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Genova T, Chinigò G, Munaron L, Rivolo P, Luganini A, Gribaudo G, Cavagnetto D, Mandracci P, Mussano F. Bacterial and Cellular Response to Yellow-Shaded Surface Modifications for Dental Implant Abutments. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111718. [PMID: 36421732 PMCID: PMC9687512 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental implants have dramatically changed the rehabilitation procedures in dental prostheses but are hindered by the possible onset of peri-implantitis. This paper aims to assess whether an anodization process applied to clinically used surfaces could enhance the adhesion of fibroblasts and reduce bacterial adhesion using as a reference the untreated machined surface. To this purpose, four different surfaces were prepared: (i) machined (MAC), (ii) machined and anodized (Y-MAC), (iii) anodized after sand-blasting and acid etching treatment (Y-SL), and (iv) anodized after double acid etching (Y-DM). All specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Moreover, the mean contact angle in both water and diiodomethane as well as surface free energy calculation was assessed. To evaluate changes in terms of biological responses, we investigated the adhesion of Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), fetal bovine serum (FBS) adsorption, and the early response of fibroblasts in terms of cell adhesion and viability. We found that the anodization reduced bacterial adhesion, while roughened surfaces outperformed the machined ones for protein adsorption, fibroblast adhesion, and viability independently of the treatment. It can be concluded that surface modification techniques such as anodization are valuable options to enhance the performance of dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullio Genova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgia Chinigò
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Rivolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Materials and Microsoystems Laboratory (ChiLab), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Luganini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gribaudo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Cavagnetto
- Department of Surgical Sciences, CIR Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Pietro Mandracci
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Materials and Microsoystems Laboratory (ChiLab), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Mussano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, CIR Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Dib-Zaitum I, Guadilla-González Y, Flores-Fraile J, Dib-Zakkour J, Benito-Garzón L, Montero J. Effect Morphology and Surface Treatment of the Abutments of Dental Implants on the Dimension and Health of Peri-Implant Biological Space. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134422. [PMID: 35806548 PMCID: PMC9267537 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Statement of the problem: The gingival configuration around implant abutments is of paramount importance for preserving the underlying marginal bone, and hence for the long-term success of dental implants. Objective: The objective was to study, clinically and histologically, the effects of the change in the morphology of abutments connected to the endosseous implant, and of their surface treatment. In particular, the objective was to ascertain the effect of changing the shape of the transepithelial pillar and the treatment of its surface on the dimensions, quality and health of the components of the peri-implant biological space, such as the dimensions of the epithelial and connective tissues of the biological space, the concentration of inflammatory cells and the density of collagen fibers. Methods: A clinical trial of 10 patients with a totally edentulous maxilla, who had four implants (IPX4010_GALIMPLANT®, Sarria, Spain) inserted in the area of the first and second molars on both sides with computer-guided implant surgery, was conducted with the final purpose of assessing the quality of the peri-implant soft tissue attachment around the transepithelial abutments which were employed (aesthetic machined (RM), aesthetic anodized (RA), slim machined (SM) and slim anodized (SA)). At 8 weeks and following the collection of the samples (removal of the implant-abutment assembly with its surrounding hard and soft tissue) and their processing for subsequent histological and histomorphometric analysis in order to study the dimensions, quality and health of the peri-implant soft tissue area, the variables previously mentioned were determined according to the aims of the study. By using appropriate diameter trephine in order to obtain a useful fringe of soft tissue around the transepithelial pillars, ANOVA and chi-square tests were performed. Results: The SPSS statistical analysis ANOVA results revealed that the machined slim abutments have a better performance considering the variables analyzed with epithelial and connective attachment heights of 1.52 mm and 2.3 mm, respectively, and that connective density (density of collagen fibers) was high at 85.7% of the sample size affected by the design for the slim abutments and 92.9% of the high-density sample size affected by the surface treatment for the machined surface. Conclusions: All variables studied, despite the small sample size, showed the superiority of the slim machined abutment among the four groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Dib-Zaitum
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (I.D.-Z.); (Y.G.-G.); (J.D.-Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Yasmina Guadilla-González
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (I.D.-Z.); (Y.G.-G.); (J.D.-Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Javier Flores-Fraile
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (I.D.-Z.); (Y.G.-G.); (J.D.-Z.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Dib-Zakkour
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (I.D.-Z.); (Y.G.-G.); (J.D.-Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Lorena Benito-Garzón
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Javier Montero
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (I.D.-Z.); (Y.G.-G.); (J.D.-Z.); (J.M.)
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Haugen HJ, Chen H. Is There a Better Biomaterial for Dental Implants than Titanium?—A Review and Meta-Study Analysis. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13020046. [PMID: 35645254 PMCID: PMC9149859 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on preclinical studies and reviews the available evidence from the literature on dental implant and abutment materials in the last decade. Specifically, different peri-implantitis materials and how surface modifications may affect the peri-implant soft-tissue seal and subsequently delay or hinder peri-implantitis are examined. This review analyzed more than 30 studies that were Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), Controlled Clinical Trials (CCTs), or prospective case series (CS) with at least six months of follow-up. Meta-analyses were performed to make a comparison between different implant materials (titanium vs. zirconia), including impact on bone changes, probing depth, plaque levels, and peri-implant mucosal inflammation, as well as how the properties of the implant material and surface modifications would affect the peri-implant soft-tissue seal and peri-implant health conditions. However, there was no clear evidence regarding whether titanium is better than other implant materials. Clinical evidence suggests no difference between different implant materials in peri-implant bone stability. The metal analysis offered a statistically significant advantage of zirconia implants over titanium regarding developing a favorable response to the alveolar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard J. Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA;
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Yan M, Hartjen P, Gosau M, Vollkommer T, Grust ALC, Fuest S, Kluwe L, Burg S, Smeets R, Henningsen A. Effects of a Novel Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment of Titanium on the Proliferation and Adhesion Behavior of Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010420. [PMID: 35008846 PMCID: PMC8745755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold plasma treatment increases the hydrophilicity of the surfaces of implants and may enhance their integration with the surrounding tissues. The implaPrep prototype device from Relyon Plasma generates cold atmospheric plasma via dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). In this study, titanium surfaces were treated with the implaPrep device for 20 s and assessed as a cell culture surface for fibroblasts. One day after seeding, significantly more cells were counted on the surfaces treated with cold plasma than on the untreated control titanium surface. Additionally, the viability assay revealed significantly higher viability on the treated surfaces. Morphological observation of the cells showed certain differences between the treated and untreated titanium surfaces. While conventional plasma devices require compressed gas, such as oxygen or argon, the implaPrep device uses atmospheric air as the gas source. It is, therefore, compact in size and simple to handle, and may provide a safe and convenient tool for treating the surfaces of dental implants, which may further improve the implantation outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-152-2690-8655; Fax: +49-407-4105-9665
| | - Philip Hartjen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Martin Gosau
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Tobias Vollkommer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Audrey Laure Céline Grust
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Sandra Fuest
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Lan Kluwe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Simon Burg
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Ralf Smeets
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Anders Henningsen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
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Orchestrating soft tissue integration at the transmucosal region of titanium implants. Acta Biomater 2021; 124:33-49. [PMID: 33444803 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osseointegration at the bone-implant interface and soft tissue integration (STI) at the trans-mucosal region are crucial for the long-term success of dental implants, especially in compromised patient conditions. The STI quality of conventional smooth and bio-inert titanium-based implants is inferior to that of natural tissue (i.e. teeth), and hence various surface modifications have been suggested. This review article compares and contrasts the various modification strategies (physical, chemical and biological) utilized to enhance STI of Ti implants. It also details the STI challenges associated with conventional Ti-based implants, current surface modification strategies and cutting-edge nano-engineering solutions. The topographical, biological and therapeutic advances achievable via electrochemically anodized Ti implants with TiO2 nanotubes/nanopores are highlighted. Finally, the status and future directions of such nano-engineered implants is discussed, with emphasis on bridging the gap between research and clinical translation.
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Dias-Netipanyj MF, Sopchenski L, Gradowski T, Elifio-Esposito S, Popat KC, Soares P. Crystallinity of TiO 2 nanotubes and its effects on fibroblast viability, adhesion, and proliferation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:94. [PMID: 33128627 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used as a biomaterial due to their mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, low elastic modulus, and excellent biocompatibility. TiO2 nanotubes have excellent bioactivity, stimulating the adhesion, proliferation of fibroblasts and adipose-derived stem cells, production of alkaline phosphatase by osteoblasts, platelets activation, growth of neural cells and adhesion, spreading, growth, and differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. In this study, we investigated the functionality of fibroblast on titania nanotube layers annealed at different temperatures. The titania nanotube layer was fabricated by potentiostatic anodization of titanium, then annealed at 300, 530, and 630 °C for 5 h. The resulting nanotube layer was characterized using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TF-XRD (Thin-film X-ray diffraction), and contact angle goniometry. Fibroblasts viability was determined by the CellTiter-Blue method and cytotoxicity by Lactate Dehydrogenase test, and the cell morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Also, cell adherence, proliferation, and morphology were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. The results indicate that the modification in nanotube crystallinity may provide a favorable surface fibroblast growth, especially on substrates annealed at 530 and 630 °C, indicating that these properties provide a favorable template for biomedical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Ferreira Dias-Netipanyj
- Graduate Program in Health Science, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Luciane Sopchenski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic School, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thatyanne Gradowski
- Graduate Program in Health Science, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Selene Elifio-Esposito
- Graduate Program in Health Science, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ketul C Popat
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Paulo Soares
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic School, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Kallas P, Kang H, Valen H, Haugen HJ, Andersson M, Hulander M. Effect of silica nano-spheres on adhesion of oral bacteria and human fibroblasts. Biomater Investig Dent 2020; 7:134-145. [PMID: 33063045 PMCID: PMC7534277 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2020.1816175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of surface nano-patterning on adhesion of an oral early commensal colonizer, Streptococcus mitis and the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and human fibroblasts (HDFa) in a laminar flow cell. METHODS Nanostructured surfaces were made by functionalizing glass substrates with 40 nm SiO2 nanoparticles. Gradients in nanoparticle surface coverage were fabricated to study the effect of nanoparticle spacing within a single experiment. Bacterial adhesion was investigated after 5 min of contact time by subjecting surfaces to a flow in a laminar flow cell. In addition, to examine the particles effect on human cells, the establishment of focal adhesion and spreading of primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) were investigated after 4 and 24 h. RESULTS Adhesion of both S. aureus and S. mitis decreased on surfaces functionalized with nanoparticles and coincided with higher nanoparticle surface coverage on the surface. Both strains were tested on three separate surfaces. The regression analysis showed that S. mitis was influenced more by surface modification than S. aureus. The establishment of focal adhesions in HDFa cells was delayed on the nanostructured part of the surfaces after both 4 and 24 h of culturing. SIGNIFICANCE In the current manuscript, we have used a flow cell to investigate the effect of nanotopographies on S. aureus and S. mitis adhesion. The present findings are of relevance for design of future implant and prostheses surfaces in order to reduce adhesion of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kallas
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hua Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Håkon Valen
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Jostein Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Hulander
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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de Souza VZ, Manfro R, Joly JC, Elias CN, Peruzzo DC, Napimoga MH, Martinez EF. Viability and collagen secretion by fibroblasts on titanium surfaces with different acid-etching protocols. Int J Implant Dent 2019; 5:41. [PMID: 31749041 PMCID: PMC6868076 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-019-0192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From the consolidation of surface treatments of dental implants and knowledge on the cellular mechanisms of osseointegration, studies have highlighted the importance of a connective tissue seal against the implant to prevent contamination from the oral environment and consequent biofilm formation. OBJECTIVE This in vitro study aimed to evaluate whether different titanium surface treatments using acid solutions promoted an increase in collagen secretion, proliferation, and viability of fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Commercially pure grade-4 titanium disks (6 × 2 mm) were treated with different acid solutions (hydrochloric, nitric, and sulfuric) for 20 and 60 min, respectively, obtaining mean surface roughness of 0.1 to 0.15 μm and 0.5 to 0.7 μm. Human fibroblasts were seeded onto different surfaces and assessed after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h for cell proliferation and viability using Trypan blue staining and MTT, respectively, as well as the secretion of type I collagen on to such surfaces using ELISA. Machined titanium surfaces were used as controls. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Fisher's LSD test for multiple comparisons, adopting a significance level of 5%. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in cell proliferation for the different surfaces analyzed. Cell viability was significantly lower on the machined surface, after 48 h, when compared to the groups treated with acid for 20 or 60 min, which did not differ from each other. The expression of type I collagen was lowest on the acid-treated surfaces. CONCLUSION The results showed that the acid treatment proposed did not promote fibroblast proliferation and viability nor favor type I collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Manfro
- Division of Implantology, SOEBRÁS, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Joly
- Division of Implantology, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Nelson Elias
- Materials Science Department, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Ferreira Martinez
- Division of Oral Biology and Cell Biology, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Rua José Rocha Junqueira, 13, Campinas, SP, 13045-755, Brazil.
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Cytocompatibility of Titanium, Zirconia and Modified PEEK after Surface Treatment Using UV Light or Non-Thermal Plasma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225596. [PMID: 31717459 PMCID: PMC6888564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of modifications have been developed in order to enhance surface cytocompatibility for prosthetic support of dental implants. Among them, ultraviolet (UV) light and non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment are promising methods. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of UV light and NTP on machined titanium, zirconia and modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK, BioHPP) surfaces in vitro. Machined samples of titanium, zirconia and BioHPP were treated by UV light and NTP of argon or oxygen for 12 min each. Non-treated disks were set as controls. A mouse fibroblast and a human gingival fibroblast cell line were used for in vitro experiments. After 2, 24 and 48 h of incubation, the attachment, viability and cytotoxicity of cells on surfaces were assessed. Results: Titanium, zirconia and BioHPP surfaces treated by UV light and oxygen plasma were more favorable to the early attachment of soft-tissue cells than non-treated surfaces, and the number of cells on those treated surfaces was significantly increased after 2, 24 and 48 h of incubation (p < 0.05). However, the effects of argon plasma treatment on the cytocompatibility of soft tissue cells varied with the type of cells and the treated material. UV light and oxygen plasma treatments may improve the attachment of fibroblast cells on machined titanium, zirconia and PEEK surfaces, that are materials for prosthetic support of dental implants.
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Blázquez-Hinarejos M, Ayuso-Montero R, Jané-Salas E, López-López J. Influence of surface modified dental implant abutments on connective tissue attachment: A systematic review. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 80:185-192. [PMID: 28456116 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine whether surface modified prosthetic abutments for dental implants influence connective tissue attachment to the implant-abutment system. DESIGN A systematic review was conducted using the MEDLINE-PubMed database, with two independent reviewers filtering the titles and abstracts. Two reviewers assessed all potentially relevant articles. An assessment was carried out on the level of evidence of the research according to the guidelines of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM). RESULTS After an initial search, 109 potentially relevant articles were found. After reading the titles and abstracts, 99 articles were excluded because the surface treatment was limited to the implant and not to the abutment, or because different materials were analysed instead of surface treatments; 28 were also duplicate articles. An additional 6 research studies were included that were of interest and were found by reading the references of the included articles. The studies included are: 7 in vitro studies, 5 experimental studies in animals, 2 clinical trials in humans and 2 clinical cases. CONCLUSION Surface modification for prosthetic abutments on dental implants can achieve connective tissue attachment to the abutment; however, more studies should be conducted in humans to obtain more and better evidence of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Blázquez-Hinarejos
- Master of Medicine, Surgery and Oral Implantology. University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Ayuso-Montero
- Prosthodontics Unit. University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), Barcelona, Spain; Oral Health and Masticatory System Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Enric Jané-Salas
- Master of Medicine, Surgery and Oral Implantology. University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), Barcelona, Spain; Oral Health and Masticatory System Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José López-López
- Oral Health and Masticatory System Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Oral Medicine Unit. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), Barcelona, Spain; Chief Medical Surgical Service. Dental Hospital. University of Barcelona
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11
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Alcazar JCB, Salas MMS, Conde MCM, Chisini LA, Demarco FF, Tarquinio SBC, Carreño NLV. Electrochemical Cathodic Polarization, a Simplified Method That Can Modified and Increase the Biological Activity of Titanium Surfaces: A Systematic Review. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155231. [PMID: 27441840 PMCID: PMC4956102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cathodic polarization seems to be an electrochemical method capable of modifying and coat biomolecules on titanium surfaces, improving the surface activity and promoting better biological responses. Objective The aim of the systematic review is to assess the scientific literature to evaluate the cellular response produced by treatment of titanium surfaces by applying the cathodic polarization technique. Data, Sources, and Selection The literature search was performed in several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Scielo and EBSCO Host, until June 2016, with no limits used. Eligibility criteria were used and quality assessment was performed following slightly modified ARRIVE and SYRCLE guidelines for cellular studies and animal research. Results Thirteen studies accomplished the inclusion criteria and were considered in the review. The quality of reporting studies in animal models was low and for the in vitro studies it was high. The in vitro and in vivo results reported that the use of cathodic polarization promoted hydride surfaces, effective deposition, and adhesion of the coated biomolecules. In the experimental groups that used the electrochemical method, cellular viability, proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, or bone growth were better or comparable with the control groups. Conclusions The use of the cathodic polarization method to modify titanium surfaces seems to be an interesting method that could produce active layers and consequently enhance cellular response, in vitro and in vivo animal model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Bernedo Alcazar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mabel Miluska Suca Salas
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Dentistry, Science Faculty of Tocantins, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Marcus Cristian Muniz Conde
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alexandre Chisini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Flávio Fernando Demarco
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Public Health, Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sandra Beatriz Chaves Tarquinio
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Neftali Lenin Villarreal Carreño
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Material Science, Post-Graduate Program in Science and Material Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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12
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Geißler S, Tiainen H, Haugen HJ. Effect of cathodic polarization on coating doxycycline on titanium surfaces. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 63:359-66. [PMID: 27040230 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathodic polarization has been reported to enhance the ability of titanium based implant materials to interact with biomolecules by forming titanium hydride at the outermost surface layer. Although this hydride layer has recently been suggested to allow the immobilization of the broad spectrum antibiotic doxycycline on titanium surfaces, the involvement of hydride in binding the biomolecule onto titanium remains poorly understood. To gain better understanding of the influence this immobilization process has on titanium surfaces, mirror-polished commercially pure titanium surfaces were cathodically polarized in the presence of doxycycline and the modified surfaces were thoroughly characterized using atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and angle-resolved X-ray spectroscopy. We demonstrated that no hydride was created during the polarization process. Doxycycline was found to be attached to an oxide layer that was modified during the electrochemical process. A bacterial assay using bioluminescent Staphylococcus epidermidis Xen43 showed the ability of the coating to reduce bacterial colonization and planktonic bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Geißler
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, PO box 1109 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanna Tiainen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, PO box 1109 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard J Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, PO box 1109 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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13
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Xing R, Witsø IL, Jugowiec D, Tiainen H, Shabestari M, Lyngstadaas SP, Lönn-Stensrud J, Haugen HJ. Antibacterial effect of doxycycline-coated dental abutment surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:055003. [PMID: 26358540 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/5/055003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation on dental abutment may lead to peri-implant mucositis and subsequent peri-implantitis. These cases are clinically treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline (Doxy). Here we used an electrochemical method of cathodic polarization to coat Doxy onto the outer surface of a dental abutment material. The Doxy-coated surface showed a burst release in phosphate-buffered saline during the first 24 h. However, a significant amount of Doxy remained on the surface for at least 2 weeks especially on a 5 mA-3 h sample with a higher Doxy amount, suggesting both an initial and a long-term bacteriostatic potential of the coated surface. Surface chemistry was analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Surface topography was evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy and blue-light profilometry. Longer polarization time from 1 h to 5 h and higher current density from 1 to 15 mA cm(-2) resulted in a higher amount of Doxy on the surface. The surface was covered by a layer of Doxy less than 100 nm without significant changes in surface topography. The antibacterial property of the Doxy-coated surface was analyzed by biofilm and planktonic growth assays using Staphylococcus epidermidis. Doxy-coated samples reduced both biofilm accumulation and planktonic growth in broth culture, and also inhibited bacterial growth on agar plates. The antibacterial effect was stronger for samples of 5 mA-3 h coated with a higher amount of Doxy compared to that of 1 mA-1 h. Accordingly, an abutment surface coated with Doxy has potential for preventing bacterial colonization when exposed to the oral cavity. Doxy-coating could be a viable way to control peri-implant mucositis and prevent its progression into peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xing
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Rieger E, Dupret-Bories A, Salou L, Metz-Boutigue MH, Layrolle P, Debry C, Lavalle P, Vrana NE. Controlled implant/soft tissue interaction by nanoscale surface modifications of 3D porous titanium implants. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:9908-9918. [PMID: 25967094 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Porous titanium implants are widely employed in the orthopaedics field to ensure good bone fixation. Recently, the use of porous titanium implants has also been investigated in artificial larynx development in a clinical setting. Such uses necessitate a better understanding of the interaction of soft tissues with porous titanium structures. Moreover, surface treatments of titanium have been generally evaluated in planar structures, while the porous titanium implants have complex 3 dimensional (3D) architectures. In this study, the determining factors for soft tissue integration of 3D porous titanium implants were investigated as a function of surface treatments via quantification of the interaction of serum proteins and cells with single titanium microbeads (300-500 μm in diameter). Samples were either acid etched or nanostructured by anodization. When the samples are used in 3D configuration (porous titanium discs of 2 mm thickness) in vivo (in subcutis of rats for 2 weeks), a better integration was observed for both anodized and acid etched samples compared to the non-treated implants. If the implants were also pre-treated with rat serum before implantation, the integration was further facilitated. In order to understand the underlying reasons for this effect, human fibroblast cell culture tests under several conditions (directly on beads, beads in suspension, beads encapsulated in gelatin hydrogels) were conducted to mimic the different interactions of cells with Ti implants in vivo. Physical characterization showed that surface treatments increased hydrophilicity, protein adsorption and roughness. Surface treatments also resulted in improved adsorption of serum albumin which in turn facilitated the adsorption of other proteins such as apolipoprotein as quantified by protein sequencing. The cellular response to the beads showed considerable difference with respect to the cell culture configuration. When the titanium microbeads were entrapped in cell-laden gelatin hydrogels, significantly more cells migrated towards the acid etched beads. In conclusion, the nanoscale surface treatment of 3D porous titanium structures can modulate in vivo integration by the accumulative effect of the surface treatment on several physical factors such as protein adsorption, surface hydrophilicity and surface roughness. The improved protein adsorption capacity of the treated implants can be further exploited by a pre-treatment with autologous serum to render the implant surface more bioactive. Titanium microbeads are a good model system to observe these effects in a 3D microenvironment and provide a better representation of cellular responses in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rieger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 1121, 11 Rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Lee DW, Kim JG, Kim MK, Ansari S, Moshaverinia A, Choi SH, Ryu JJ. Effect of laser-dimpled titanium surfaces on attachment of epithelial-like cells and fibroblasts. J Adv Prosthodont 2015; 7:138-45. [PMID: 25932312 PMCID: PMC4414944 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2015.7.2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to conduct an in vitro comparative evaluation of polished and laserdimpled titanium (Ti) surfaces to determine whether either surface has an advantage in promoting the attachment of epithelial-like cells and fibroblast to Ti. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight coin-shaped samples of commercially pure, grade 4 Ti plates were used in this study. These discs were cleaned to a surface roughness (Ra: roughness centerline average) of 180 nm by polishing and were divided into three groups: SM (n=16) had no dimples and served as the control, SM15 (n=16) had 5-µm dimples at 10-µm intervals, and SM30 (n=16) had 5-µm dimples at 25-µm intervals in a 2 × 4 mm(2) area at the center of the disc. Human gingival squamous cell carcinoma cells (YD-38) and human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) were cultured and used in cell proliferation assays, adhesion assays, immunofluorescent staining of adhesion proteins, and morphological analysis by SEM. The data were analyzed statistically to determine the significance of differences. RESULTS The adhesion strength of epithelial cells was higher on Ti surfaces with 5-µm laser dimples than on polished Ti surfaces, while the adhesion of fibroblasts was not significantly changed by laser treatment of implant surfaces. However, epithelial cells and fibroblasts around the laser dimples appeared larger and showed increased expression of adhesion proteins. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that laser dimpling may contribute to improving the periimplant soft tissue barrier. This study provided helpful information for developing the transmucosal surface of the abutment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Woon Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Kim
- Nano-Convergence Mechanical System Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Meyoung-Kon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sahar Ansari
- Division of Periodontology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alireza Moshaverinia
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Seong-Ho Choi
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Ryu
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Xing R, Lyngstadaas SP, Ellingsen JE, Taxt-Lamolle S, Haugen HJ. The influence of surface nanoroughness, texture and chemistry of TiZr implant abutment on oral biofilm accumulation. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014; 26:649-56. [PMID: 25906328 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to examine surface nanoroughness, texture and chemistry of dental implant abutment and to investigate how these parameters influence oral biofilm formation in healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight different nanorough TiZr surfaces were produced by polishing, machining, cathodic polarization and acid etching. Surface topography was examined using field emission scanning electron microscope and a blue light laser profilometer. Surface chemistry was analyzed by secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface hydrophilicity was tested by measuring contact angle on the surfaces. A human in vivo study using a splint model was employed to evaluate oral biofilm accumulation on these surfaces. RESULTS Different surface textures (flat, grooved and irregular) were created with nanoroughness from 29 to 214 nm. Some test surfaces were incorporated with hydrogen by cathodic polarization and/or acid etching with HCl/H(2)SO(4). Nanoroughness (S(a)) positively correlated with microbial adhesion. Biofilm accumulation was less pronounced on flat and grooved than on irregular surfaces. No significant association between hydrogen content or hydrophilicity of the surface and biofilm accumulation was observed. CONCLUSIONS Nanoroughness (< 214 nm) and surface texture influence oral biofilm accumulation independent of surface chemistry and hydrophilicity. Surface hydrogen, which has previously been shown to promote fibroblast growth, does not affect biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xing
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Human gingival fibroblasts function is stimulated on machined hydrided titanium zirconium dental implants. J Dent 2014; 42:30-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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