastructure showed lineage-specific cell and ECM changes. Lineage-specific mRNA levels differed between ASC and BMSC with induction and changed with time. Based on these results, equine ASC and BMSC differentiate into chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic lineages and form ECM similarly on COLI scaffolds. The collected data supports the potential for equine MSC-COLI constructs to support diverse equine tissue formation for controlled biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xie
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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16
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Shih DTB, Burnouf T. Preparation, quality criteria, and properties of human blood platelet lysate supplements for ex vivo stem cell expansion. N Biotechnol 2014; 32:199-211. [PMID: 24929129 PMCID: PMC7102808 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most clinical applications of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for cell therapy, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and treatment of immune and inflammatory diseases require a phase of isolation and ex vivo expansion allowing a clinically meaningful cell number to be reached. Conditions used for cell isolation and expansion should meet strict quality and safety requirements. This is particularly true for the growth medium used for MSC isolation and expansion. Basal growth media used for MSC expansion are supplemented with multiple nutrients and growth factors. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) has long been the gold standard medium supplement for laboratory-scale MSC culture. However, FBS has a poorly characterized composition and poses risk factors, as it may be a source of xenogenic antigens and zoonotic infections. FBS has therefore become undesirable as a growth medium supplement for isolating and expanding MSCs for human therapy protocols. In recent years, human blood materials, and most particularly lysates and releasates of platelet concentrates have emerged as efficient medium supplements for isolating and expanding MSCs from various origins. This review analyzes the advantages and limits of using human platelet materials as medium supplements for MSC isolation and expansion. We present the modes of production of allogeneic and autologous platelet concentrates, measures taken to ensure optimal pathogen safety profiles, and methods of preparing PLs for MSC expansion. We also discuss the supply of such blood preparations. Produced under optimal conditions of standardization and safety, human platelet materials can become the future 'gold standard' supplement for ex vivo production of MSCs for translational medicine and cell therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tzu-Bi Shih
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Pediatrics Department, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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17
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Gao X, Usas A, Tang Y, Lu A, Tan J, Schneppendahl J, Kozemchak AM, Wang B, Cummins JH, Tuan RS, Huard J. A comparison of bone regeneration with human mesenchymal stem cells and muscle-derived stem cells and the critical role of BMP. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6859-70. [PMID: 24856105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult multipotent stem cells have been isolated from a variety of human tissues including human skeletal muscle, which represent an easily accessible source of stem cells. It has been shown that human skeletal muscle-derived stem cells (hMDSCs) are muscle-derived mesenchymal stem cells capable of multipotent differentiation. Although hMDSCs can undergo osteogenic differentiation and form bone when genetically modified to express BMP2; it is still unclear whether hMDSCs are as efficient as human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) for bone regeneration. The current study aimed to address this question by performing a parallel comparison between hMDSCs and hBMMSCs to evaluate their osteogenic and bone regeneration capacities. Our results demonstrated that hMDSCs and hBMMSCs had similar osteogenic-related gene expression profiles and had similar osteogenic differentiation capacities in vitro when transduced to express BMP2. Both the untransduced hMDSCs and hBMMSCs formed very negligible amounts of bone in the critical sized bone defect model when using a fibrin sealant scaffold; however, when genetically modified with lenti-BMP2, both populations successfully regenerated bone in the defect area. No significant differences were found in the newly formed bone volumes and bone defect coverage between the hMDSC and hBMMSC groups. Although both cell types formed mature bone tissue by 6 weeks post-implantation, the newly formed bone in the hMDSCs group underwent quicker remodelling than the hBMMSCs group. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that hMDSCs are as efficient as hBMMSCs in terms of their bone regeneration capacity; however, both cell types required genetic modification with BMP in order to regenerate bone in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Gao
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Arvydas Usas
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ying Tang
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Aiping Lu
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jian Tan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Adam M Kozemchak
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan Class of 2013, Pittsburgh Tissue Engineering Initiative Summer Internship, United States
| | - Bing Wang
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - James H Cummins
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Johnny Huard
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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18
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Cam C, Segura T. Matrix-based gene delivery for tissue repair. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:855-63. [PMID: 23680305 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds for tissue repair must provide structural and biochemical cues to initiate the complex cascade of events that lead to proper tissue formation. Incorporating genes into these scaffolds is an attractive alternative to protein delivery since gene delivery can be tunable to any DNA sequence and genes utilize the cells' machinery to continuously produce therapeutic proteins, leading to longer lasting transgene expression and activation of autocrine and paracrine signaling that are not activated with bulk protein delivery. In this review, we discuss the importance of scaffold design and the impact of its design parameters (e.g. material, architecture, vector incorporation, biochemical cue presentation) on transgene expression and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Cam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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19
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Hollister SJ, Murphy WL. Scaffold translation: barriers between concept and clinic. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2011; 17:459-74. [PMID: 21902613 PMCID: PMC3223015 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Translation of scaffold-based bone tissue engineering (BTE) therapies to clinical use remains, bluntly, a failure. This dearth of translated tissue engineering therapies (including scaffolds) remains despite 25 years of research, research funding totaling hundreds of millions of dollars, over 12,000 papers on BTE and over 2000 papers on BTE scaffolds alone in the past 10 years (PubMed search). Enabling scaffold translation requires first an understanding of the challenges, and second, addressing the complete range of these challenges. There are the obvious technical challenges of designing, manufacturing, and functionalizing scaffolds to fill the Form, Fixation, Function, and Formation needs of bone defect repair. However, these technical solutions should be targeted to specific clinical indications (e.g., mandibular defects, spine fusion, long bone defects, etc.). Further, technical solutions should also address business challenges, including the need to obtain regulatory approval, meet specific market needs, and obtain private investment to develop products, again for specific clinical indications. Finally, these business and technical challenges present a much different model than the typical research paradigm, presenting the field with philosophical challenges in terms of publishing and funding priorities that should be addressed as well. In this article, we review in detail the technical, business, and philosophical barriers of translating scaffolds from Concept to Clinic. We argue that envisioning and engineering scaffolds as modular systems with a sliding scale of complexity offers the best path to addressing these translational challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Hollister
- Scaffold Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Rodrigues M, Griffith LG, Wells A. Growth factor regulation of proliferation and survival of multipotential stromal cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2010; 1:32. [PMID: 20977782 PMCID: PMC2983445 DOI: 10.1186/scrt32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotential stromal cells (MSCs) have been touted to provide an alternative to conservative procedures of therapy, be it heart transplants, bone reconstruction, kidney grafts, or skin, neuronal and cartilage repair. A wide gap exists, however, between the number of MSCs that can be obtained from the donor site and the number of MSCs needed for implantation to regenerate tissue. Standard methods of MSC expansion being followed in laboratories are not fully suitable due to time and age-related constraints for autologous therapies, and transplant issues leave questions for allogenic therapies. Beyond these issues of sufficient numbers, there also exists a problem of MSC survival at the graft. Experiments in small animals have shown that MSCs do not persist well in the graft environment. Either there is no incorporation into the host tissue, or, if there is incorporation, most of the cells are lost within a month. The use of growth and other trophic factors may be helpful in counteracting these twin issues of MSC expansion and death. Growth factors are known to influence cell proliferation, motility, survival and morphogenesis. In the case of MSCs, it would be beneficial that the growth factor does not induce differentiation at an early stage since the number of early-differentiating progenitors would be very low. The present review looks at the effect of and downstream signaling of various growth factors on proliferation and survival in MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S713 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.
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