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Zamani A, Khajavi M, Nazarpak MH, Solouk A, Atef M. Preliminary evaluation of fish cartilage as a promising biomaterial in cartilage tissue engineering. Ann Anat 2024; 253:152232. [PMID: 38402996 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Fish cartilage is known as a valuable source of natural biomaterials due to its unique composition and properties. It contains a variety of bioactive components that contribute to its potential applications in different domains such as tissue engineering. The present work aimed to consider the properties of backbone cartilage from fish with a cartilaginous skeleton, including elasmobranch (reticulate whipray: Himantura uarnak and milk shark: Rhizoprionodon acutus) and sturgeon (beluga: Huso huso). The histomorphometric findings showed that the number of chondrocytes was significantly higher in reticulate whipray and milk shark compared to beluga (p < 0.05). The highest GAGs content was recorded in reticulate whipray cartilage compared to the other two species (p < 0.05). The cartilage from reticulate whipray and beluga showed higher collagen content than milk shark cartilage (p < 0.05), and the immunohistochemical assay for type II collagen (Col II) showed higher amounts of this component in reticulate whipray compared to the other two species. Young's modulus of the cartilage from reticulate whipray was significantly higher than that of milk shark and beluga (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was recorded between Young's modulus of the cartilage from milk shark and beluga. The gene expression of ACAN, Col II, and Sox9 showed that the cartilage-ECM from three species was able to induce chondrocyte differentiation from human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs). From these results, it can be concluded that the cartilage from three species, especially reticulate whipray, enjoys the appropriate biological properties and provides a basis for promoting its applications in the field of cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Zamani
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran; New Technologies Research Center, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Khajavi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
| | | | - Atefeh Solouk
- Department of Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Atef
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Makarczyk MJ. Cell Therapy Approaches for Articular Cartilage Regeneration. Organogenesis 2023; 19:2278235. [PMID: 37963189 PMCID: PMC10898818 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2023.2278235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a common cartilage type found in a multitude of joints throughout the human body. However, cartilage is limited in its regenerative capacity. A range of methods have been employed to aid adults under the age of 45 with cartilage defects, but other cartilage pathologies such as osteoarthritis are limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and total joint arthroplasty. Cell therapies and synthetic biology can be utilized to assist not only cartilage defects but have the potential as a therapeutic approach for osteoarthritis as well. In this review, we will cover current cell therapy approaches for cartilage defect regeneration with a focus on autologous chondrocyte implantation and matrix autologous chondrocyte implantation. We will then discuss the potential of stem cells for cartilage repair in osteoarthritis and the use of synthetic biology to genetically engineer cells to promote cartilage regeneration and potentially reverse osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan J Makarczyk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Thomas V, Mercuri J. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of naturally derived scaffolds for cartilage repair and regeneration. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:1-18. [PMID: 37708926 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically present bioactive cues allow naturally derived materials to mimic important characteristics of cartilage while also facilitating cellular recruitment, infiltration, and differentiation. Such traits are often what tissue engineers desire when they fabricate scaffolds, and yet, literature from the past decade is replete with examples of how most natural constructs with native biomolecules have only offered sub-optimal results in the treatment of cartilage defects. This paper provides an in-depth investigation of the performance of such scaffolds through a review of a collection of natural materials that have been used so far in repairing/regenerating articular cartilage. Although in vivo and clinical studies are the best indicators of scaffold efficacy, it was, however, observed that a large number of natural constructs had very promising scaffold characteristics to begin with, and would often show good in vitro/in vivo results. Finally, an examination of the biochemistry and biomechanics of repair tissues in studies that reported positive outcomes showed that these attributes often approached target cartilage values. The paper concludes with an outline of current trends as well as future directions for the field. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review offers an exclusive focus on natural scaffold materials for cartilage repair and regeneration and provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of their performance under a variety of in vitro and in vivo conditions. Readers can learn about environments where natural scaffolds have had the most success and tailor strategies to optimize their own work. Furthermore, given how the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) to hydroxyproline (HYP) ratio and moduli are fundamental attributes of hyaline cartilage, this paper adds to the body of knowledge by exploring how these characteristics reflect in preclinical outcomes. Such perspectives can greatly aid researchers better utilize natural materials for Cartilage Tissue Engineering (CTE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Thomas
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, 401-5 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Jeremy Mercuri
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, 401-5 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC 29631, USA.
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Jiang H, Lu J, Li J, Liu Z, Chen F, Wu R, Xu X, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Shi D. A novel allogeneic acellular matrix scaffold for porcine cartilage regeneration. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:38. [PMID: 37710212 PMCID: PMC10500917 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage defects are common sports injuries without significant treatment. Articular cartilage with inferior regenerative potential resulted in the poor formation of hyaline cartilage in defects. Acellular matrix scaffolds provide a microenvironment and biochemical properties similar to those of native tissues and are widely used for tissue regeneration. Therefore, we aimed to design a novel acellular cartilage matrix scaffold (ACS) for cartilage regeneration and hyaline-like cartilage formation. METHODS Four types of cartilage injury models, including full-thickness cartilage defects (6.5 and 8.5 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in depth) and osteochondral defects (6.5 and 8.5 mm in diameter and 5 mm in depth), were constructed in the trochlear groove of the right femurs of pigs (n = 32, female, 25-40 kg). The pigs were divided into 8 groups (4 in each group) based on post-surgery treatment differences. was assessed by macroscopic appearance, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and histologic and immunohistochemistry tests. RESULTS At 6 months, the ACS-implanted group exhibited better defect filling and a greater number of chondrocyte-like cells in the defect area than the blank groups. MRI and micro-CT imaging evaluations revealed that ACS implantation was an effective treatment for cartilage regeneration. The immunohistochemistry results suggested that more hyaline-like cartilage was generated in the defects of the ACS-implanted group. CONCLUSIONS ACS implantation promoted cartilage repair in full-thickness cartilage defects and osteochondral defects with increased hyaline-like cartilage formation at the 6-month follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jiawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zizheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fufei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xingquan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yiqiu Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Dongquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Upadhyay U, Kolla S, Chelluri LK. Extracellular matrix composition analysis of human articular cartilage for the development of organ-on-a-chip. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 667:81-88. [PMID: 37209566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Articular cartilage has a complex extracellular matrix (ECM) that provides it a defined architecture for its load-bearing properties. The complete understanding of ECM components is imperative for developing biomimetic organ-on-a-chip tissue construct. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to decellularize and characterize the ECM for its protein profiling to generate a niche for enhanced chondrocyte proliferation. METHODS Articular cartilage scrapings were subjected to mechanical and collagenase digestion, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) treatment for 8 h and 16 h. The de-cellularization efficiency was confirmed by hematoxylin & eosin, alcian blue, masson's trichrome staining, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ECM protein profile was quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using a bottom-up approach. RESULTS Histological characterization revealed void lacunae that lacked staining for cellular components. The ECM, sulfated glycosaminoglycan content, and collagen fibers were preserved after 8 h and 16 h of de-cellularization. The SEM ultrastructure images showed that few chondrocytes adhered to the ECM after 8 h and cell-free ECM after 16 h of de-cellularization. LC-MS/MS analysis identified 66 proteins with heterotypic collagen types COL1A1-COL6A1, COL14A1, COL22A1 and COL25A1 showed moderate fold change and expression levels, while COL18A1, COL26A1, chondroitin sulfate, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), fibronectin, platelet glycoprotein 1 beta alpha (GP1BA), vimentin, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) showed maximum fold change and expression levels. CONCLUSIONS The standardized de-cellularization process could preserve majority of ECM components, providing structural integrity and architecture to the ECM. The Identified proteins quantified for their expression levels provided insight into engineering the ECM composition for developing cartilage-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasna Upadhyay
- Stem Cell Unit, Global Medical Education and Research Foundation, Lakdi-ka-pul, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500004, India.
| | - Saketh Kolla
- Department of Orthopedics, Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Lakdi-ka-pul, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500004, India.
| | - Lakshmi Kiran Chelluri
- Stem Cell Unit, Global Medical Education and Research Foundation, Lakdi-ka-pul, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500004, India; Advanced Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, 500004, India.
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Rahmati S, Khazaei M, Nadi A, Alizadeh M, Rezakhani L. Exosome-loaded scaffolds for regenerative medicine in hard tissues. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102102. [PMID: 37178527 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering can be used to repair tissue by employing bioscaffolds that provide better spatial control, porosity, and a three-dimensional (3D) environment like the human body. Optimization of injectability, biocompatibility, bioactivity, and controlled drug release are also features of such scaffolds. The 3D shape of the scaffold can control cell interaction and improve cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Exosomes (EXOs) are nanovesicles that can regulate osteoblast activity and proliferation using a complex composition of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in their vesicles. Due to their excellent biocompatibility and efficient cellular internalization, EXOs have enormous potential as desirable drug/gene delivery vectors in the field of regenerative medicine. They can cross the biological barrier with minimal immunogenicity and side effects. Scaffolds that contain EXOs have been studied extensively in both basic and preclinical settings for the regeneration and repair of both hard (bone, cartilage) and soft (skin, heart, liver, kidney) tissue. Cell motility, proliferation, phenotype, and maturation can all be controlled by EXOs. The angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of EXOs significantly influence tissue healing. The current study focused on the use of EXO-loaded scaffolds in hard tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Rahmati
- Cancer Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Akram Nadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Morteza Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Leila Rezakhani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Kanda H, Oya K, Goto M. Surfactant-Free Decellularization of Porcine Auricular Cartilage Using Liquefied Dimethyl Ether and DNase. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3172. [PMID: 37110010 PMCID: PMC10146022 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The most common decellularization method involves lipid removal using surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and DNA fragmentation using DNase, and is associated with residual SDS. We previously proposed a decellularization method for the porcine aorta and ostrich carotid artery using liquefied dimethyl ether (DME), which is free from the concerns associated with SDS residues, instead of SDS. In this study, the DME + DNase method was tested on crushed porcine auricular cartilage tissues. Unlike with the porcine aorta and the ostrich carotid artery, it is important to degas the porcine auricular cartilage using an aspirator before DNA fragmentation. Although approximately 90% of the lipids were removed using this method, approximately 2/3 of the water was removed, resulting in a temporary Schiff base reaction. The amount of residual DNA in the tissue was approximately 27 ng/mg dry weight, which is lower than the regulatory value of 50 ng/mg dry weight. Hematoxylin and eosin staining confirmed that cell nuclei were removed from the tissue. Residual DNA fragment length assessment by electrophoresis confirmed that the residual DNA was fragmented to less than 100 bp, which was lower than the regulatory limit of 200 bp. By contrast, in the uncrushed sample, only the surface was decellularized. Thus, although limited to a sample size of approximately 1 mm, liquefied DME can be used to decellularize porcine auricular cartilage. Thus, liquefied DME, with its low persistence and high lipid removal capacity, is an effective alternative to SDS.
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Sevastianov VI, Basok YB, Grigoriev AM, Nemets EA, Kirillova AD, Kirsanova LA, Lazhko AE, Subbot A, Kravchik MV, Khesuani YD, Koudan EV, Gautier SV. Decellularization of cartilage microparticles: Effects of temperature, supercritical carbon dioxide and ultrasound on biochemical, mechanical, and biological properties. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:543-555. [PMID: 36478378 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the approaches to restoring the structure of damaged cartilage tissue is an intra-articular injection of tissue-engineered medical products (TEMPs) consisting of biocompatible matrices loaded with cells. The most interesting are the absorbable matrices from decellularized tissues, provided that the cellular material is completely removed from them with the maximum possible preservation of the structure and composition of the natural extracellular matrix. The present study investigated the mechanical, biochemical, and biological properties of decellularized porcine cartilage microparticles (DCMps) obtained by techniques, differing only in physical treatments, such as freeze-thaw cycling (Protocol 1), supercritical carbon dioxide fluid (Protocol 2) and ultrasound (Protocol 3). Full tissue decellularization was achieved, as confirmed by the histological analysis and DNA quantification, though all the resultant DCMps had reduced glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen. The elastic modulus of all DCMp samples was also significantly reduced. Most notably, DCMps prepared with Protocol 3 significantly outperformed other samples in viability and the chondroinduction of the human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs), with a higher GAG production per DNA content. A positive ECM staining for type II collagen was also detected only in cartilage-like structures based on ultrasound-treated DCMps. The biocompatibility of a xenogenic DCMps obtained with Protocol 3 has been confirmed for a 6-month implantation in the thigh muscle tissue of mature rats (n = 18). Overall, the results showed that the porcine cartilage microparticles decellularized by a combination of detergents, ultrasound and DNase could be a promising source of scaffolds for TEMPs for cartilage reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor I Sevastianov
- Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia.,The Institute of Biomedical Research and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia B Basok
- Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey M Grigoriev
- Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Nemets
- Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra D Kirillova
- Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liudmila A Kirsanova
- Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey E Lazhko
- Chemical Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Subbot
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research in Ophtalmology, The Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Kravchik
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research in Ophtalmology, The Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yusef D Khesuani
- Laboratory for Biotechnological Research "3D Bioprinting Solutions", Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V Koudan
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Gautier
- Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia.,The Department of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Faculty of Medicine, The Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
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Schneider C, Nürnberger S. Decellularization of Articular Cartilage: A Hydrochloric Acid-Based Strategy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2598:301-311. [PMID: 36355300 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2839-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Removing cellular material from a tissue, a process called decellularization, reduces the risk of adverse host reactions, allows for efficient decontamination, and extends the shelf-life of the matrix. It facilitates the use of cartilage tissue as human-derived allograft, thus providing the field of cartilage regeneration with a biomaterial unmatched in its similarity to native cartilage in terms of structure, composition, and mechanical properties.The dense extracellular matrix of articular cartilage requires a particularly thorough process to achieve the removal of cells, cell debris, and reagents used in the process. In our studies (Nürnberger et al., EBioMedicine 64:103196, 2021; Schneider et al., Tissue Eng Part C Methods 22(12):1095-1107, 2016), we have successfully developed a protocol for achieving decellularization via physical, chemical, and enzymatic steps. Combining freeze-thaw cycles for devitalization, hydrochloric acid as decellularization agent and the enzymatic removal of glycosaminoglycans, results in an acellular scaffold that is fully biocompatible and promotes cellular attachment. The structure and sophisticated architecture of collagen type II is left intact.This chapter provides a comprehensive guide to the steps and reagents needed to decellularize articular cartilage. In addition to the standard decell-deGAG protocol, a fast option is given which is suitable for thin specimen. Histological evaluation is presented to illustrate treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Schneider
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Nürnberger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Division of Trauma Surgery, Vienna, Austria.
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Yu TH, Yeh TT, Su CY, Yu NY, Chen IC, Fang HW. Preparation and Characterization of Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels Derived from Acellular Cartilage Tissue. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040279. [PMID: 36547539 PMCID: PMC9788521 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularized matrices can effectively reduce severe immune rejection with their cells and eliminated nucleic acid material and provide specific environments for tissue repair or tissue regeneration. In this study, we prepared acellular cartilage matrix (ACM) powder through the decellularization method and developed ACM hydrogels by physical, chemical, and enzymatic digestion methods. The results demonstrated that the small size group of ACM hydrogels exhibited better gel conditions when the concentration of ACM hydrogels was 30 and 20 mg/mL in 1N HCl through parameter adjustment. The data also confirmed that the ACM hydrogels retained the main components of cartilage: 61.18% of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and 78.29% of collagen, with 99.61% of its DNA removed compared to samples without the decellularization procedure (set as 100%). Through turbidimetric gelation kinetics, hydrogel rheological property analysis, and hydrogel tissue physical property testing, this study also revealed that increasing hydrogel concentration is helpful for gelation. Besides, the ex vivo test confirmed that a higher concentration of ACM hydrogels had good adhesive properties and could fill in cartilage defects adequately. This study offers useful information for developing and manufacturing ACM hydrogels to serve as potential alternative scaffolds for future cartilage defect treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsong-Hann Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Chenggong Rd., Taipei 114202, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Te Yeh
- Department of Orthopedics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Chenggong Rd., Taipei 114202, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ying Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Yin Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - I-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Accelerator for Happiness and Health Industry, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (I.-C.C.); (H.-W.F.); Tel.: +886-2-2771-2171 (ext. 2521) (H.-W.F.)
| | - Hsu-Wei Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Accelerator for Happiness and Health Industry, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (I.-C.C.); (H.-W.F.); Tel.: +886-2-2771-2171 (ext. 2521) (H.-W.F.)
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11
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Zelinka A, Roelofs AJ, Kandel RA, De Bari C. Cellular therapy and tissue engineering for cartilage repair. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:1547-1560. [PMID: 36150678 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) has limited capacity for repair. The first attempt to repair cartilage using tissue engineering was reported in 1977. Since then, cell-based interventions have entered clinical practice in orthopaedics, and several tissue engineering approaches to repair cartilage are in the translational pipeline towards clinical application. Classically, these involve a scaffold, substrate or matrix to provide structure, and cells such as chondrocytes or mesenchymal stromal cells to generate the tissue. We discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the use of various cell types, natural and synthetic scaffolds, multiphasic or gradient-based scaffolds, and self-organizing or self-assembling scaffold-free systems, for the engineering of cartilage constructs. Several challenges persist including achieving zonal tissue organization and integration with the surrounding tissue upon implantation. Approaches to improve cartilage thickness, organization and mechanical properties include mechanical stimulation, culture under hypoxic conditions, and stimulation with growth factors or other macromolecules. In addition, advanced technologies such as bioreactors, biosensors and 3D bioprinting are actively being explored. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of action of cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches will help improve and refine therapy development. Finally, we discuss recent studies of the intrinsic cellular and molecular mechanisms of cartilage repair that have identified novel signals and targets and are inspiring the development of molecular therapies to enhance the recruitment and cartilage reparative activity of joint-resident stem and progenitor cells. A one-fits-all solution is unrealistic, and identifying patients who will respond to a specific targeted treatment will be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zelinka
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Dept. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - A J Roelofs
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - R A Kandel
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Dept. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - C De Bari
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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12
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Moffat D, Ye K, Jin S. Decellularization for the retention of tissue niches. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221101151. [PMID: 35620656 PMCID: PMC9128068 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularization of natural tissues to produce extracellular matrix is a promising method for three-dimensional scaffolding and for understanding microenvironment of the tissue of interest. Due to the lack of a universal standard protocol for tissue decellularization, recent investigations seek to develop novel methods for whole or partial organ decellularization capable of supporting cell differentiation and implantation towards appropriate tissue regeneration. This review provides a comprehensive and updated perspective on the most recent advances in decellularization strategies for a variety of organs and tissues, highlighting techniques of chemical, physical, biological, enzymatic, or combinative-based methods to remove cellular contents from tissues. In addition, the review presents modernized approaches for improving standard decellularization protocols for numerous organ types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deana Moffat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Kaiming Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
- Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Sha Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
- Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
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13
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Norbertczak HT, Fermor HL, Edwards JH, Rooney P, Ingham E, Herbert A. Decellularised human bone allograft from different anatomical sites as a basis for functionally stratified repair material for bone defects. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 125:104965. [PMID: 34808451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineered bone solutions aim to overcome the limitations of autologous and allogeneic grafts. Decellularised tissues are produced by washing cellular components from human or animal tissue to produce an immunologically safe and biocompatible scaffold, capable of integration following implantation. A decellularisation procedure utilising low concentration sodium dodecyl sulphate (0.1% w/v) was applied to trabecular bone from human femoral heads (FH) and tibial plateaus (TP). Biological (histology, DNA quantification), biomechanical (compression testing) and structural (μCT) comparisons were made between decellularised and unprocessed cellular tissue. Total DNA levels of decellularised FH and TP bone were below 50 ng mg-1 dry tissue weight and nuclear material was removed. No differences were found between cellular and decellularised bone, from each anatomical region, for all the biomechanical and structural parameters investigated. Differences were found between cellular FH and TP and between decellularised FH and TP. Decellularised FH had a higher ultimate compressive stress, Young's modulus and 0.2% proof stress than decellularised TP (p = 0.001, 0.002, 0.001, Mann Whitney U test, MWU). The mineral density of cellular and decellularised TP bone was significantly greater than cellular and decellularised FH bone respectively (cellular: p = 0.001, decellularised: p < 0.001, MWU). The bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness of cellular and decellularised FH bone were significantly greater than cellular and decellularised TP bone respectively (cellular: p = 0.001, 0.005; decellularised: p < 0.001, <0.001, MWU). Characterisation of decellularised trabecular bone from different anatomical regions offers the possibility of product stratification, allowing selection of biomechanical properties to match particular anatomical regions undergoing bone graft procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina T Norbertczak
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Hazel L Fermor
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer H Edwards
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Rooney
- NHS Blood and Transplant Tissue and Eye Services, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Ingham
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Herbert
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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14
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Chen D, Zhang Y, Lin Q, Chen D, Li X, Dai J, Sun Y. The effect of cartilage decellularized extracellular matrix-chitosan compound on treating knee osteoarthritis in rats. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12188. [PMID: 34721961 PMCID: PMC8519179 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) refers to a common disease in orthopaedics, whereas effective treatments have been rarely developed. As indicated from existing studies, chondrocyte death, extracellular matrix degradation and subchondral bone injury are recognized as the pathological basis of KOA. The present study aimed to determine the therapeutic effect of decellularized extracellular matrix-chitosan (dECM-CS) compound on KOA. In this study, rat knee cartilage was decellularized, and a satisfactory decellularized extracellular matrix was developed. As suggested from the in vitro experiments, the rat chondrocytes co-cultured with allogeneic dECM grew effectively. According to the results of the alamar blue detection, dECM did not adversely affect the viability of rat chondrocytes, and dECM could up-regulate the genes related to the cartilage synthesis and metabolism. As reported from the animal experiments, dECM-CS compound could protect cartilage, alleviate knee joint pain in rats, significantly delay the progress of KOA in rats, and achieve high drug safety. In brief, dECM-CS compound shows a good therapeutic effect on KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qun Lin
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Duoyun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jihang Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Chu W, Hu G, Peng L, Zhang W, Ma Z. The use of a novel deer antler decellularized cartilage-derived matrix scaffold for repair of osteochondral defects. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:23. [PMID: 34479610 PMCID: PMC8414868 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The physiologic regenerative capacity of cartilage is severely limited. Current studies on the repair of osteochondral defects (OCDs) have mainly focused on the regeneration of cartilage tissues. The antler cartilage is a unique regenerative cartilage that has the potential for cartilage repair. Methods Antler decellularized cartilage-derived matrix scaffolds (adCDMs) were prepared by combining freezing-thawing and enzymatic degradation. Their DNA, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and collagen content were then detected. Biosafety and biocompatibility were evaluated by pyrogen detection, hemolysis analysis, cytotoxicity evaluation, and subcutaneous implantation experiments. adCDMs were implanted into rabbit articular cartilage defects for 2 months to evaluate their therapeutic effects. Results AdCDMs were observed to be rich in collagen and GAGs and devoid of cells. AdCDMs were also determined to have good biosafety and biocompatibility. Both four- and eight-week treatments of OCDs showed a flat and smooth surface of the healing cartilage at the adCDMs filled site. The international cartilage repair society scores (ICRS) of adCDMs were significantly higher than those of controls (porcine dCDMs and normal saline) (p < 0.05). The repaired tissue in the adCDM group was fibrotic with high collagen, specifically, type II collagen. Conclusions We concluded that adCDMs could achieve excellent cartilage regeneration repair in a rabbit knee OCDs model. Our study stresses the importance and benefits of adCDMs in bone formation and overall anatomical reconstitution, and it provides a novel source for developing cartilage-regenerating repair materials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13036-021-00274-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Chu
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Jiaojiang District, Zhejiang, 318000, Taizhou, China
| | - Gaowei Hu
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Jiaojiang District, Zhejiang, 318000, Taizhou, China
| | - Lin Peng
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Jiaojiang District, Zhejiang, 318000, Taizhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Post-Doctoral Innovation Site, Jinan University Affiliation, Yuanzhi Health Technology Co, Ltd, Hengqin New District, 519000, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China. .,Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, 613 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhe Ma
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Jiaojiang District, Zhejiang, 318000, Taizhou, China.
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16
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Gonçalves AM, Moreira A, Weber A, Williams GR, Costa PF. Osteochondral Tissue Engineering: The Potential of Electrospinning and Additive Manufacturing. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:983. [PMID: 34209671 PMCID: PMC8309012 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The socioeconomic impact of osteochondral (OC) damage has been increasing steadily over time in the global population, and the promise of tissue engineering in generating biomimetic tissues replicating the physiological OC environment and architecture has been falling short of its projected potential. The most recent advances in OC tissue engineering are summarised in this work, with a focus on electrospun and 3D printed biomaterials combined with stem cells and biochemical stimuli, to identify what is causing this pitfall between the bench and the patients' bedside. Even though significant progress has been achieved in electrospinning, 3D-(bio)printing, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies, it is still challenging to artificially emulate the OC interface and achieve complete regeneration of bone and cartilage tissues. Their intricate architecture and the need for tight spatiotemporal control of cellular and biochemical cues hinder the attainment of long-term functional integration of tissue-engineered constructs. Moreover, this complexity and the high variability in experimental conditions used in different studies undermine the scalability and reproducibility of prospective regenerative medicine solutions. It is clear that further development of standardised, integrative, and economically viable methods regarding scaffold production, cell selection, and additional biochemical and biomechanical stimulation is likely to be the key to accelerate the clinical translation and fill the gap in OC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anabela Moreira
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Achim Weber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Gareth R. Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Pedro F. Costa
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.G.); (A.M.)
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17
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Das P, Mishra R, Devi B, Rajesh K, Basak P, Roy M, Roy P, Lahiri D, Nandi SK. Decellularized xenogenic cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds for the reconstruction of osteochondral defects in rabbits. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:4873-4894. [PMID: 34095925 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00314c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of decellularized native allogenic or xenogenic cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) biomaterials is widely expanding in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, we aimed to develop an acellular, affordable, biodegradable, easily available goat conchal cartilaginous ECM derived scaffolding biomaterial for repair and regeneration of osteochondral defects in rabbits. Cartilages harvested from freshly collected goat ears were decellularized using chemical agents, namely, hypotonic-hypertonic (HH) buffer and Triton X-100 solution, separately. The morphologies and ultrastructure orientations of the decellularized cartilages remained unaltered in spite of complete cellular loss. Furthermore, when the acellular cartilaginous ECMs were cultured with murine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (C3H10T1/2 cells), cellular infiltration and proliferation were thoroughly monitored using SEM, DAPI and FDA stained images, whereas the MTT assay proved the biocompatibility of the matrices. The increasing amounts of secreted ECM proteins (collagen and sGAG) indicated successful chondrogenic differentiation of the MSCs in the presence of the treated cartilage samples. In vivo biocompatibility studies showed no significant immune response or tissue rejection in the treated samples but tissue necrosis in control samples after 3 months. Upon implantation of the constructs in rabbits' osteochondral defects for 3 months, the histological and micro-CT evaluation revealed significant enhancement and regeneration of neocartilage and subchondral bony tissues. The IGF-1 loaded cartilaginous constructs showed comparatively better healing response after 3 months. Our results showed that decellularized xenogenic cartilaginous biomaterials preserved the bioactivity and integrity of the matrices that also favored in vitro stem cell proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation and enabled osteochondral regeneration, thus paving a new way for articular cartilage reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Das
- School of Bioscience and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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18
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Statham P, Jones E, Jennings LM, Fermor HL. Reproducing the Biomechanical Environment of the Chondrocyte for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:405-420. [PMID: 33726527 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the biomechanical and tribological performance of articular cartilage is inextricably linked to its extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and zonal heterogeneity. Furthermore, it is understood that the presence of native ECM components, such as collagen II and aggrecan, promote healthy homeostasis in the resident chondrocytes. What is less frequently discussed is how chondrocyte metabolism is related to the extracellular mechanical environment, at both the macro and microscale. The chondrocyte is in immediate contact with the pericellular matrix of the chondron, which acts as a mechanocoupler, transmitting external applied loads from the ECM to the chondrocyte. Therefore, components of the pericellular matrix also play essential roles in chondrocyte mechanotransduction and metabolism. Recreating the biomechanical environment through tuning material properties of a scaffold and/or the use of external cyclic loading can induce biosynthetic responses in chondrocytes. Decellularized scaffolds, which retain the native tissue macro- and microstructure also represent an effective means of recapitulating such an environment. The use of such techniques in tissue engineering applications can ensure the regeneration of skeletally mature articular cartilage with appropriate biomechanical and tribological properties to restore joint function. Despite the pivotal role in graft maturation and performance, biomechanical and tribological properties of such interventions is often underrepresented. This review outlines the role of biomechanics in relation to native cartilage performance and chondrocyte metabolism, and how application of this theory can enhance the future development and successful translation of biomechanically relevant tissue engineering interventions. Impact statement Physiological cartilage function is a key criterion in the success of a cartilage tissue engineering solution. The in situ performance is dependent on the initial scaffold design as well as extracellular matrix deposition by endogenous or exogenous cells. Both biological and biomechanical stimuli serve as key regulators of cartilage homeostasis and maturation of the resulting tissue-engineered graft. An improved understanding of the influence of biomechanics on cellular function and consideration of the final biomechanical and tribological performance will help in the successful development and translation of tissue-engineered grafts to restore natural joint function postcartilage trauma or osteoarthritic degeneration, delaying the requirement for prosthetic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Statham
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Louise M Jennings
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel L Fermor
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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19
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Mousavi MS, Amoabediny G, Mahfouzi SH, Safiabadi Tali SH. Enhanced articular cartilage decellularization using a novel perfusion-based bioreactor method. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104511. [PMID: 33915440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current decellularization methods for articular cartilages require many steps, various and high amounts of detergents, and a relatively long time to produce decellularized scaffolds. In addition, such methods often damage the essential components and the structure of the tissue. This study aims to introduce a novel perfusion-based bioreactor (PBB) method to decellularize bovine articular cartilages efficiently while reducing the harmful physical and chemical steps as well as the duration of the process. This leads to better preservation of the structure and the essential components of the native tissue. Firstly, a certain number of channels (Ø 180 μm) were introduced into both sides of cylindrical articular bovine cartilage disks (5 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness). Next, the disks were decellularized in the PBB and a shaker as the control. Using the PBB method resulted in ∼90% reduction of DNA content in the specimens, which was significantly higher than those of the shaker results with ∼60%. Also, ∼50% sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content and ∼92% of the compression properties were maintained implying the efficient preservation of the structure and components of the scaffolds. Moreover, the current study indicated that the PBB specimens supported the adherence and proliferation of the new cells effectively. In conclusion, the results show that the use of PBB method increases the efficiency of producing decellularized cartilage scaffolds with a better maintenance of essential components and structure, while reducing the chemicals and steps required for the process. This will pave the way for producing close-to-natural scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Sadat Mousavi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghassem Amoabediny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hossein Mahfouzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamid Safiabadi Tali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Setayeshmehr M, Hafeez S, van Blitterswijk C, Moroni L, Mota C, Baker MB. Bioprinting Via a Dual-Gel Bioink Based on Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) and Solubilized Extracellular Matrix towards Cartilage Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083901. [PMID: 33918892 PMCID: PMC8069267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Various hydrogel systems have been developed as biomaterial inks for bioprinting, including natural and synthetic polymers. However, the available biomaterial inks, which allow printability, cell viability, and user-defined customization, remains limited. Incorporation of biological extracellular matrix materials into tunable synthetic polymers can merge the benefits of both systems towards versatile materials for biofabrication. The aim of this study was to develop novel, cell compatible dual-component biomaterial inks and bioinks based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and solubilized decellularized cartilage matrix (SDCM) hydrogels that can be utilized for cartilage bioprinting. In a first approach, PVA was modified with amine groups (PVA-A), and mixed with SDCM. The printability of the PVA-A/SDCM formulations cross-linked by genipin was evaluated. On the second approach, the PVA was functionalized with cis-5-norbornene-endo-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride (PVA-Nb) to allow an ultrafast light-curing thiol-ene cross-linking. Comprehensive experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of the SDCM ratio in mechanical properties, water uptake, swelling, cell viability, and printability of the PVA-based formulations. The studies performed with the PVA-A/SDCM formulations cross-linked by genipin showed printability, but poor shape retention due to slow cross-linking kinetics. On the other hand, the PVA-Nb/SDCM showed good printability. The results showed that incorporation of SDCM into PVA-Nb reduces the compression modulus, enhance cell viability, and bioprintability and modulate the swelling ratio of the resulted hydrogels. Results indicated that PVA-Nb hydrogels containing SDCM could be considered as versatile bioinks for cartilage bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Setayeshmehr
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran;
- MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.H.); (C.v.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Shahzad Hafeez
- MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.H.); (C.v.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.H.); (C.v.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.H.); (C.v.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Carlos Mota
- MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.H.); (C.v.B.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (M.B.B.)
| | - Matthew B. Baker
- MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.H.); (C.v.B.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (M.B.B.)
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21
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Khajavi M, Hajimoradloo A, Zandi M, Pezeshki-Modaress M, Bonakdar S, Zamani A. Fish cartilage: A promising source of biomaterial for biological scaffold fabrication in cartilage tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:1737-1750. [PMID: 33738960 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, engineered cartilage-like scaffold using an extracellular matrix (ECM) from sturgeon fish cartilage provided a chondroinductive environment to stimulate cartilaginous matrix synthesis in human adipose stem cells (hASCs). Three dimensional porous and degradable fish cartilage ECM-derived scaffold (FCS) was produced using a protocol containing chemical decellularization, enzymatic solubilization, freeze-drying and EDC-crosslinking treatments and the effect of different ECM concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/ml) on prepared scaffolds was investigated through physical, mechanical and biological analysis. The histological and scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the elimination of the cell fragments and a 3-D interconnected porous structure, respectively. Cell viability assay displayed no cytotoxic effects. The prepared porous constructs of fish cartilage ECM were seeded with hASCs for 21 days and compared to collagen (Col) and collagen-10% hyaluronic acid (Col-HA) scaffolds. Cell culture results evidenced that the fabricated scaffolds could provide a proper 3-D structure to support the adhesion, proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of hASCs considering the synthesis of specific proteins of cartilage, collagen type II (Col II) and aggrecan (ACAN). Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the porous scaffold derived from fish cartilage ECM possesses an excellent potential for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khajavi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Hajimoradloo
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mojgan Zandi
- Department of Biomaterials, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Zamani
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of advances in the treatment of cartilage defects using cell and scaffold-based therapeutic strategies, the long-term outcome is still not satisfying since clinical scores decline years after treatment. Scaffold materials currently used in clinical settings have shown limitations in providing suitable biomechanical properties and an authentic and protective environment for regenerative cells. To tackle this problem, we developed a scaffold material based on decellularised human articular cartilage. METHODS Human articular cartilage matrix was engraved using a CO2 laser and treated for decellularisation and glycosaminoglycan removal. Characterisation of the resulting scaffold was performed via mechanical testing, DNA and GAG quantification and in vitro cultivation with adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC). Cell vitality, adhesion and chondrogenic differentiation were assessed. An ectopic, unloaded mouse model was used for the assessment of the in vivo performance of the scaffold in combination with ASC and human as well as bovine chondrocytes. The novel scaffold was compared to a commercial collagen type I/III scaffold. FINDINGS Crossed line engravings of the matrix allowed for a most regular and ubiquitous distribution of cells and chemical as well as enzymatic matrix treatment was performed to increase cell adhesion. The biomechanical characteristics of this novel scaffold that we term CartiScaff were found to be superior to those of commercially available materials. Neo-tissue was integrated excellently into the scaffold matrix and new collagen fibres were guided by the laser incisions towards a vertical alignment, a typical feature of native cartilage important for nutrition and biomechanics. In an ectopic, unloaded in vivo model, chondrocytes and mesenchymal stromal cells differentiated within the incisions despite the lack of growth factors and load, indicating a strong chondrogenic microenvironment within the scaffold incisions. Cells, most noticeably bone marrow-derived cells, were able to repopulate the empty chondrocyte lacunae inside the scaffold matrix. INTERPRETATION Due to the better load-bearing, its chondrogenic effect and the ability to guide matrix-deposition, CartiScaff is a promising biomaterial to accelerate rehabilitation and to improve long term clinical success of cartilage defect treatment. FUNDING Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG ("CartiScaff" #842455), Lorenz Böhler Fonds (16/13), City of Vienna Competence Team Project Signaltissue (MA23, #18-08).
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Repopulation of decellularised articular cartilage by laser-based matrix engraving. EBioMedicine 2021; 64:103196. [PMID: 33483297 PMCID: PMC7910698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In spite of advances in the treatment of cartilage defects using cell and scaffold-based therapeutic strategies, the long-term outcome is still not satisfying since clinical scores decline years after treatment. Scaffold materials currently used in clinical settings have shown limitations in providing suitable biomechanical properties and an authentic and protective environment for regenerative cells. To tackle this problem, we developed a scaffold material based on decellularised human articular cartilage. Methods Human articular cartilage matrix was engraved using a CO2 laser and treated for decellularisation and glycosaminoglycan removal. Characterisation of the resulting scaffold was performed via mechanical testing, DNA and GAG quantification and in vitro cultivation with adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC). Cell vitality, adhesion and chondrogenic differentiation were assessed. An ectopic, unloaded mouse model was used for the assessment of the in vivo performance of the scaffold in combination with ASC and human as well as bovine chondrocytes. The novel scaffold was compared to a commercial collagen type I/III scaffold. Findings Crossed line engravings of the matrix allowed for a most regular and ubiquitous distribution of cells and chemical as well as enzymatic matrix treatment was performed to increase cell adhesion. The biomechanical characteristics of this novel scaffold that we term CartiScaff were found to be superior to those of commercially available materials. Neo-tissue was integrated excellently into the scaffold matrix and new collagen fibres were guided by the laser incisions towards a vertical alignment, a typical feature of native cartilage important for nutrition and biomechanics. In an ectopic, unloaded in vivo model, chondrocytes and mesenchymal stromal cells differentiated within the incisions despite the lack of growth factors and load, indicating a strong chondrogenic microenvironment within the scaffold incisions. Cells, most noticeably bone marrow-derived cells, were able to repopulate the empty chondrocyte lacunae inside the scaffold matrix. Interpretation Due to the better load-bearing, its chondrogenic effect and the ability to guide matrix-deposition, CartiScaff is a promising biomaterial to accelerate rehabilitation and to improve long term clinical success of cartilage defect treatment. Funding Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG (“CartiScaff” #842455), Lorenz Böhler Fonds (16/13), City of Vienna Competence Team Project Signaltissue (MA23, #18-08)
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Nokhbatolfoghahaei H, Paknejad Z, Bohlouli M, Rezai Rad M, Aminishakib P, Derakhshan S, Mohammadi Amirabad L, Nadjmi N, Khojasteh A. Fabrication of Decellularized Engineered Extracellular Matrix through Bioreactor-Based Environment for Bone Tissue Engineering. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31943-31956. [PMID: 33344849 PMCID: PMC7745398 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM)-contained grafts can be achieved by decellularization of native bones or synthetic scaffolds. Limitations associated with harvesting the native bone has raised interest in preparing in vitro ECM bioscaffold for bone tissue engineering. Here, we intend to develop an ECM-contained construct via decellularizing an engineered gelatin-coated β-tricalcium phosphate (gTCP) scaffold. In order to find an optimal protocol for decellularization of cell-loaded gTCP scaffolds, they were seeded with buccal fat pad-derived stem cells. Then, four decellularization protocols including sodium dodecyl sulfate, trypsin, Triton X-100, and combined solution methods were compared for the amounts of residual cells and remnant collagen and alteration of scaffold structure. Then, the efficacy of the selected protocol in removing cells from gTCP scaffolds incubated in a rotating and perfusion bioreactor for 24 days was evaluated and compared with static condition using histological analysis. Finally, decellularized scaffolds, reloaded with cells, and their cytotoxicity and osteoinductive capability were evaluated. Complete removal of cells from gTCP scaffolds was achieved from all protocols. However, treatment with Triton X-100 showed significantly higher amount of remnant ECM. Bioreactor-incubated scaffolds possessed greater magnitude of ECM proteins including collagen and glycosaminoglycans. Reseeding the decellularized scaffolds also represented higher osteoinductivity of bioreactor-based scaffolds. Application of Triton X-100 as decellularization protocol and usage of bioreactors are suggested as a suitable technique for designing ECM-contained grafts for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Nokhbatolfoghahaei
- Dental
Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983969413, Iran
- Student
Research Committee, Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell
Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Zahrasadat Paknejad
- Department
of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced
Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
- Medical
Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Bohlouli
- Student
Research Committee, Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell
Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezai Rad
- Dental
Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983969413, Iran
| | - Pouyan Aminishakib
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1439955991, Iran
| | - Samira Derakhshan
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1439955991, Iran
| | | | - Nasser Nadjmi
- Department
of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery/University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine
& Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2100, Belgium
- All
for Research vzw, Harmoniestraat
68, Antwerp 2018, Belgium
| | - Arash Khojasteh
- Dental
Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983969413, Iran
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
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25
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MUW researcher of the month. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2020; 132:801-802. [PMID: 33306135 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Matoug-Elwerfelli M, Nazzal H, Raif EM, Wilshaw SP, Esteves F, Duggal M. Ex-vivo recellularisation and stem cell differentiation of a decellularised rat dental pulp matrix. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21553. [PMID: 33299073 PMCID: PMC7725831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Implementing the principles of tissue engineering within the clinical management of non-vital immature permanent teeth is of clinical interest. However, the ideal scaffold remains elusive. The aim of this work was to assess the feasibility of decellularising rat dental pulp tissue and evaluate the ability of such scaffold to support stem cell repopulation. Rat dental pulps were retrieved and divided into control and decellularised groups. The decellularisation protocol incorporated a low detergent concentration and hypotonic buffers. After decellularisation, the scaffolds were characterised histologically, immunohistochemistry and the residual DNA content quantified. Surface topography was also viewed under scanning electron microscopy. Biocompatibility was evaluated using cytotoxicity assays utilising L-929 cell line. Decellularised scaffolds were recellularised with human dental pulp stem cells up to 14 days in vitro. Cellular viability was assessed using LIVE/DEAD stain kit and the recellularised scaffolds were further assessed histologically and immunolabelled using makers for odontoblastic differentiation, cytoskeleton components and growth factors. Analysis of the decellularised scaffolds revealed an acellular matrix with histological preservation of structural components. Decellularised scaffolds were biocompatible and able to support stem cell survival following recellularisation. Immunolabelling of the recellularised scaffolds demonstrated positive cellular expression against the tested markers in culture. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of developing a biocompatible decellularised dental pulp scaffold, which is able to support dental pulp stem cell repopulation. Clinically, decellularised pulp tissue could possibly be a suitable scaffold for use within regenerative (reparative) endodontic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Matoug-Elwerfelli
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Department of Clinical Dental Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Nazzal
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Hamad Dental Centre, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - El Mostafa Raif
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Stacy-Paul Wilshaw
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Filomena Esteves
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Monty Duggal
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. .,Discipline of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Masaeli E, Nasr-Esfahani MH. An in vivo evaluation of induced chondrogenesis by decellularized extracellular matrix particles. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:627-636. [PMID: 32608181 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineered scaffolds composed of synthetic materials and extracellular matrix (ECM) components can offer a tissue-specific microenvironment capable of regulating cells to regenerate the structure and function of the native cartilage. Here, given the potential preservation of biomechanical and biochemical cues found in the native cartilage, particulate decellularized ECM (DC-ECM) was utilized for immobilization on the surface of nanofibrous scaffolds. Afterward, the chondro-inductive potential and ectopic cartilage formation after subcutaneous implantation of bioengineered DC-ECM scaffolds were investigated in mice model. Eight weeks post-implantation, no growth of considerable inflammatory response and neovascularization was observed in histological images of bioengineered DC-ECM scaffolds. Pre-seeded bioengineered scaffolds with human adipose-derived stem cells exhibited high levels of chondro-induction capability, indicated with immunohistochemical and gene expression results. In both interval times, we also observed chondrogenesis and tissue formation after implanting unseeded bioengineered scaffolds, which denote that the presence of DC-ECM particles can even enhance attachment and migration of the host cells and induce chondrogenesis to them. To sum up, the incorporation of DC-ECM materials to tissue engineered constructs is a promising avenue to mimic the native tissue environment for regulation of cartilage regeneration in both in vivo and in vitro settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Masaeli
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
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28
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Emami A, Talaei-Khozani T, Vojdani Z, Zarei Fard N. Comparative assessment of the efficiency of various decellularization agents for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:19-32. [PMID: 32627321 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone regeneration can be possible through grafts or engineered bone replacement when bone defects are larger than the critical size. Decellularized bone extracellular matrix (ECM) is an alternative that is able to accelerate tissue regeneration, while decellularization protocols influence engineered bone quality. The objective of this study was to compare the quality of decellularized bone produced through different methods. Four decellularization methods were employed using (a) sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), (b) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 0.5%, (c) SDS 1% and (d) trypsin/EDTA. All samples were then washed in triton X-100. DNA quantification, hematoxylin and eosin, and Hoechst staining showed that although DNA was depleted in all scaffolds, treatment with SLES led to a significantly lower DNA content. Glycosaminoglycan quantification, Raman confocal microscopy, alcian blue and PAS staining exhibited higher carbohydrate retention in the scaffolds treated with SLES and SDS 0.5%. Raman spectra, scanning electron microscopy and trichrom Masson staining showed more collagen content in SLES and SDS-treated scaffolds compared to trypsin/EDTA-treated scaffolds. Therefore, although trypsin/EDTA could efficiently decellularize the scaffolds, it washed out the ECM contents. Also, both MTT and attachment tests showed a significantly higher cell viability in SLES-treated scaffolds. Raman spectra revealed that while the first washing procedure did not remove SLES traces in the scaffolds, excessive washing reduced ECM contents. In conclusion, SLES and, to a lesser degree, SDS 0.5% protocols could efficiently preserve ultrastructure and ECM constituents of decellularized bone tissue and can thus be suggested as nontoxic and safe protocols for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrin Emami
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Talaei-Khozani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Vojdani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nehleh Zarei Fard
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Vellachi R, Kumar N, Shrivastava S, Saxena S, Maiti SK, Kutty M, Singh K, Gopinathan A, Mondal DB, Singh KP. Selection of biological prosthesis for abdominal wall repair on the basis of in vitro biocompatibility determination. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:955-963. [PMID: 32392634 DOI: 10.1002/term.3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Research on prostheses for repairing abdominal wall defects has progressed through past decades for developing an ideal prosthesis. The study was designed to compare different extracellular matrix (ECM) derived biological prostheses as alternate to conventional synthetic polymeric prostheses for the repair of full thickness abdominal wall defects. Five biological scaffolds derived from bovine diaphragm, bovine aorta, bovine gall bladder, porcine gall bladder, and rabbit skin were prepared and screened for their in vitro biocompatibility. Decellularized ECMs were subjected to various biocompatibility analyses, namely, water absorption potential, matrix degradation analysis, biomechanical testing, and cytocompatibility analysis. Though the rabbit skin displayed maximum biomechanical strength, due to its rapid degradation, it failed to fulfill the criteria of an ideal prosthesis. ECMs derived from bovine diaphragm and aorta were found to be superior than others based upon hydration and matrix degradation analysis, with best scores for bovine diaphragm followed by bovine aorta. The bovine diaphragm and aorta also displayed sufficient biomechanical strength, with diaphragm being the second highest (next to rabbit skin), in biomechanical strength followed by aorta. None of the biological prosthesis revealed any cytotoxicity. Thus, bovine diaphragm and aorta derived ECM fulfill the necessary criteria for their use as biological prosthesis. Because these prostheses are biocompatible, apart from their low cost, ease of availability, and simple preparation, they present a potential alternative to synthetic prosthesis for repair of abdominal wall defects, especially in veterinary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Vellachi
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Sameer Shrivastava
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Sonal Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Swapan Kumar Maiti
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Muhammed Kutty
- Biochemistry Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Kiranjeet Singh
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Aswathy Gopinathan
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Deba Brata Mondal
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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30
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Zhang Y, Dai J, Yan L, Sun Y. Intra-articular injection of decellularized extracellular matrices in the treatment of osteoarthritis in rabbits. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8972. [PMID: 32351784 PMCID: PMC7183306 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the role of decellularized cartilage matrix in osteoarthritis to seek a new treatment for this disease. Methods Knee cartilage from rabbits was decellularized and the degree of decellularization was assessed. A grinder was used to turn acellular cartilage into particles, which were then used in a suspension. Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to an operation on their anterior cruciate ligament for the osteoarthritis model. The success of the animal model of osteoarthritis was evaluated using results from six rabbits. The remaining 24 rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (groups A, B, C, and D). Rabbits in groups A, B, C, and D were injected with 200 µl of normal saline, 200 µl of 10% (w/v) cartilage decellularized suspension, 200 µl of 20% (w/v) cartilage decellularized suspension, and 200 µl of 40% (w/v) cartilage decellularized suspension into the knee joints, respectively. Macroscopic and microscopic assessments were performed three months after surgery to assess the degree of osteoarthritic changes. Results Histological and biochemical analysis revealed that the cartilage decellularized matrix removed cells after decellularization but retained components of collagen and glycosaminoglycan. Group A exhibited the most significant changes from osteophyte and cartilage erosion, which was macroscopically observable on the surface of the femoral cartilage. HE staining in group A revealed damage to the cartilage surface, disorganized chondrocytes, and spontaneous fibrocartilage formation. Safranin O-fast green staining revealed a cavity formed at the osteochondral junction in group A that did not appear in other groups. Conclusion Our study shows that decellularized cartilage matrix has a certain therapeutic effect on osteoarthritis and provides new insights in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jihang Dai
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lianqi Yan
- Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
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31
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Lim T, Tang Q, Zhu ZZ, Feng Y, Zhan S, Wei XJ, Zhang CQ. A decellularized scaffold derived from squid cranial cartilage for use in cartilage tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4516-4526. [PMID: 32373898 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00483a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized cartilage scaffold (DCS) is an emerging substitute for cartilage defect application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thou Lim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Zhen-Zhong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Shi Zhan
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wei
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Chang-Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- China
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Ebrahimi Sadrabadi A, Baei P, Hosseini S, Baghaban Eslaminejad M. Decellularized Extracellular Matrix as a Potent Natural Biomaterial for Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1341:27-43. [PMID: 32166633 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Decellularization technique is a favorable method used to fabricate natural and tissue-like scaffolds. This technique is important because of its remarkable ability to perfectly mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM-based scaffolds/hydrogels provide structural support for cell differentiation and maturation. Therefore, novel natural-based bioinks, ECM-based hydrogels, and particulate forms of the ECM provide promising strategies for whole organ regeneration. Despite its efficacious characteristics, removal of residual detergent and the presence of various protocols make this technique challenging for scientists and regenerative medicine-related programs. This chapter reviews the most effective physical, chemical, and enzymatic protocols used to remove the cellular components and their challenges. We discuss the applications of decellularized ECM (dECM) in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine with an emphasis on hard tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ebrahimi Sadrabadi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Baei
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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33
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Das P, Singh YP, Mandal BB, Nandi SK. Tissue-derived decellularized extracellular matrices toward cartilage repair and regeneration. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 157:185-221. [PMID: 32334715 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The inability of cartilage tissue to self-heal due to its avascular nature often leads to conditions such as osteoarthritis, traumatic rupture of cartilage, and osteochondrosis. The cartilage provides cushioning effects between the joints and avoids bone frictions. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage consists predominantly of collagens, elastin, proteoglycans and glycoproteins. A number of tissue engineered ECM derived biological scaffolds and matrices are available for cartilage regeneration. The decellularized tissues provide appropriate bioactive cues in the absence of cellular components, hence avoiding immunological issue. However, the decellularization process involves several cellular disruption techniques that may alter the ECM architecture affecting bioactivity. Therefore, development of cell-free cartilage biomaterials with unaltered ECM integrity and bioactivity is of paramount necessity by smart selection of modified techniques and agents. Herein, we described about various decellularization methods, agents, techniques, and their applications in tissue/cartilage decellularization. It also contemplates various difficulties and future perspectives to troubleshoot the existing obstructions in tissue-derived cartilage matrices and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Das
- School of Bioscience and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Yogendra Pratap Singh
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Biman B Mandal
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India; Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.
| | - Samit Kumar Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Ghassemi T, Saghatoleslami N, Mahdavi-Shahri N, Matin MM, Gheshlaghi R, Moradi A. A comparison study of different decellularization treatments on bovine articular cartilage. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1861-1871. [PMID: 31314950 DOI: 10.1002/term.2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous researches have emphasized on suitability of decellularized tissues for regenerative applications. The decellularization of cartilage tissue has always been a challenge as the final product must be balanced in both immunogenic residue and mechanical properties. This study was designed to compare and optimize the efficacy of the most common chemical decellularization treatments on articular cartilage. Freeze/thaw cycles, trypsin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and Triton-X 100 were used at various concentrations and time durations for decellularization of bovine distal femoral joint cartilage samples. Histological staining, scanning electron microscopy, DNA quantification, compressive strength test, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were performed for evaluation of the decellularized cartilage samples. Treatment with 0.05% trypsin/EDTA for 1 day followed by 3% SDS for 2 days and 3% Triton X-100 for another 2 days resulted in significant reduction in DNA content and simultaneous maintenance of mechanical properties. Seeding the human adipose-derived stem cells onto the decellularized cartilage confirmed its biocompatibility. According to our findings, an optimized physiochemical decellularization method can yield in a nonimmunogenic biomechanically compatible decellularized tissue for cartilage regeneration application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toktam Ghassemi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nasser Saghatoleslami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Maryam M Matin
- Department of Biology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Gheshlaghi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Moradi
- Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Decellularized cartilage matrix scaffolds with laser-machined micropores for cartilage regeneration and articular cartilage repair. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 105:110139. [PMID: 31546425 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized allogeneic and xenogeneic articular cartilage matrix scaffolds (CMS) are considered ideal scaffolds for cartilage regeneration owing to their heterogeneous architecture, and biochemical and biomechanical properties of native articular cartilage. However, the dense structure of the articular cartilage extracellular matrix, particularly the arrangement of collagen fibers, limits cellular infiltration, leading to poor cartilage regeneration. In addition, the incomplete removal of xenograft cells is associated with immunogenic reaction in the host. To facilitate the migration of chondrocytes into scaffolds and the rate of decellularization processing, we applied a carbon dioxide laser technique to modify the surface of porcine CMS while retaining major properties of the scaffold. By optimizing the laser parameters, we introduced orderly, lattice-arranged conical micropores of suitable depth and diameter onto the cartilage scaffold surface without affecting the cartilage shape or mechanical properties. We found that laser-modified CMS (LM-CMS) could enhance the degree of decellularization and were conducive to cell adhesion, as compared with the intact CMS. Decellularized scaffolds were seeded with rabbit-derived chondrocytes and cultured for 8 weeks in vitro. We found that cell-scaffold constructs formed cartilage-like tissue within the micropores and on the scaffold surface. In vivo, we found that cell-scaffold constructs subcutaneously implanted into the flanks of nude mice formed ivory-white neocartilage with high contents of DNA and cartilage matrix components, as well as good mechanical strength as compared with native CMS. Furthermore, scaffolds combined with autogenous chondrocytes induced neocartilage and better structural restoration at 8 weeks after transplantation into rabbit knee articular cartilage defects. In conclusion, decellularized xenogeneic CMS with laser-machined micropores offers an ideal scaffold with high fidelity for the functional reconstruction of articular cartilage.
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Decellularization of the Porcine Ear Generates a Biocompatible, Nonimmunogenic Extracellular Matrix Platform for Face Subunit Bioengineering. Ann Surg 2019; 267:1191-1201. [PMID: 28252516 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess whether perfusion-decellularization technology could be applied to facial grafts. BACKGROUND Facial allotransplantation remains an experimental procedure. Regenerative medicine techniques allow fabrication of transplantable organs from an individual's own cells, which are seeded into extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds from animal or human organs. Therefore, we hypothesized that ECM scaffolds also can be created from facial subunits. We explored the use of the porcine ear as a clinically relevant face subunit model to develop regenerative medicine-related platforms for facial bioengineering. METHODS Porcine ear grafts were decellularized and histologic, immunologic, and cell culture studies done to determine whether scaffolds retained their 3D framework and molecular content; were biocompatible in vitro and in vivo, and triggered an anti-MHC immune response from the host. RESULTS The cellular compartment of the porcine ear was completely removed except for a few cartilaginous cells, leaving behind an acellular ECM scaffold; this scaffold retained its complex 3D architecture and biochemical components. The framework of the vascular tree was intact at all hierarchical levels and sustained a physiologically relevant blood pressure when implanted in vivo. Scaffolds were biocompatible in vitro and in vivo, and elicited no MHC immune response from the host. Cells from different types remained viable and could even differentiate at the scale of a whole-ear scaffold. CONCLUSIONS Acellular scaffolds were produced from the porcine ear, and may be a valuable platform to treat facial deformities using regenerative medicine approaches.
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Xia C, Mei S, Gu C, Zheng L, Fang C, Shi Y, Wu K, Lu T, Jin Y, Lin X, Chen P. Decellularized cartilage as a prospective scaffold for cartilage repair. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 101:588-595. [PMID: 31029352 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage lacks self-healing capacity, and there is no effective therapy facilitating cartilage repair. Osteoarthritis (OA) due to cartilage defects represents large and increasing healthcare burdens worldwide. Nowadays, the generation of scaffolds to preserve bioactive factors and the biophysical environment has received increasing attention. Furthermore, improved decellularization technology has provided novel insights into OA treatment. This review provides a comparative account of different cartilage defect therapies. Furthermore, some recent effective decellularization protocols have been discussed. In particular, this review focuses on the decellularization ratio of each protocol. Moreover, these protocols were compared particularly on the basis of immunogenicity and mechanical functionality. Further, various recellularization methods have been enlisted and the reparative capacity of decellularized cartilage scaffolds is evaluated herein. The advantages and limitations of different recellularization processes have been described herein. This provides a basis for the generation of decellularized cartilage scaffolds, thereby potentially promoting the possibility of decellularization as a clinical therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Mei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chenhui Gu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Orthopedics, 5th Affiliated Hospital, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China
| | - Chen Fang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yiling Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kaiwei Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tongtong Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongming Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xianfeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China.
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Nürnberger S, Schneider C, van Osch G, Keibl C, Rieder B, Monforte X, Teuschl A, Mühleder S, Holnthoner W, Schädl B, Gahleitner C, Redl H, Wolbank S. Repopulation of an auricular cartilage scaffold, AuriScaff, perforated with an enzyme combination. Acta Biomater 2019; 86:207-222. [PMID: 30590183 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials currently in use for articular cartilage regeneration do not mimic the composition or architecture of hyaline cartilage, leading to the formation of repair tissue with inferior characteristics. In this study we demonstrate the use of "AuriScaff", an enzymatically perforated bovine auricular cartilage scaffold, as a novel biomaterial for repopulation with regenerative cells and for the formation of high-quality hyaline cartilage. AuriScaff features a traversing channel network, generated by selective depletion of elastic fibers, enabling uniform repopulation with therapeutic cells. The complex collagen type II matrix is left intact, as observed by immunohistochemistry, SEM and TEM. The compressive modulus is diminished, but three times higher than in the clinically used collagen type I/III scaffold that served as control. Seeding tests with human articular chondrocytes (hAC) alone and in co-culture with human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASC) confirmed that the network enabled cell migration throughout the scaffold. It also guides collagen alignment along the channels and, due to the generally traverse channel alignment, newly deposited cartilage matrix corresponds with the orientation of collagen within articular cartilage. In an osteochondral plug model, AuriScaff filled the complete defect with compact collagen type II matrix and enabled chondrogenic differentiation inside the channels. Using adult articular chondrocytes from bovine origin (bAC), filling of even deep defects with high-quality hyaline-like cartilage was achieved after 6 weeks in vivo. With its composition and spatial organization, AuriScaff provides an optimal chondrogenic environment for therapeutic cells to treat cartilage defects and is expected to improve long-term outcome by channel-guided repopulation followed by matrix deposition and alignment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: After two decades of tissue engineering for cartilage regeneration, there is still no optimal strategy available to overcome problems such as inconsistent clinical outcome, early and late graft failures. Especially large defects are dependent on biomaterials and their scaffolding, guiding and protective function. Considering the currently used biomaterials, structure and mechanical properties appear to be insufficient to fulfill this task. The novel scaffold developed within this study is the first approach enabling the use of dense cartilage matrix, repopulate it via channels and provide the cells with a compact collagen type II environment. Due to its density, it also provides better mechanical properties than materials currently used in clinics. We therefore think, that the auricular cartilage scaffold (AuriScaff) has a high potential to improve future cartilage regeneration approaches.
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Pardo-Saganta A, Calvo IA, Saez B, Prosper F. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Stem Cell Maintenance. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-019-0149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Guruswamy Damodaran R, Vermette P. Tissue and organ decellularization in regenerative medicine. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1494-1505. [PMID: 30294883 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The advancement and improvement in decellularization methods can be attributed to the increasing demand for tissues and organs for transplantation. Decellularized tissues and organs, which are free of cells and genetic materials while retaining the complex ultrastructure of the extracellular matrix (ECM), can serve as scaffolds to subsequently embed cells for transplantation. They have the potential to mimic the native physiology of the targeted anatomic site. ECM from different tissues and organs harvested from various sources have been applied. Many techniques are currently involved in the decellularization process, which come along with their own advantages and disadvantages. This review focuses on recent developments in decellularization methods, the importance and nature of detergents used for decellularization, as well as on the role of the ECM either as merely a physical support or as a scaffold in retaining and providing cues for cell survival, differentiation and homeostasis. In addition, application, status, and perspectives on commercialization of bioproducts derived from decellularized tissues and organs are addressed. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1494-1505, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Guruswamy Damodaran
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Pharmacology Institute of Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, 3001 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, 1036 rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Patrick Vermette
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Pharmacology Institute of Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, 3001 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, 1036 rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 4C4, Canada
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Neto AS, Ferreira JMF. Synthetic and Marine-Derived Porous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1702. [PMID: 30216991 PMCID: PMC6165145 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a vascularized and connective tissue. The cortical bone is the main part responsible for the support and protection of the remaining systems and organs of the body. The trabecular spongy bone serves as the storage of ions and bone marrow. As a dynamic tissue, bone is in a constant remodelling process to adapt to the mechanical demands and to repair small lesions that may occur. Nevertheless, due to the increased incidence of bone disorders, the need for bone grafts has been growing over the past decades and the development of an ideal bone graft with optimal properties remains a clinical challenge. This review addresses the bone properties (morphology, composition, and their repair and regeneration capacity) and puts the focus on the potential strategies for developing bone repair and regeneration materials. It describes the requirements for designing a suitable scaffold material, types of materials (polymers, ceramics, and composites), and techniques to obtain the porous structures (additive manufacturing techniques like robocasting or derived from marine skeletons) for bone tissue engineering applications. Overall, the main objective of this review is to gather the knowledge on the materials and methods used for the production of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and to highlight the potential of natural porous structures such as marine skeletons as promising alternative bone graft substitute materials without any further mineralogical changes, or after partial or total transformation into calcium phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Neto
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - José M F Ferreira
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Hong P, Bezuhly M, Graham ME, Gratzer PF. Efficient decellularization of rabbit trachea to generate a tissue engineering scaffold biomatrix. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 112:67-74. [PMID: 30055743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Most tracheal decellularization protocols are lengthy and can lead to reduced biomechanical stability. The objectives of this study were: 1) to generate a tracheal extracellular matrix scaffold using an efficient decellularization process and 2) to characterize the decellularized scaffold to assess its suitability for tissue engineering applications. METHODS Twelve rabbit tracheae underwent a decellularization process that involved enzymatic-detergent treatments. For characterization, fresh (control) and decellularized tissues underwent histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses. Tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy, and biocompatibility assay were also conducted. RESULTS Post-decellularization, the tracheal tissue had significantly less genetic material while the structural integrity was maintained. Specifically, the deoxyribonucleic acid content was significantly reduced and the glycosaminoglycan content was unchanged. Cell and cellular components were largely removed; at the same time the tensile properties and surface ultrastructural characteristics were unaltered. Biocompatibility was confirmed by contact cytotoxicity assay. CONCLUSIONS Overall, an efficient decellularization process was used to treat rabbit tracheal tissue. The effectiveness of the decellularization process was demonstrated and at the same time there was preservation of the underlying extracellular matrix structure. This decellularized material may serve as a potential scaffold for tracheal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hong
- IWK Health Centre, Department of Surgery, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Michael Bezuhly
- IWK Health Centre, Department of Surgery, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - M Elise Graham
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Paul F Gratzer
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Galuzzi M, Perteghella S, Antonioli B, Tosca MC, Bari E, Tripodo G, Sorrenti M, Catenacci L, Mastracci L, Grillo F, Marazzi M, Torre ML. Human Engineered Cartilage and Decellularized Matrix as an Alternative to Animal Osteoarthritis Model. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10070738. [PMID: 30960663 PMCID: PMC6403588 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Objective: to obtain a reproducible, robust, well-defined, and cost-affordable in vitro model of human cartilage degeneration, suitable for drug screening; (2) Methods: we proposed 3D models of engineered cartilage, considering two human chondrocyte sources (articular/nasal) and five culture methods (pellet, alginate beads, silk/alginate microcarriers, and decellularized cartilage). Engineered cartilages were treated with pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β to promote cartilage degradation; (3) Results: articular chondrocytes have been rejected since they exhibit low cellular doubling with respect to nasal cells, with longer culture time for cell expansion; furthermore, pellet and alginate bead cultures lead to insufficient cartilage matrix production. Decellularized cartilage resulted as good support for degeneration model, but long culture time and high cell amount are required to obtain the adequate scaffold colonization. Here, we proposed, for the first time, the combined use of decellularized cartilage, as aggrecanase substrate, with pellet, alginate beads, or silk/alginate microcarriers, as polymeric scaffolds for chondrocyte cultures. This approach enables the development of suitable models of cartilaginous pathology. The results obtained after cryopreservation also demonstrated that beads and microcarriers are able to preserve chondrocyte functionality and metabolic activity; (4) Conclusions: alginate and silk/alginate-based scaffolds can be easily produced and cryopreserved to obtain a cost-affordable and ready-to-use polymer-based product for the subsequent screening of anti-inflammatory drugs for cartilage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Galuzzi
- Tissue Therapy Unit, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Perteghella
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- PharmaExceed S.r.l., 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Barbara Antonioli
- Tissue Therapy Unit, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marta Cecilia Tosca
- Tissue Therapy Unit, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elia Bari
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Tripodo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Milena Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Laura Catenacci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Luca Mastracci
- Section of Histopathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), IRCCS San Martino IST Hospital, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi 8, 16121 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Federica Grillo
- Section of Histopathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), IRCCS San Martino IST Hospital, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi 8, 16121 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Mario Marazzi
- Tissue Therapy Unit, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Torre
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- PharmaExceed S.r.l., 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Elder S, Chenault H, Gloth P, Webb K, Recinos R, Wright E, Moran D, Butler J, Borazjani A, Cooley A. Effects of antigen removal on a porcine osteochondral xenograft for articular cartilage repair. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:2251-2260. [PMID: 29577591 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Given the limited availability of fresh osteochondral allografts and uncertainty regarding performance of decellularized allografts, this study was undertaken as part of an effort to develop an osteochondral xenograft for articular cartilage repair. The purpose was to evaluate a simple antigen removal procedure based mainly on treatment with SDS and nucleases. Histology demonstrated a preservation of collagenous structure and removal of most nuclei. Immunohistochemistry revealed the apparent retention of α-Gal within osteocyte lacunae unless the tissue underwent an additional α-galactosidase processing step. Cytoplasmic protein was completely removed as shown by Western blot. Quantitatively, the antigen removal protocol was found to extract approximately 90% of DNA from cartilage and bone, and it extracted over 80% of glycosaminoglycan from cartilage. Collagen content was not affected. Mechanical testing of cartilage and bone were performed separately, in addition to testing the cartilage-bone interface, and the main effect of antigen removal was an increase in cartilage hydraulic permeability. In vivo immunogenicity was assessed by subcutaneous implantation into DBA/1 J mice, and the response was typical of a foreign body rather than immune reaction. Thus, an osteochondral xenograft produced as described has the potential for further development into a treatment for osteochondral lesions in the human knee. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2251-2260, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Elder
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Hudson Chenault
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Paul Gloth
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Katie Webb
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Ruth Recinos
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Emily Wright
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Dalton Moran
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - James Butler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Avery Cooley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
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Matoug-Elwerfelli M, Duggal MS, Nazzal H, Esteves F, Raïf E. A biocompatible decellularized pulp scaffold for regenerative endodontics. Int Endod J 2017; 51:663-673. [PMID: 29197101 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the feasibility of decellularizing the entire dental pulp using a mild treatment protocol to develop a decellularized biological extracellular matrix scaffold for use in regenerative endodontic procedures. METHODOLOGY Decellularized human dental pulps were assessed using histological and immunohistochemical methods, scanning electron microscope and DNA quantification assay. Cytotoxicity assays to determine decellularized scaffold biocompatibility were also performed. Decellularized scaffolds were seeded with human dental pulp stem cells and cell viability assessed using Live/Dead® stain. Quantitative data were analysed statistically using Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance to compare mean values between groups depending on group numbers. RESULTS Assessment of decellularized tissues revealed an acellular matrix with preservation of native tissue histoarchitecture and composition. Decellularized tissues showed no evidence of cytotoxicity, with cell growth in direct contact with the scaffold and no reduction in cellular activity following extract incubation. Furthermore, the scaffold was able to support human dental pulp stem cell viability and attachment following recellularization. CONCLUSIONS Promising results were observed in developing a decellularized biological scaffold derived from the dental pulp with the perseveration of extracellular structural components which are required for tissue-specific regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matoug-Elwerfelli
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M S Duggal
- Discipline of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - H Nazzal
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - F Esteves
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - E Raïf
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Leonel LCPC, Miranda CMFC, Coelho TM, Ferreira GAS, Caãada RR, Miglino MA, Lobo SE. Decellularization of placentas: establishing a protocol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 51:e6382. [PMID: 29185592 PMCID: PMC5685058 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biological biomaterials for tissue engineering purposes can be produced through tissue and/or organ decellularization. The remaining extracellular matrix (ECM) must be acellular and preserve its proteins and physical features. Placentas are organs of great interest because they are discarded after birth and present large amounts of ECM. Protocols for decellularization are tissue-specific and have not been established for canine placentas yet. This study aimed at analyzing a favorable method for decellularization of maternal and fetal portions of canine placentas. Canine placentas were subjected to ten preliminary tests to analyze the efficacy of parameters such as the type of detergents, freezing temperatures and perfusion. Two protocols were chosen for further analyses using histology, scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and DNA quantification. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was the most effective detergent for cell removal. Freezing placentas before decellularization required longer periods of incubation in different detergents. Both perfusion and immersion methods were capable of removing cells. Placentas decellularized using Protocol I (1% SDS, 5 mM EDTA, 50 mM TRIS, and 0.5% antibiotic) preserved the ECM structure better, but Protocol I was less efficient to remove cells and DNA content from the ECM than Protocol II (1% SDS, 5 mM EDTA, 0.05% trypsin, and 0.5% antibiotic).
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Affiliation(s)
- L C P C Leonel
- Setor de Anatomia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - C M F C Miranda
- Setor de Anatomia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - T M Coelho
- Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - R R Caãada
- Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M A Miglino
- Setor de Anatomia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - S E Lobo
- Setor de Anatomia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Schneider C, Lehmann J, van Osch GJVM, Hildner F, Teuschl A, Monforte X, Miosga D, Heimel P, Priglinger E, Redl H, Wolbank S, Nürnberger S. Systematic Comparison of Protocols for the Preparation of Human Articular Cartilage for Use as Scaffold Material in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 22:1095-1107. [PMID: 27846786 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural extracellular matrix-derived biomaterials from decellularized allogenic tissues are of increasing interest for tissue engineering because their structure and composition provide a complexity that is not achievable with current manufacturing techniques. The prerequisite to bring allogenic tissue from bench to bedside as a functional biomaterial is the full removal of cells while preserving most of its native characteristics such as structure and composition. The exceptionally dense structure of articular cartilage, however, poses a special challenge for decellularization, scaffold preparation, and reseeding. Therefore, we tested 24 different protocols aiming to remove cells and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) while preserving the collagen backbone and ultrastructure. The resulting matrices were analyzed for cell removal (DNA quantification, haematoxylin and eosin staining), GAG content (dimethyl methylene blue assay, Alcian blue staining and micro-computed tomography), collagen integrity (immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure), and biomechanics (compression test). Furthermore, seeding tests were conducted to evaluate cell viability and attachment to the scaffolds. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-based protocols yielded satisfactory reduction of DNA content, yet had negative effects on cell viability and attachment. Hydrochloric acid efficiently decellularized the scaffold and pepsin emerged as best option for GAG depletion. Combining these two reagents led to our final protocol, most efficient in DNA and GAG depletion while preserving the collagen architecture. The compressive modulus decreased in the absence of GAG to ∼1/3 of native cartilage, which is significantly higher than that by commercially available scaffolds tested as a reference (ranging from 1/25 to 1/100 of native cartilage). Cytocompatibility tests showed that human adipose-derived stromal cells readily adhered to the scaffold. In this study, we established a protocol combining freeze-thaw cycles, osmotic shock, and treatment with hydrochloric acid followed by a pepsin digestion step, achieving successful decellularization and GAG depletion within 1 week, resulting in a cytocompatible material with intact collagen structure. The protocol provides a basis for the generation of allogeneic scaffolds, potentially substituting manufactured scaffolds currently used in clinical articular cartilage treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Schneider
- 1 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria .,2 Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- 3 Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- 4 Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Hildner
- 2 Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria .,5 Red Cross Blood Transfusion Center of Upper Austria , Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Teuschl
- 2 Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria .,6 Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien , Vienna, Austria
| | - Xavier Monforte
- 6 Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien , Vienna, Austria
| | - David Miosga
- 7 Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Heimel
- 1 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria .,2 Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria .,8 Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, School of Dentistry Medical University of Vienna , Austria
| | - Eleni Priglinger
- 1 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria .,2 Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- 1 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria .,2 Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Suanne Wolbank
- 1 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria .,2 Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Nürnberger
- 1 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria .,2 Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria .,7 Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University, Vienna, Austria .,9 Bernhard Gottlieb University Clinic of Dentistry , Vienna, Austria .,10 School of Dentistry Medical University of Vienna , Competence Center for Morphology, Vienna, Austria
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48
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The Challenge in Using Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Recellularization of Decellularized Cartilage. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:50-67. [PMID: 27826794 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Some decellularized musculoskeletal extracellular matrices (ECM)s derived from tissues such as bone, tendon and fibrocartilaginous meniscus have already been clinical use for tissue reconstruction. Repair of articular cartilage with its unique zonal ECM architecture and composition is still an unsolved problem, and the question is whether allogenic or xenogeneic decellularized cartilage ECM could serve as a biomimetic scaffold for this purpose.Hence, this survey outlines the present state of preparing decellularized cartilage ECM-derived scaffolds or composites for reconstruction of different cartilage types and of reseeding it particularly with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs).The preparation of natural decellularized cartilage ECM scaffolds hampers from the high density of the cartilage ECM and lacking interconnectivity of the rather small natural pores within it: the chondrocytes lacunae. Nevertheless, the reseeding of decellularized ECM scaffolds before implantation provided superior results compared with simply implanting cell-free constructs in several other tissues, but cartilage recellularization remains still challenging. Induced by cartilage ECM-derived scaffolds MSCs underwent chondrogenesis.Major problems to be addressed for the application of cell-free cartilage were discussed such as to maintain ECM structure, natural chemistry, biomechanics and to achieve a homogenous and stable cell recolonization, promote chondrogenic and prevent terminal differentiation (hypertrophy) and induce the deposition of a novel functional ECM. Some promising approaches were proposed including further processing of the decellularized ECM before recellularization of the ECM with MSCs, co-culturing of MSCs with chondrocytes and establishing bioreactor culture e.g. with mechanostimulation, flow perfusion pressure and lowered oxygen tension. Graphical Abstract Synopsis of tissue engineering approaches based on cartilage-derived ECM.
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Ghassemi T, Saghatolslami N, Matin MM, Gheshlaghi R, Moradi A. CNT-decellularized cartilage hybrids for tissue engineering applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 12:065008. [PMID: 28777076 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa8435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An optimized scaffold with adaptable architectural and biochemical properties is a goal for articular cartilage (AC) repair. A mechanically enhanced decellularized AC can be an optimistic ECM-derived scaffold. In this study, reinforced decellularized bovine AC was evaluated as a potential scaffold for cartilage repair applications. Individually dispersed single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were incorporated into chemically decellularized bovine AC samples. The mechanical and thermodynamic properties as well as the biocompatibility of the samples were evaluated by a compressive test, SEM, AFM, FTIR, TGA, DSC and a resazurin test. The Young's modulus of the CNT-incorporated samples (0.67 ± 0.09 MPa) was significantly higher compared to the decellularized ones (0.43 ± 0.06 MPa) (P = 0.001). A higher cell proliferation in the resazurin reduction test after 7 days in culture with human-adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) (P < 0.001) was reconfirmed with SEM. FTIR, TGA and DSC confirmed the higher stability when CNT was incorporated into the decellularized AC samples. Our findings indicate that the incorporation of CNTs can substantially enhance the mechanical properties of decellularized AC while retaining its biocompatibility, hence suggesting CNT-incorporated decellularized AC as potential scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toktam Ghassemi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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50
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Chen Y, Chen J, Zhang Z, Lou K, Zhang Q, Wang S, Ni J, Liu W, Fan S, Lin X. Current advances in the development of natural meniscus scaffolds: innovative approaches to decellularization and recellularization. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:41-52. [PMID: 28364144 PMCID: PMC5610206 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing rate of injuries to the meniscus indicates the urgent need to develop effective repair strategies. Irreparably damaged menisci can be replaced and meniscus allografts represent the treatment of choice; however, they have several limitations, including availability and compatibility. Another approach is the use of artificial implants but their chondroprotective activities are still not proved clinically. In this situation, tissue engineering offers alternative natural decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds, which have shown biomechanical properties comparable to those of native menisci and are characterized by low immunogenicity and promising regenerative potential. In this article, we present an overview of meniscus decellularization methods and discuss their relative merits. In addition, we comparatively evaluate cell types used to repopulate decellularized scaffolds and analyze the biocompatibility of the existing experimental models. At present, acellular ECM hydrogels, as well as slices and powders, have been explored, which seems to be promising for partial meniscus regeneration. However, their inferior biomechanical properties (compressive and tensile stiffness) compared to natural menisci should be improved. Although an optimal decellularized meniscus scaffold still needs to be developed and thoroughly validated for its regenerative potential in vivo, we believe that decellularized ECM scaffolds are the future biomaterials for successful structural and functional replacement of menisci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kangliang Lou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shengyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinhu Ni
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenyue Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shunwu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xianfeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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