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Lipid Nanoparticle-Mediated Lymphatic Delivery of Immunostimulatory Nucleic Acids. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040490. [PMID: 33916667 PMCID: PMC8103501 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic delivery of a vaccine can be achieved using a dendritic cell (DC)-targeted delivery system that can cause DC to migrate to lymph nodes upon activation by an adjuvant. Here, we designed a mannose-modified cationic lipid nanoparticle (M-NP) to deliver the nucleic acid adjuvant, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PIC). PIC-loaded M-NP (PIC/M-NP) showed stable lipoplexes regardless of the ligand ratio and negligible cytotoxicity in bone marrow-derived DC. DC uptake of PIC/M-NP was demonstrated, and an increased mannose ligand ratio improved DC uptake efficiency. PIC/M-NP significantly promoted the maturation of bone marrow-derived DC, and local injection of PIC/M-NP to mice facilitated lymphatic delivery and activation (upon NP uptake) of DC. Our results support the potential of PIC/M-NP in delivering a nucleic acid adjuvant for the vaccination of antigens.
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Tsurubuchi T, Shirakawa M, Kurosawa W, Matsumoto K, Ubagai R, Umishio H, Suga Y, Yamazaki J, Arakawa A, Maruyama Y, Seki T, Shibui Y, Yoshida F, Zaboronok A, Suzuki M, Sakurai Y, Tanaka H, Nakai K, Ishikawa E, Matsumura A. Evaluation of a Novel Boron-Containing α-D-Mannopyranoside for BNCT. Cells 2020; 9:E1277. [PMID: 32455737 PMCID: PMC7290312 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a unique anticancer technology that has demonstrated its efficacy in numerous phase I/II clinical trials with boronophenylalanine (BPA) and sodium borocaptate (BSH) used as 10B delivery agents. However, continuous drug administration at high concentrations is needed to maintain sufficient 10B concentration within tumors. To address the issue of 10B accumulation and retention in tumor tissue, we developed MMT1242, a novel boron-containing α-d-mannopyranoside. We evaluated the uptake, intracellular distribution, and retention of MMT1242 in cultured cells and analyzed biodistribution, tumor-to-normal tissue ratio and toxicity in vivo. Fluorescence imaging using nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD)-labeled MMT1242 and inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were performed. The effectiveness of BNCT using MMT1242 was assessed in animal irradiation studies at the Kyoto University Research Reactor. MMT1242 showed a high uptake and broad intracellular distribution in vitro, longer tumor retention compared to BSH and BPA, and adequate tumor-to-normal tissue accumulation ratio and low toxicity in vivo. A neutron irradiation study with MMT1242 in a subcutaneous murine tumor model revealed a significant tumor inhibiting effect if injected 24 h before irradiation. We therefore report that 10B-MMT1242 is a candidate for further clinical BNCT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Tsurubuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (M.S.); (F.Y.); (K.N.); (E.I.); (A.M.)
| | - Makoto Shirakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (M.S.); (F.Y.); (K.N.); (E.I.); (A.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Fukuyama, 1 Sanzo, Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama 729-0292, Japan
| | - Wataru Kurosawa
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzukichō, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.K.); (K.M.); (R.U.); (H.U.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (A.A.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Kayo Matsumoto
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzukichō, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.K.); (K.M.); (R.U.); (H.U.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (A.A.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Risa Ubagai
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzukichō, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.K.); (K.M.); (R.U.); (H.U.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (A.A.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Hiroshi Umishio
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzukichō, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.K.); (K.M.); (R.U.); (H.U.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (A.A.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yasuyo Suga
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzukichō, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.K.); (K.M.); (R.U.); (H.U.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (A.A.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Junko Yamazaki
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzukichō, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.K.); (K.M.); (R.U.); (H.U.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (A.A.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Akihiro Arakawa
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzukichō, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.K.); (K.M.); (R.U.); (H.U.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (A.A.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yutaka Maruyama
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzukichō, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.K.); (K.M.); (R.U.); (H.U.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (A.A.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Takuya Seki
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzukichō, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.K.); (K.M.); (R.U.); (H.U.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (A.A.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yusuke Shibui
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzukichō, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan; (W.K.); (K.M.); (R.U.); (H.U.); (Y.S.); (J.Y.); (A.A.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Fumiyo Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (M.S.); (F.Y.); (K.N.); (E.I.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexander Zaboronok
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (M.S.); (F.Y.); (K.N.); (E.I.); (A.M.)
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Yoshinori Sakurai
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Kei Nakai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (M.S.); (F.Y.); (K.N.); (E.I.); (A.M.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Eiichi Ishikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (M.S.); (F.Y.); (K.N.); (E.I.); (A.M.)
| | - Akira Matsumura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (M.S.); (F.Y.); (K.N.); (E.I.); (A.M.)
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Dumat B, Montel L, Pinon L, Matton P, Cattiaux L, Fattaccioli J, Mallet JM. Mannose-Coated Fluorescent Lipid Microparticles for Specific Cellular Targeting and Internalization via Glycoreceptor-Induced Phagocytosis. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:5118-5126. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Dumat
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
| | - Lorraine Montel
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, Paris 75005, France
| | - Léa Pinon
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pascal Matton
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
| | - Laurent Cattiaux
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jacques Fattaccioli
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jean-Maurice Mallet
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
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Hu XL, Cai Q, Gao J, Field RA, Chen GR, Jia N, Zang Y, Li J, He XP. Self-Assembled 2D Glycoclusters for the Targeted Delivery of Theranostic Agents to Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:22181-22187. [PMID: 31150201 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a devastating disease worldwide, for which targeted imaging and therapeutic agents remain elusive. There has been growing awareness that carbohydrates are valuable as drug candidates and targeting agents for a variety of human diseases, including cancers that overexpress carbohydrate receptors on the cell surface. Here, we develop a two-dimensional (2D) glycocluster by means of simple, stepwise self-assembly for the targeted delivery of theranostic agents to TNBC cells that express mannose receptors (MRs) on the cell surface. Human serum albumin, which contains a variety of hydrophobic pockets capable of accommodating small molecules, was used to simultaneously encapsulate a mannose-based glycoprobe and a commercial photosensitizer (i.e., Ce6). The multicomponent "neoglycoprotein" formed was used to self-assemble with 2D MnO2, producing 2D glycoclusters, which could be selectively internalized by a TNBC cell line (MDA-MB-231) as facilitated by binding to the transmembrane MR. The intracellular degradation of the 2D MnO2 backbone by biothiols then released Ce6 for cell imaging and, subsequently, photodynamic therapy. This study provides insights into the development of carbohydrate-based materials for targeted, stimuli-responsive theranostics of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Le Hu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
| | - Quanyu Cai
- Department of Radiology , Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital , Shanghai 200438 , P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 189 Guo Shoujing Road , Shanghai 201203 , P. R. China
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry , John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park , Norwich NR4 7UH , U.K
| | - Guo-Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
| | - Ningyang Jia
- Department of Radiology , Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital , Shanghai 200438 , P. R. China
| | - Yi Zang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 189 Guo Shoujing Road , Shanghai 201203 , P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 189 Guo Shoujing Road , Shanghai 201203 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Peng He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
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Wang F, Xiao W, Elbahnasawy MA, Bao X, Zheng Q, Gong L, Zhou Y, Yang S, Fang A, Farag MMS, Wu J, Song X. Optimization of the Linker Length of Mannose-Cholesterol Conjugates for Enhanced mRNA Delivery to Dendritic Cells by Liposomes. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:980. [PMID: 30233368 PMCID: PMC6134263 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes (LPs) as commonly used mRNA delivery systems remain to be rationally designed and optimized to ameliorate the antigen expression of mRNA vaccine in dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we synthesized mannose-cholesterol conjugates (MPn-CHs) by click reaction using different PEG units (PEG100, PEG1000, and PEG2000) as linker molecules. MPn-CHs were fully characterized and subsequently used to prepare DC-targeting liposomes (MPn-LPs) by a thin-film dispersion method. MPn-LPs loaded with mRNA (MPn-LPX) were finally prepared by a simple self-assembly method. MPn-LPX displayed bigger diameter (about 135 nm) and lower zeta potential (about 40 mV) compared to MPn-LPs. The in vitro transfection experiment on DC2.4 cells demonstrated that the PEG length of mannose derivatives had significant effect on the expression of GFP-encoding mRNA. MP1000-LPX containing MP1000-CH can achieve the highest transfection efficiency (52.09 ± 4.85%), which was significantly superior to the commercial transfection reagent Lipo 3K (11.47 ± 2.31%). The optimal DC-targeting MP1000-LPX showed an average size of 132.93 ± 4.93 nm and zeta potential of 37.93 ± 2.95 mV with nearly spherical shape. Moreover, MP1000-LPX can protect mRNA against degradation in serum with high efficacy. The uptake study indicated that MP1000-LPX enhanced mRNA expression mainly through the over-expressing mannose receptor (CD206) on the surface of DCs. In conclusion, mannose modified LPs might be a potential DC-targeting delivery system for mRNA vaccine after rational design and deserve further study on the in vivo delivery profile and anti-tumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazhan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Geriatrics and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Geriatrics and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mostafa A Elbahnasawy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Xingting Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Geriatrics and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Geriatrics and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linhui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Geriatrics and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Geriatrics and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Geriatrics and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Geriatrics and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mohamed M S Farag
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jinhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Geriatrics and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangrong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Geriatrics and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Chen J, Chen Y, Cheng Y, Gao Y. Glycyrrhetinic Acid Liposomes Containing Mannose-Diester Lauric Diacid-Cholesterol Conjugate Synthesized by Lipase-Catalytic Acylation for Liver-Specific Delivery. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101598. [PMID: 28946644 PMCID: PMC6151824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannose-diester lauric diacid-cholesterol (Man-DLD-Chol), as a liposomal target ligand, was synthesized by lipase catalyzed in a non-aqueous medium. Its chemical structure was confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) liposomes containing Man-DLD-Chol (Man-DLD-Chol-GA-Lp) were prepared by the film-dispersion method. We evaluated the characterizations of liposomes, drug-release in vitro, the hemolytic test, cellular uptake, pharmacokinetics, and the tissue distributions. The cellular uptake in vitro suggested that the uptake of Man-DLD-Chol-modified liposomes was significantly higher than that of unmodified liposomes in HepG2 cells. Pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that Man-DLD-Chol-GA-Lp was eliminated more rapidly than GA-Lp. In tissue distributions, the targeting efficiency (Te) of Man-DLD-Chol-GA-Lp on liver was 54.67%, relative targeting efficiency (RTe) was 3.39, relative uptake rate (Re) was 4.78, and peak concentration ratio (Ce) was 3.46. All these results supported the hypothesis that Man-DLD-Chol would be an efficient liposomal carrier, and demonstrated that Man-DLD-Chol-GA-Lp has potential as a drug delivery for liver-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Shool of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuchao Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, China.
- Section of Immunology, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Postdoctoral Programme, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yi Cheng
- Shool of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Youheng Gao
- Shool of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Cole G, McCaffrey J, Ali AA, McCarthy HO. DNA vaccination for prostate cancer: key concepts and considerations. Cancer Nanotechnol 2015; 6:2. [PMID: 26161151 PMCID: PMC4488504 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-015-0010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
While locally confined prostate cancer is associated with a low five year mortality rate, advanced or metastatic disease remains a major challenge for healthcare professionals to treat and is usually terminal. As such, there is a need for the development of new, efficacious therapies for prostate cancer. Immunotherapy represents a promising approach where the host's immune system is harnessed to mount an anti-tumour effect, and the licensing of the first prostate cancer specific immunotherapy in 2010 has opened the door for other immunotherapies to gain regulatory approval. Among these strategies DNA vaccines are an attractive option in terms of their ability to elicit a highly specific, potent and wide-sweeping immune response. Several DNA vaccines have been tested for prostate cancer and while they have demonstrated a good safety profile they have faced problems with low efficacy and immunogenicity compared to other immunotherapeutic approaches. This review focuses on the positive aspects of DNA vaccines for prostate cancer that have been assessed in preclinical and clinical trials thus far and examines the key considerations that must be employed to improve the efficacy and immunogenicity of these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Cole
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland UK
| | - Joanne McCaffrey
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland UK
| | - Ahlam A Ali
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland UK
| | - Helen O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland UK
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