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Zhu X, Wang C, Bai H, Zhang J, Wang Z, Li Z, Zhao X, Wang J, Liu H. Functionalization of biomimetic mineralized collagen for bone tissue engineering. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100660. [PMID: 37214545 PMCID: PMC10199226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineralized collagen (MC) is the basic unit of bone structure and function and is the main component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in bone tissue. In the biomimetic method, MC with different nanostructures of neo-bone have been constructed. Among these, extra-fibrous MC has been approved by regulatory agencies and applied in clinical practice to play an active role in bone defect repair. However, in the complex microenvironment of bone defects, such as in blood supply disorders and infections, MC is unable to effectively perform its pro-osteogenic activities and needs to be functionalized to include osteogenesis and the enhancement of angiogenesis, anti-infection, and immunomodulation. This article aimed to discuss the preparation and biological performance of MC with different nanostructures in detail, and summarize its functionalization strategy. Then we describe the recent advances in the osteo-inductive properties and multifunctional coordination of MC. Finally, the latest research progress of functionalized biomimetic MC, along with the development challenges and future trends, are discussed. This paper provides a theoretical basis and advanced design philosophy for bone tissue engineering in different bone microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruct Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Haotian Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Zhonghan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Zuhao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 4110 Yatai Street, Changchun, 130041, PR China
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Abraham S, Sanjay G, Majiyd NA, Chinnaiah A. Encapsulated VEGF 121-PLA microparticles promote angiogenesis in human endometrium stromal cells. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:23. [PMID: 33523322 PMCID: PMC7851192 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background In this study, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 121 expressed abundantly in endometrial stromal cells is encapsulated with poly-l-lactide and characterized the properties for endometrial angiogenesis. We studied the migration, proliferation and the protein levels of human immortalized endometrium stromal cells after treating the cells with recombinant Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (200 and 500 nanogram), and poly-l-lactide loaded Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 121 (day 1, 20 and 30). The present study explains endometrium angiogenesis because endometrium plays an important role in pregnancy. Results Migration and proliferation studies in endometrium cells proved the efficiency of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and poly-l-lactide loaded Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 121. This proliferated and increased the migration of the cells in vitro and also activated the Protein kinase B, Phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Beta, α-Smooth muscle actin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 pathways. Western blot analysis showed the increased expression levels of kinases, smooth muscle actin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 after the treatment with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and poly-l-lactide loaded Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 121 particles in comparison to the control group. The elevated levels of α-Smooth muscle actin in endometrium cells with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor prove the regulation of angiogenesis in vitro. Conclusion Endometrium thickness is one of the important factors during implantation of embryo and pregnancy. Slow release of VEGF from PLA encapsulated microparticle further controls the endothelial cell proliferation and migration and helps in the promotion of angiogenesis. The combined effect studied in vitro could be used as a pro-angiogenic drug on further in vivo confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Abraham
- Department of Animal Behavior & Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, India
| | - Geetha Sanjay
- Innov4Sight Health and Biomedical Systems Pvt. Ltd. Biologics Lab- # EGF11, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Bangalore Helix Biotech Park, Electronics City Phase 1, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560100, India
| | - Noushin Abdul Majiyd
- CRAFT Hospital and Research Centre, Centre for Excellence in Infertility Treatment, Kodungalur P O, Thrissur, Kerala, 680664, India
| | - Amutha Chinnaiah
- Department of Animal Behavior & Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, India.
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Combined Delivery of Two Different Bioactive Factors Incorporated in Hydroxyapatite Microcarrier for Bone Regeneration. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:607-624. [PMID: 32803541 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The delivery of growth factors using a carrier system presents a promising and innovative tool in tissue engineering and dentistry today. Two of the foremost bioactive factors, bone morphogenetic protein-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are widely applied using a ceramic scaffold. The aim of this study was to determine the use of hydroxyapatite microcarrier (MC) for dual delivery of osteogenic and angiogenic factors to accelerate hard tissue regeneration during the regenerative process. METHODS Two MCs of different sizes were fabricated by emulsification of gelatin and alpha-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP). The experimental group was divided based on the combination of MC size and growth factors. For investigating the in vitro properties, rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) were harvested from bone marrow of the femur and tibia. For in vivo experiments, MC with/without growth factors was applied into the standardized, 5-mm diameter defects, which were made bilaterally on the parietal bone of the rat. The animals were allowed to heal for 8 weeks, and samples were harvested and analyzed by micro-computed tomography and histology. RESULTS Improved proliferation of rat mesenchymal stem cells was observed with VEGF loaded MC. For osteogenic differentiation, dual growth factors delivered by MC showed higher osteogenic gene expression, alkaline phosphatse production and calcium deposition. The in vivo results revealed statistically significant increase in new bone formation when dual growth factors were delivered by MC. Dual growth factors administered on a calcium phosphate matrix showed significantly enhanced osteogenic potential. CONCLUSION We propose this system has potential clinical utility in providing solutions for craniofacial bone defects, with the added benefit of early availability.
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Jafari S, Hosseini Salekdeh SS, Solouk A, Yousefzadeh M. Electrospun polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanofibrous conduit for biomedical application. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Jafari
- Biomedical Engineering DepartmentAmirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic) Tehran Iran
| | | | - Atefeh Solouk
- Biomedical Engineering DepartmentAmirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic) Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Yousefzadeh
- Textile Engineering DepartmentAmirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
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Walsh DP, Raftery RM, Chen G, Heise A, O'Brien FJ, Cryan SA. Rapid healing of a critical-sized bone defect using a collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffold to facilitate low dose, combinatorial growth factor delivery. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1843-1853. [PMID: 31306563 DOI: 10.1002/term.2934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The healing of large, critically sized bone defects remains an unmet clinical need in modern orthopaedic medicine. The tissue engineering field is increasingly using biomaterial scaffolds as 3D templates to guide the regenerative process, which can be further augmented via the incorporation of recombinant growth factors. Typically, this necessitates supraphysiological doses of growth factor to facilitate an adequate therapeutic response. Herein, we describe a cell-free, biomaterial implant which is functionalised with a low dose, combinatorial growth factor therapy that is capable of rapidly regenerating vascularised bone tissue within a critical-sized rodent calvarial defect. Specifically, we demonstrate that the dual delivery of the growth factors bone morphogenetic protein-2 (osteogenic) and vascular endothelial growth factor (angiogenic) at a low dose (5 μg/scaffold) on an osteoconductive collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffold is highly effective in healing these critical-sized bone defects. The high affinity between the hydroxyapatite component of this biomimetic scaffold and the growth factors functions to sequester them locally at the defect site. Using this growth factor-loaded scaffold, we show complete bridging of a critical-sized calvarial defect in all specimens at a very early time point of 4 weeks, with a 28-fold increase in new bone volume and seven-fold increase in new bone area compared with a growth factor-free scaffold. Overall, this study demonstrates that a collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffold can be used to locally harness the synergistic relationship between osteogenic and angiogenic growth factors to rapidly regenerate bone tissue without the need for more complex controlled delivery vehicles or high total growth factor doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Walsh
- Drug Delivery and Advanced Materials Team, School of Pharmacy, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI, TCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rosanne M Raftery
- Drug Delivery and Advanced Materials Team, School of Pharmacy, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI, TCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Microsurgical Research and Training Facility (MRTF), RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreas Heise
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI, TCD, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin and National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Drug Delivery and Advanced Materials Team, School of Pharmacy, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI, TCD, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin and National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- Drug Delivery and Advanced Materials Team, School of Pharmacy, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI, TCD, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI, Dublin and National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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França CM, Thrivikraman G, Athirasala A, Tahayeri A, Gower LB, Bertassoni LE. The influence of osteopontin-guided collagen intrafibrillar mineralization on pericyte differentiation and vascularization of engineered bone scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:1522-1532. [PMID: 30267638 PMCID: PMC6440878 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetically mineralized collagen scaffolds are promising for bone regeneration, but vascularization of these materials remains to be addressed. Here, we engineered mineralized scaffolds using an osteopontin-guided polymer-induced liquid-precursor mineralization method to recapitulate bone's mineralized nanostructure. SEM images of mineralized samples confirmed the presence of collagen with intrafibrillar mineral, also EDS spectra and FTIR showed high peaks of calcium and phosphate, with a similar mineral/matrix ratio to native bone. Mineralization increased collagen compressive modulus up to 15-fold. To evaluate vasculature formation and pericyte-like differentiation, HUVECs and hMSCs were seeded in a 4:1 ratio in the scaffolds for 7 days. Moreover, we used RT-PCR to investigate the gene expression of pericyte markers ACTA2, desmin, CD13, NG2, and PDGFRβ. Confocal images showed that both nonmineralized and mineralized scaffolds enabled endothelial capillary network formation. However, vessels in the nonmineralized samples had longer vessel length, a larger number of junctions, and a higher presence of αSMA+ mural cells. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the downregulation of pericytic markers in mineralized samples. In conclusion, although both scaffolds enabled endothelial capillary network formation, mineralized scaffolds presented less pericyte-supported vessels. These observations suggest that specific scaffold characteristics may be required for efficient scaffold vascularization in future bone tissue engineering strategies. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1522-1532, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane M. França
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Greeshma Thrivikraman
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Avathamsa Athirasala
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anthony Tahayeri
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Laurie B. Gower
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Luiz E. Bertassoni
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Li B, Ruan C, Ma Y, Huang Z, Huang Z, Zhou G, Zhang J, Wang H, Wu Z, Qiu G. Fabrication of Vascularized Bone Flaps with Sustained Release of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 and Arteriovenous Bundle. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1413-1422. [PMID: 29676206 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fourth Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changshun Ruan
- Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute Biomedical and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yufei Ma
- Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute Biomedical and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fourth Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenfei Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Bone and Joint Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Time-Resolved Study of Nanomorphology and Nanomechanic Change of Early-Stage Mineralized Electrospun Poly(lactic acid) Fiber by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Raman Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7080223. [PMID: 28817096 PMCID: PMC5575705 DOI: 10.3390/nano7080223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to reveal the early-stage change of nanomorphology and nanomechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibers in a time-resolved manner during the mineralization process. Electrospun PLA nanofibers were soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) for different periods of time (0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 21 days) at 10 °C, much lower than the conventional 37 °C, to simulate the slow biomineralization process. Time-resolved Raman spectroscopy analysis can confirm that apatites were deposited on PLA nanofibers after 21 days of mineralization. However, there is no significant signal change among several Raman spectra before 21 days. SEM images can reveal the mineral deposit on PLA nanofibers during the process of mineralization. In this work, for the first time, time-resolved AFM was used to monitor early-stage nanomorphology and nanomechanical changes of PLA nanofibers. The Surface Roughness and Young’s Modulus of the PLA nanofiber quantitatively increased with the time of mineralization. The electrospun PLA nanofibers with delicate porous structure could mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) and serve as a model to study the early-stage mineralization. Tested by the mode of PLA nanofibers, we demonstrated that AFM technique could be developed as a potential diagnostic tool to monitor the early onset of pathologic mineralization of soft tissues.
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Möller-Siegert J, Parmentier J, Laquerrière P, Ouadi A, Raisslé O, Jallot E, Nedelec JM, Vix-Guterl C, Anselme K. Physicochemical regulation of TGF and VEGF delivery from mesoporous calcium phosphate bone substitutes. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:1835-1850. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Determination of the physicochemical parameters governing growth factors (GFs) adsorption and release from mesoporous calcium phosphate ceramics. Materials & methods: Six mesoporous calcium phosphate ceramics prepared by soft and hard templating were loaded with two different physiological concentrations of TGF-β1 or VEGF165 and their in vitro kinetics of adsorption/release were studied. Results: This low GF loading promotes adsorption on the highest binding sites. The usually encountered detrimental burst release is thus considerably reduced for samples prepared by hard-templating method. Conclusion: Our findings highlight that the strong affinity of GFs with the ceramic surfaces, demonstrated by a slow GFs release, is enhanced by the large surface area, confinement into mesopores of ceramics and high difference of surface charge between ceramic surfaces and GFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Möller-Siegert
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute Alsace, UMR CNRS 7361, F-68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Julien Parmentier
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute Alsace, UMR CNRS 7361, F-68057 Mulhouse, France
| | | | - Ali Ouadi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Raisslé
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Edouard Jallot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marie Nedelec
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cathie Vix-Guterl
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute Alsace, UMR CNRS 7361, F-68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Karine Anselme
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute Alsace, UMR CNRS 7361, F-68057 Mulhouse, France
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Li Y, Li X, Zhao R, Wang C, Qiu F, Sun B, Ji H, Qiu J, Wang C. Enhanced adhesion and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells on conductive PANI-PCL fiber scaffold by electrical stimulation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 72:106-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bayrak ES, Akar B, Somo SI, Lu C, Xiao N, Brey EM, Cinar A. Computational Model-Based Analysis of Strategies to Enhance Scaffold Vascularization. Biores Open Access 2016; 5:342-355. [PMID: 27965914 PMCID: PMC5144865 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2016.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable and extensive blood vessel networks are required for cell function and survival in engineered tissues. A number of different strategies are currently being investigated to enhance biomaterial vascularization with screening primarily through extensive in vitro and in vivo experiments. In this article, we describe an agent-based model (ABM) developed to evaluate various strategies in silico, including design of optimal biomaterial structure, delivery of angiogenic factors, and application of prevascularized biomaterials. The model predictions are evaluated using experimental data. The ABM developed provides insight into different strategies currently applied for scaffold vascularization and will enable researchers to rapidly screen new hypotheses and explore alternative strategies for enhancing vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Seyma Bayrak
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Banu Akar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sami I Somo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chenlin Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nan Xiao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eric M Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ali Cinar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois.; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
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Kaplan O, Zárubová J, Mikulová B, Filová E, Bártová J, Bačáková L, Brynda E. Enhanced Mitogenic Activity of Recombinant Human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor VEGF121 Expressed in E. coli Origami B (DE3) with Molecular Chaperones. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163697. [PMID: 27716773 PMCID: PMC5055331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the production of a highly-active mutant VEGF variant, α2-PI1-8-VEGF121, which contains a substrate sequence for factor XIIIa at the aminoterminus designed for incorporation into a fibrin gel. The α2-PI1-8-VEGF121 gene was synthesized, cloned into a pET-32a(+) vector and expressed in Escherichia coli Origami B (DE3) host cells. To increase the protein folding and the solubility, the resulting thioredoxin-α2-PI1-8-VEGF121 fusion protein was co-expressed with recombinant molecular chaperones GroES/EL encoded by independent plasmid pGro7. The fusion protein was purified from the soluble fraction of cytoplasmic proteins using affinity chromatography. After cleavage of the thioredoxin fusion part with thrombin, the target protein was purified by a second round of affinity chromatography. The yield of purified α2-PI1-8-VEGF121 was 1.4 mg per liter of the cell culture. The α2-PI1-8-VEGF121 expressed in this work increased the proliferation of endothelial cells 3.9-8.7 times in comparison with commercially-available recombinant VEGF121. This very high mitogenic activity may be caused by co-expression of the growth factor with molecular chaperones not previously used in VEGF production. At the same time, α2-PI1-8-VEGF121 did not elicit considerable inflammatory activation of human endothelial HUVEC cells and human monocyte-like THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Kaplan
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-162 06, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Jana Zárubová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Mikulová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 40, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Filová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Bártová
- School of Dental Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague, CZ-128 08, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bačáková
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Brynda
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-162 06, Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Liu Q, Huang J, Shao H, Song L, Zhang Y. Dual-factor loaded functional silk fibroin scaffolds for peripheral nerve regeneration with the aid of neovascularization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22054h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-factor loaded functional silk fibroin scaffolds enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration with the aid of neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Huang
- Department of Urology
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- P. R. China
| | - Huili Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- P. R. China
| | - Lujie Song
- Department of Urology
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- P. R. China
| | - Yaopeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- P. R. China
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14
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Loth R, Loth T, Schwabe K, Bernhardt R, Schulz-Siegmund M, Hacker MC. Highly adjustable biomaterial networks from three-armed biodegradable macromers. Acta Biomater 2015; 26:82-96. [PMID: 26277378 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible material platforms with adjustable properties and option for chemical modification are warranted for site-specific biomedical applications. To this end, three-armed biodegradable macromers of well-defined chemical characteristics were prepared from trivalent alcohols with different degrees of ethoxylation and different lengths of oligoester domains. A platform of 15 different macromers was established. The macromers were designed to exhibit different hydrophilicities and molecular weights and contained various types of oligoesters such as d,l-lactide, l-lactide and ε-caprolactone. Macromers chemical composition was determined and molecular weights ranged from 900 to 3000 Da. Thermally induced cross-linking of methacrylated macromers was monitored by oscillation rheology. A novel variant of the solid lipid templating technique was established to fabricate macroporous tissue engineering scaffolds from these macromers. Scaffold properties were thoroughly investigated regarding mechanical properties, compositional analysis including methacrylic double bond conversion, microstructure and porosity. Material properties could be controlled by macromer chemistry. By variation of the fabrication procedure and processing parameters scaffold porosity was increased up to 88%. Basic cytocompatibility was assessed including indirect and direct contact methods. The established macromers hold promise for various biomedical purposes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Specific biomedical applications require tailored biomaterials with defined properties. We established a macromer platform for preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds with adjustable chemical and mechanical characteristics. Macromers were composed of trivalent core alcohols with different degrees of ethoxylation to which biodegradable domains - lactide or ε-caprolactone - were oligomerized before final methacrylation. The solid lipid templating technique was adapted to fabricate macroporous scaffolds with controlled pore structure and porosity from the developed macromers, which can also be processed by solid freeform fabrication techniques. The material platform relies on clinically established chemistries of the biodegradable domains and the macromer concept enables the fabrication of networks in which cross-polymerization kinetics, mechanical properties and surface hydrophobicity is predefined by macromer chemistry. Cytocompatibility was confirmed by indirect and direct cell contact experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Loth
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Tina Loth
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Katharina Schwabe
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Ricardo Bernhardt
- Max-Bergmann-Center of Biomaterials, Dresden, University of Technology, Budapester Str. 27, D-01062 Dresden, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Michaela Schulz-Siegmund
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael C Hacker
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany.
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15
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Díaz-Rodríguez P, Gómez-Amoza JL, Landin M. The synergistic effect of VEGF and biomorphic silicon carbides topography on
in vivo
angiogenesis and human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Biomed Mater 2015; 10:045017. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/4/045017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Min Z, Shichang Z, Chen X, Yufang Z, Changqing Z. 3D-printed dimethyloxallyl glycine delivery scaffolds to improve angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Biomater Sci 2015. [PMID: 26222039 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00132c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling processes are vital in bone tissue engineering. Normal biomaterials implanted in bone defects have issues in the sufficient formation of blood vessels, especially in the central part. Single delivery of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) to foci in previous studies did not show satisfactory results due to low loading doses, a short protein half-life and low efficiency. Development of a hypoxia-mimicking microenvironment for cells by local prolyl-4-hydroxylase inhibitor release, which can stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression, is an alternative method. The aim of this study was to design a dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG) delivering scaffold composed of mesoporous bioactive glasses and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) polymers (MPHS scaffolds), so as to investigate whether the sustained release of DMOG promotes local angiogenesis and bone healing. The morphology and microstructure of composite scaffolds were characterized. The DMOG release patterns from scaffolds loaded with different DMOG dosages were evaluated, and the effects of DMOG delivery on human bone marrow stromal cell (hBMSC) adhesion, viability, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and angiogenic-relative gene expressions with scaffolds were also investigated. In vivo studies were carried out to observe vascular formations and new bone ingrowth with DMOG-loaded scaffolds. The results showed that DMOG could be released in a sustained manner over 4 weeks from MPHS scaffolds and obviously enhance the angiogenesis and osteogenesis in the defects. Microfil perfusion showed a significantly increased formation of vessels in the defects with DMOG delivery. Furthermore, micro-CT imaging and fluorescence labeling indicated larger areas of bone formation for DMOG-loaded scaffolds. It is concluded that MPHS-DMOG scaffolds are promising for enhancing bone healing of osseous defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Min
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Clark D, Wang X, Chang S, Czajka-Jakubowska A, Clarkson BH, Liu J. VEGF promotes osteogenic differentiation of ASCs on ordered fluorapatite surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:639-45. [PMID: 24797761 PMCID: PMC4221573 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been reported to mediate both osteogenesis and angiogenesis in bone regeneration. We previously found an upregulation of VEGF in adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) when obvious mineralization occurred on a novel fluorapatite (FA)-coated surfaces. This study investigated the effect of FA and VEGF on the growth, differentiation and mineralization of (ASC) grown on ordered FA surfaces. Cells grown on FA and treated with VEGF demonstrated osteogenic differentiation as measured with ALP staining, and obvious mineralization as measured by Alizarin red staining. A combined stimulating effect of FA and VEGF was seen using both indicators. VEGF signaling pathway perturbation using a specific VEGF receptor inhibitor showed the lowest levels of ALP and Alizarin red staining, which was partially rescued when the cells were grown on FA and/or treated with the addition of VEGF. The osteogenic differentiation of ASCs stimulated by these FA surfaces as well as VEGF has been shown to be mediated through, but probably not only, the VEGF signaling pathway. The enhancement of osteogenic differentiation and mineralization supports the potential use of therapeutic VEGF and FA coatings in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Clark
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, Dental School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
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18
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Chen M, Zhou Y, Lang M. Galactosylated poly(ε-caprolactone) membrane promoted liver-specific functions of HepG2 cells in vitro. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 41:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Rossi F, van Griensven M. Polymer Functionalization as a Powerful Tool to Improve Scaffold Performances. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2043-51. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- Department of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Clinic for Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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20
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Dorj B, Won JE, Purevdorj O, Patel KD, Kim JH, Lee EJ, Kim HW. A novel therapeutic design of microporous-structured biopolymer scaffolds for drug loading and delivery. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1238-50. [PMID: 24239677 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3-D) open-channeled scaffolds of biopolymers are a promising candidate matrix for tissue engineering. When scaffolds have the capacity to deliver bioactive molecules the potential for tissue regeneration should be greatly enhanced. In order to improve drug-delivery capacity, we exploit 3-D poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds by creating microporosity within the scaffold network. Macroporous channeled PLA with a controlled pore configuration was obtained by a robotic dispensing technique. In particular, a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) bearing hydrophilic counter-anions, such as OTf and Cl, was introduced to the biopolymer solution at varying ratios. The RTIL-biopolymer slurry was homogenized by ultrasonication, and then solidified through the robotic dispensing process, during which the biopolymer and RTIL formed a bicontinuous interpenetrating network. After ethanol wash-out treatment the RTIL was completely removed to leave highly microporous open channels throughout the PLA network. The resultant pore size was observed to be a few micrometers (average 2.43 μm) and microporosity was determined to be ∼ 70%. The microporous surface was also shown to favor initial cell adhesion, stimulating cell anchorage on the microporous structure. Furthermore, in vivo tissue responses assessed in rat subcutaneous tissue revealed good tissue compatibility, with minimal inflammatory reactions, while gathering a larger population of fibroblastic cells than the non-microporous scaffolds, and even facilitating invasion of the cells within the microporous structure. The efficacy of the micropore networks generated within the 3-D scaffolds in loading and releasing therapeutic molecules was addressed using antibiotic sodium ampicillin and protein cytochrome C as model drugs. The microporous scaffolds exhibited significantly enhanced drug loading capacity: 4-5 times increase in ampicillin and 9-10 times increase in cytochrome C compared to the non-microporous scaffolds. The release of ampicillin loaded within the microporous scaffolds was initially fast (∼ 85% for 1 week), and was then slowed down, showing a continual release up to a month. On the other hand, cytochrome C was shown to release in a highly sustainable manner over a month, without showing an initial burst release effect. This study provides a novel insight into the generation of 3-D biopolymer scaffolds with high performance in loading and delivery of biomolecules, facilitated by the creation of microporous channels through the scaffold network. The capacity to support tissue cells while in situ delivering drug molecules makes the current scaffolds potentially useful for therapeutic tissue engineering.
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21
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Wu C, Zhou Y, Chang J, Xiao Y. Delivery of dimethyloxallyl glycine in mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds to improve angiogenesis and osteogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:9159-68. [PMID: 23811216 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of hypoxia-mimicking bone tissue engineering scaffolds is of great importance in stimulating angiogenesis for bone regeneration. Dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG) is a cell-permeable, competitive inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH), which can stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression. The aim of this study was to develop hypoxia-mimicking scaffolds by delivering DMOG in mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) scaffolds and to investigate whether the delivery of DMOG could induce a hypoxic microenvironment for human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). MBG scaffolds with varied mesoporous structures (e.g. surface area and mesopore volume) were prepared by controlling the contents of mesopore-template agent. The composition, large-pore microstructure and mesoporous properties of MBG scaffolds were characterized. The effect of mesoporous properties on the loading and release of DMOG in MBG scaffolds was investigated. The effects of DMOG delivery on the cell morphology, cell viability, HIF-1α stabilization, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and bone-related gene expression (alkaline phosphatase, ALP; osteocalcin, OCN; and osteopontin, OPN) of hBMSC in MBG scaffolds were systematically investigated. The results showed that the loading and release of DMOG in MBG scaffolds can be efficiently controlled by regulating their mesoporous properties via the addition of different contents of mesopore-template agent. DMOG delivery in MBG scaffolds had no cytotoxic effect on the viability of hBMSC. DMOG delivery significantly induced HIF-1α stabilization, VEGF secretion and bone-related gene expression of hBMSC in MBG scaffolds in which DMOG counteracted the effect of HIF-PH and stabilized HIF-1α expression under normoxic condition. Furthermore, it was found that MBG scaffolds with slow DMOG release significantly enhanced the expression of bone-related genes more than those with instant DMOG release. The results suggest that the controllable delivery of DMOG in MBG scaffolds can mimic a hypoxic microenvironment, which not only improves the angiogenic capacity of hBMSC, but also enhances their osteogenic differentiation.
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22
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A PLG/HAp composite scaffold for lentivirus delivery. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5431-8. [PMID: 23602363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene delivery from tissue engineering scaffolds provides the opportunity to control the microenvironment by inducing expression of regenerative factors. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles can bind lentivirus, and we investigated the incorporation of HAp into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) scaffolds in order to retain lentivirus added to the scaffold. PLG/HAp scaffolds loaded with lentivirus enhanced transgene expression over 10-fold in vitro relative to scaffolds without HAp. Following in vivo implantation, PLG/HAp scaffolds promoted transgene expression for more than 100 days, with the level and duration enhanced relative to control scaffolds with lentivirus/HAp complexes added to PLG scaffolds. The extent of HAp incorporated into the scaffold influenced transgene expression, in part through its impact on porous architecture. Expression in vivo was localized to PLG/HAp scaffolds, with macrophages the primary cell type transduced at day 3, yet transduction of neutrophils and dendritic cells was also observed. At day 21 in PLG/HAp scaffolds, non-immune cells were transduced to a greater extent than immune cells, a trend that was opposite results from PLG scaffolds. Thus, in addition to retaining the virus, PLG/HAp influenced cell infiltration and preferentially transduced non-immune cells.
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