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Ground M, Park YE, Waqanivavalagi S, Callon K, Walker R, Milsom P, Cornish J. Generating robust human valvular interstitial cell cultures: Protocol and considerations. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 173:118-126. [PMID: 36327771 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Research in heart valve biology is a growing field that has yet to elucidate the fundamentals of valve disease. Human valvular interstitial cells (hVICs) are the best option for studying the cellular mechanisms behind valvular pathologies. However, there is a wide range of isolation procedures for these cells published in the literature. To what extent various isolation methods, patient pathologies, and seeding densities influence the behaviour of hVICs remains unclear. Here, we present an optimised method of hVIC isolation from diseased human valves donated at the time of surgery. We show that two rounds of 1000 U/mL collagenase digestion for not >2 h results in a phenotypically stable cell culture with a near complete absence of endothelial cell contamination. We also suggest that cells should be seeded at 10,000 cells/cm2 for experimentation. We found that patient pathology does not affect the success of the isolation procedure, and that instead, successful cultures are predicted by ensuring >500 mg valve tissue as starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ground
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Young Eun Park
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Steve Waqanivavalagi
- Green Lane Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Grafton, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Karen Callon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Robert Walker
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paget Milsom
- Green Lane Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
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2
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Howsmon DP, Sacks MS. On Valve Interstitial Cell Signaling: The Link Between Multiscale Mechanics and Mechanobiology. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2021; 12:15-27. [PMID: 33527256 PMCID: PMC11046423 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Heart valves function in one of the most mechanically demanding environments in the body to ensure unidirectional blood flow. The resident valve interstitial cells respond to this mechanical environment and maintain the structure and integrity of the heart valve tissues to preserve homeostasis. While the mechanics of organ-tissue-cell heart valve function has progressed, the intracellular signaling network downstream of mechanical stimuli has not been fully elucidated. This has hindered efforts to both understand heart valve mechanobiology and rationally identify drug targets for treating valve disease. In the present work, we review the current literature on VIC mechanobiology and then propose mechanistic mathematical modeling of the mechanically-stimulated VIC signaling response to comprehend the coupling between VIC mechanobiology and valve mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Howsmon
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, The Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, The Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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3
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Rahmati M, Silva EA, Reseland JE, A Heyward C, Haugen HJ. Biological responses to physicochemical properties of biomaterial surface. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5178-5224. [PMID: 32642749 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical scientists use chemistry-driven processes found in nature as an inspiration to design biomaterials as promising diagnostic tools, therapeutic solutions, or tissue substitutes. While substantial consideration is devoted to the design and validation of biomaterials, the nature of their interactions with the surrounding biological microenvironment is commonly neglected. This gap of knowledge could be owing to our poor understanding of biochemical signaling pathways, lack of reliable techniques for designing biomaterials with optimal physicochemical properties, and/or poor stability of biomaterial properties after implantation. The success of host responses to biomaterials, known as biocompatibility, depends on chemical principles as the root of both cell signaling pathways in the body and how the biomaterial surface is designed. Most of the current review papers have discussed chemical engineering and biological principles of designing biomaterials as separate topics, which has resulted in neglecting the main role of chemistry in this field. In this review, we discuss biocompatibility in the context of chemistry, what it is and how to assess it, while describing contributions from both biochemical cues and biomaterials as well as the means of harmonizing them. We address both biochemical signal-transduction pathways and engineering principles of designing a biomaterial with an emphasis on its surface physicochemistry. As we aim to show the role of chemistry in the crosstalk between the surface physicochemical properties and body responses, we concisely highlight the main biochemical signal-transduction pathways involved in the biocompatibility complex. Finally, we discuss the progress and challenges associated with the current strategies used for improving the chemical and physical interactions between cells and biomaterial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahmati
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway. h.j.haugen.odont.uio.no
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Xue Y, Ravishankar P, Zeballos MA, Sant V, Balachandran K, Sant S. Valve leaflet‐inspired elastomeric scaffolds with tunable and anisotropic mechanical properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
| | | | | | - Vinayak Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Kartik Balachandran
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Arkansas Fayetteville AR USA
| | - Shilpa Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
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Qin K, Wu Y, Pan Y, Wang K, Kong D, Zhao Q. Implantation of Electrospun Vascular Grafts with Optimized Structure in a Rat Model. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30010640 DOI: 10.3791/57340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol to fabricate macroporous PCL vascular graft and describe an evaluation protocol by using a rat model of abdominal aorta replacement. The electrospun vascular grafts often possess relatively small pores, which limit cell infiltration into the grafts and hinder the regeneration and remodeling of the neo-arteries. In this study, PCL vascular grafts with thicker fibers (5 - 6 µm) and larger pores (~30 µm) were fabricated by using a modified processing technique. The long-term performance of the graft was evaluated by implantation in a rat abdominal aorta model. Ultrasound analysis showed that the grafts remained patent without aneurysm or stenosis occurring even after 12 months of implantation. Macroporous structure improved the cell ingrowth and thus promoted tissue regenerated at 3 months. More importantly, there was no sign of adverse remodeling, such as calcification within the graft wall after 12 months. Therefore, electrospun PCL vascular grafts with modified macroporous processing hold potential to be an artery substitute for long-term implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University
| | - Yifan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University
| | - Yiwa Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University;
| | - Deling Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University
| | - Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University;
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Burks H, Pashos N, Martin E, Mclachlan J, Bunnell B, Burow M. Endocrine disruptors and the tumor microenvironment: A new paradigm in breast cancer biology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 457:13-19. [PMID: 28012841 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in women and is characterized by predominantly estrogen dependent growth. Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) have estrogenic properties which have been shown to increase breast cancer risk. While the direct effects of EDCs on breast cancer cell biology and tumor progression have been well studied, the roles for EDCs on tumor microenvironment composition, signaling and structure are incompletely defined. Estrogen targeting of tumor stromal cells can drive paracrine signaling to breast cancer cells regulating tumorigenesis and progression. Additionally, estrogen and estrogen receptor signaling has been shown to alter breast architecture and extracellular matrix component synthesis. Unsurprisingly, EDCs have been shown to induce structural changes in the mammary gland as well as increased collagen fibers in the tissue stroma. Previous work demonstrates that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are essential components of the tumor microenvironment and are direct targets of both estrogens and EDCs. Furthermore, estrogen-stem cell cross talk has been implicated in breast cancer progression and results in increased tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis and invasion. This review aims to dissect the possible relationship and mechanisms between EDCs, the tumor microenvironment, and breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Burks
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Nicholas Pashos
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Martin
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - John Mclachlan
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Bruce Bunnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Matthew Burow
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Wu Y, Qin Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhang C, Li C, Kong D. The regeneration of macro-porous electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) vascular graft during long-termin situimplantation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:1618-1627. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin 300192 China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yibo Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Jianing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Chuangnian Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Chen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Deling Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin 300192 China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
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Long J, Kim H, Kim D, Lee JB, Kim DH. A biomaterial approach to cell reprogramming and differentiation. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:2375-2379. [PMID: 28966790 PMCID: PMC5616208 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb03130g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell reprogramming of somatic cells into pluripotent states and subsequent differentiation into certain phenotypes has helped progress regenerative medicine research and other medical applications. Recent research has used viral vectors to induce this reprogramming; however, limitations include low efficiency and safety concerns. In this review, we discuss how biomaterial methods offer potential avenues for either increasing viability and downstream applicability of viral methods, or providing a safer alternative. The use of non-viral delivery systems, such as electroporation, micro/nanoparticles, nucleic acids and the modulation of culture substrate topography and stiffness have generated valuable insights regarding cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Long
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea
| | - Dajeong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea
| | - Jong Bum Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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