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Ahmad A, Siddiqui SA, Mittal G, Sukumar N, Dubey KD, Kapat A. Design and Synthesis of Co-initiators via Base-Catalysed Sequential Conjugate Addition: Application in Photoinduced Radical Polymerisation Reaction. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301844. [PMID: 37503865 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Applications of photochemistry are becoming very popular in modern-day life due to its operational simplicity, environmentally friendly and economically sustainable nature in comparison to thermochemistry. In particular photoinduced radical polymerisation (PRP) reactions are finding more biological applications and especially in the areas of dental restoration processes, tissue engineering and artificial bone generation. A type-II photoinitiator and co-initiator-promoted PRP turned out to be a cost-effective protocol, and herein we report the design and synthesis of a new efficient co-initiator for a PRP reaction via a barrierless sequential conjugate addition reaction. Experimental mechanistic observations have been further complemented by computational data. Time for newly synthesised 1,2-benzenedithiol (DTH) based co-initiator promoted polymerisation of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA, 70 %) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA, 30 %) in presence of 450 nm LED (15 W) under the aerobic conditions is 38 seconds. Polymeric material has high glass transition temperature, improved mechanical strength (860 BHN) and longer in-depth polymerisation (3 cm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrar Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University), Delhi-NCR, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India
| | - Shakir Ali Siddiqui
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University), Delhi-NCR, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India
| | - Garvisha Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University), Delhi-NCR, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India
| | - N Sukumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University), Delhi-NCR, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India
- Current affiliation: Centre for Computational Engineering & Networking, School of Artificial Intelligence, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 641105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University), Delhi-NCR, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India
| | - Ajoy Kapat
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar (Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University), Delhi-NCR, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India
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Hamidi AS, Hadis MA, Palin WM. Alternative co-initiators for photocurable dental resins: Polymerisation, quantum yield of conversion and cytotoxicity. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1330-1343. [PMID: 35738952 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyclic acetals such as are naturally occurring compounds capable of acting as co-initiators during free-radical polymerisation, and potentially serve to offer non-allergic and biologically less toxic alternatives to conventional (tertiary) amines. The current study aimed to evaluate the polymerisation efficiency and potential toxicity of cyclic acetals compared with conventional photoinitiator systems in photocurable dental resins. METHODS Both, 1,3 benzodioxole (BZD) and piperonyl alcohol (PA) were used in 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 6.0 mol% concentrations. Whereas, N-phenyl glycine (NPG) was utilised in 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mol% concentrations for photopolymerisation of an unfilled model resin system, BisGMA and TEGDMA (1:1 mass %), involving three separate camphorquinone (CQ) concentrations of 0.5 (Low), 1.0 (Intermediate) and 1.5 (High) mol%. Conventional tertiary amines; ethyl-4-dimethyamino benzoate (EDMAB) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) were utilised for comparison. Real-time degree of conversion (DC, %) was evaluated using Fourier transform near-infra-red spectroscopy and quantum yield of conversion of CQ was calculated using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity of NPG and cyclic acetals were assessed using MTT to determine metabolic activity of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). RESULTS The cyclic acetals were capable of facilitating free radical polymerisation as co-initiators at all three CQ concentrations. Furthermore, the use of NPG as a co-initiator resulted in post-irradiation DC (%) that were comparable to both EDMAB and DMAEMA for all CQ concentrations. Alternative compounds facilitated the hydrogen abstraction process, which provided high conversion of CQ molecules. Quantum yield increased from 0.009 ± 0.0001 (0.5 mol%) to 0.03 ± 0.006 (6.0 mol%), and 0.01 ± 0.0003 (0.5 mol%) to 0.04 ± 0.001 (6.0 mol%), for respective BZD and PA formulations involving 1.0 mol% CQ. The use of NPG led to relatively higher quantum yield values (Up to 0.09 ± 0.007 at 4.0 mol%), though it exhibited competitive effects in absorbing blue light, which might be attributed to the photolytic degradation of NPG and the formation of N-methylaniline. MTT assay indicated alternative co-initiators to be comparatively less cytotoxic than EDMAB and CQ. Relative metablic activity of HDPCs treated with BZD, PA, and NPG eluates were 58.3 ± 15.7, 57.5 ± 17.4 and 64.6 ± 12.2 %, when compared with untreated HDPCs group (Control), respectively. Exposure to DMAEMA-based eluate led to relative metabolic activity (60.0 ± 0.5 %) that was comparable to that of cyclic acetals. Treatment with neat model resin eluate displayed the highest relative reduction in metabolic activity (28.9 ± 22.4) (P < 0.05), suggesting bisGMA and TEGDMA monomers played significant role in the overall cytotoxicity of photocurable systems involving HDPCs. SIGNIFICANCE Cyclic acetals were capable of facilitating photo-induced free radical polymerisation reactions with relatively less cytotoxicity compared with their amine counterparts, which might realise reduced cytotoxicity of photocurable materials used for dentistry and biomaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Hamidi
- Dental and Biomaterials Science, College of Medical and Dental Science, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK
| | - M A Hadis
- Dental and Biomaterials Science, College of Medical and Dental Science, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK
| | - W M Palin
- Dental and Biomaterials Science, College of Medical and Dental Science, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK.
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LIMA GDS, MOREIRA AG, MEEREIS CTW, LIMA GB, LEAL FB, MORAES RRD, OGLIARI FA, PETZHOLD CL, PIVA E. Long-term bonding efficacy of adhesives containing benzodioxioles as alternative co-initiators. Braz Oral Res 2018; 32:e104. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Moreira AG, Cuevas-Suárez CE, da Rosa WLDO, Ogliari AO, Petzhold CL, Piva E, Ogliari FA, Lima GDS. Piperonyl methacrylate: Copolymerizable coinitiator for adhesive compositions. J Dent 2018; 79:31-38. [PMID: 30248382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study describes the synthesis of piperonyl methacrylate (PipM) and evaluates its effect when used as coinitiator in the photoinitiated radical polymerization of experimental adhesive resins. METHODS PipM was synthetized through an esterification reaction and characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Adhesive resins containing camphorquinone as photoinitiator and PipM or ethyl-4-dimethyl amine benzoate (EDAB) as coinitiators were formulated. Scotchbond Multipurpose (SBMP) adhesive was used as commercial reference. All materials were analyzed for polymerization kinetics, flexural strength, elastic modulus, water sorption/solubility, shear bond strength to bovine enamel and dentin, characterization of hybrid layer by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microbiological direct contact test, and cytotoxicity. RESULTS The adhesive with PipM presented higher degree of conversion and lower sorption/solubility when compared with other groups. Shear bond strength to enamel and dentin were similar for PipM and EDAB materials. The percentage of cellular viability was close to 100% and similar in the experimental groups and the commercial reference. CONCLUSIONS PipM presented similar or superior performance to the tertiary amine used as control, representing a potential alternative coinitiator for photopolymerizable dental materials. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE PipM could be potentially useful in the formulations of adhesive systems with enhanced chemical properties, which could mean improvement in the longevity of composite resin restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Dental Materials Laboratory, Academic Area of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, HGO, Mexico
| | | | - Aline Oliveira Ogliari
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Cesar Liberato Petzhold
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Evandro Piva
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Aulo Ogliari
- Center for Technological Development, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Giana da Silveira Lima
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Wang J, Yang J, Atif M, Bongiovanni R, Li G, Xue Z, Yang X. One-component photoinitiator based on benzophenone and sesamol. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Muhammad Atif
- University of Education Lahore; College Road Lahore Pakistan
| | - Roberta Bongiovanni
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technology; Politecnico di Torino; Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi-24 10129 Torino Italy
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Zhongmin Xue
- Sinoma Science & Technology Co. Ltd; Beijing 100097 China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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Volk J, Ziemann C, Leyhausen G, Geurtsen W. Genotoxic and mutagenic potential of camphorquinone in L5178/TK +/- mouse lymphoma cells. Dent Mater 2018; 34:519-530. [PMID: 29373133 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Camphorquinone (CQ) is the most important photoinitiator used in dental composite resins. Sparse data indicate a mutagenic potential of CQ. Therefore, it was aim of this study to evaluate the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity of CQ in L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma cells. METHODS L5178Y/TK+/- cells were exposed to different concentrations of non-irradiated CQ (0.25-2.5mM). Cytotoxicity was evaluated by propidium iodide assay, determination of suspension growth rate, relative total growth and the mitotic index. Intracellular levels of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) were quantified by 2',7'-dichlorofluoresceine diacetate (DCFH-DA). Early induction of DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA base lesions was assessed using the 8-hydroxyguanine DNA-glycosylase 1 (hOGG1)-modified alkaline comet assay, whereas mutagenicity of CQ was determined in the mouse lymphoma TK assay (MLA), according to OECD Guideline No. 490. RESULTS CQ (0.5-2.5mM) induced concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of cell growth associated with increased ROS/RNS production, amounting to 2342%±1108% of controls after 90min at 2.5mM. Additionally, CQ concentration-dependently caused direct DNA-damage, i.e. formation of DNA strand breaks and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. Whereas the MLA indicated lack of mutagenicity of CQ after a 4h of treatment, CQ concentration-dependently increased total mutant frequency (MF) after 24h (about 2-fold at 2.5mM). But, based on the global evaluation factor concept, increase in MF did not reach biologically relevance. SIGNIFICANCE CQ induced concentration-dependent, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in L5178Y/TK+/- cells, most likely due to oxidative stress, but without mediating obvious biological relevant mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Volk
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - C Ziemann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - G Leyhausen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - W Geurtsen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Bittencourt BF, Dominguez JA, Pinheiro LA, Farago PV, Santos EBD, Campos LA, Gomes JC, Gomes OMM. Effect of the Bis-Dimethylamino Benzydrol Coinitiator on the Mechanical and Biological Properties of a Composite. Braz Dent J 2017; 28:744-748. [PMID: 29211132 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201701585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the effect of the alternative coinitiator 4,4'bis dimethylamino benzydrol (BZN) in degree of conversion (DC), mechanical and biological properties of experimental composites. The coinitiator BZN was used in three concentrations (0.2, 0.5 and 1.2%), and the coinitiator DMAEMA was used as control at the same concentrations as above. The molar concentration of camphorquinone (CQ) and coinitiators was kept constant (1:1). The composites were manipulated and submitted to microhardness test (VHN), flexural and compressive strength (in MPa), elastic modulus (GPa), DC (FT-IR) and in vitro cytotoxicity (against 3T3 fibroblastic cells) of the experimental resins. Data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-test (α=0.05). The experimental composite resin with BZN showed higher DC values compared to control DMAEMA groups. For the mechanical properties, microhardness values were higher in BZN groups; flexural strength and elastic modulus were similar between all the groups. Compressive strength for groups BZN0.5 and DMAEMA0.5 were not statistically different, being the lowest values attributed to group BZN0.2. The experimental resins with BZN and DMAEMA were considered nontoxic against 3T3 fibroblasts. The inclusion of the coinitiator BZN in experimental composites was considered nontoxic against 3T3 fibroblast cells, without compromising DC and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Alexis Dominguez
- Post-Graduate Program, Faculdad de Estomatologia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Luís Antonio Pinheiro
- Department of Materials Engineering, UEPG - Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo Vitor Farago
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UEPG - Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Leticia Antonelo Campos
- Department of Dentistry, UEPG - Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Gomes
- Department of Dentistry, UEPG - Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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A novel photoinitiating system producing germyl radicals for the polymerization of representative methacrylate resins: Camphorquinone/R3GeH/iodonium salt. Dent Mater 2016; 32:1226-1234. [PMID: 27567540 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of our study is to find an amine free photoinitiating system (PIS) for the polymerization of representative dental methacrylate resins. A photoinitiating system (PIS) based on camphorquinone (CQ)/triphenylgermanium hydride/diphenyl iodonium hexafluorophosphate is proposed and compared to the conventional CQ/amine couple. The polymerization monitoring of thin (∼20μm) and thick (1.4mm) samples of a bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA)/triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) blend (70%/30% w/w) and of a urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) upon exposure to a commercial blue LED centered at 477nm under air or in laminate is described. Finally, the impact of the photoinitiating system composition on the final polymer color is evaluated in detail. METHODS FTIR and DSC experiments are used to record the photopolymerization profiles. ESR spectrometry and steady state photolysis are used to detect the produced radicals. Color measurements are carried out to determine the key parameters in the bleaching of the different dental formulations. RESULTS The efficiency of the newly proposed PISs for the photopolymerization of BisGMA/TEGDMA and UDMA for thin (20μm) or for thick (1.4mm) samples upon exposure to a dental blue LED under air is excellent. It is noticeably higher than that of the CQ/amine reference couple. Excellent bleaching properties are also observed under irradiation in presence of the new PISs. A good correlation is found between the sample bleaching and the amount of Ph3GeH in the formulation. The excited state processes could be established. The overall chemical mechanisms for the initiation step were also clarified.
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Dong X, Shen W, Hu P, Li Z, Liu R, Liu X. Efficient Benzodioxole-based unimolecular photoinitiators: From synthesis to photopolymerization under UV-A and visible LED light irradiation. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Petrochemical New Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anqing Normal University; Anqing Anhui 246013 People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhen Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiquan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Ren Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
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Wessels M, Rimkus J, Leyhausen G, Volk J, Geurtsen W. Genotoxic effects of camphorquinone and DMT on human oral and intestinal cells. Dent Mater 2015; 31:1159-68. [PMID: 26187530 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Released components of oral biomaterials can leach into the oral cavity and may subsequently reach the gastrointestinal tract. Camphorquinone (CQ) is the most common used photoinitiator in resinous restorative materials and is often combined with the co-initiator N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMT). It has been shown that CQ exerts cytotoxic effects, at least partially due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Objective of this study was to examine the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of CQ in human oral keratinocytes (OKF6/TERT2) and immortalized epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2). Furthermore, the effects of visible-light irradiation and the co-initiator DMT were investigated as well as the generation of ROS, the potential protective effect of glutathione (GSH) and a recovery period of CQ-treated Caco-2 cells. METHODS The alkaline comet assay was used to determine DNA damage. Additionally, an enzyme modified comet assay was applied, which detects 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoguanine), a reliable marker for oxidative stress. RESULTS Our data revealed that high concentrations of CQ induced DNA lesions in OKF6/TERT2 cells. This DNA damage is at least partly caused by the generation of 8-oxoguanine. In addition, CQ and DMT increased ROS formation and induced DNA damage in Caco-2 cells. CQ-treatment resulted in generation of 8-oxoguanine. The antioxidant GSH efficiently prevented CQ-associated DNA damage. Furthermore, a recovery following CQ-treatment significantly reduced DNA damage. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that CQ-induced DNA damage is caused by oxidative stress in oral and intestinal cells. These lesions can be prevented and possibly repaired by GSH-treatment and recovery of cells after the photoinitiator is removed from cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Wessels
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Julia Rimkus
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriele Leyhausen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Joachim Volk
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Werner Geurtsen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Yang J, Shi S, Nie J. Reasons for the yellowness of photocured samples by the benzophenone/1,3-benzodioxole photoinitiating system. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00575b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reasons for the yellowness in samples photocured by benzophenone/1,3-benzodioxole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Yang
- Changzhou Institute of Advanced Materials
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Changzhou
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
| | - Suqing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Nie
- Changzhou Institute of Advanced Materials
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Changzhou
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
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Wang K, Lu Y, Jiang Y, Yu Q. 1,3-Dioxine diphenyl as a novel initiator for free-radical photopolymerization. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s156009041403018x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wang K, Lu Y, Yin R, Jiang Y, Yu Q. Synthesis and photopolymerization kinetics of a single-molecular hydrogen-abstract free radical photoinitiator 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-yl-Methyl-Maleimide. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090414020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Oxidative stress is responsible for genotoxicity of camphorquinone in primary human gingival fibroblasts. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 18:1705-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang B, Yang J, Nie J, Zhu X. Synthesis and photopolymerization kinetics of 2-phenyl-benzodioxole. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:651-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50343g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Münchow EA, Valente LL, Peralta SL, Fernández MR, Lima GDS, Petzhold CL, Piva E, Ogliari FA. 1,3-Diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid as an alternative coinitiator for acidic photopolymerizable dental materials. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:1217-21. [PMID: 23564499 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDAB) is widely used as a coinitiator of the camphorquinone (CQ), but in acidic circumstances it might present some instability, reducing the polymerization efficiency of the material. Considering this, new coinitiators are being evaluated. Hence, this study evaluated the kinetic of polymerization (KP), the degree of conversion (DC), and the rate of polymerization (RP ) of experimental resin adhesives containing 1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) as a coinitiator of the CQ. The experimental monomeric blend was prepared with bisphenol A glycidyl dimethacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and acidic monomers. CQ was added at 1 mol % as photoinitiator. Six groups were formulated: four containing concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mol % of TBA, one without coinitiator, and the last one containing 1 mol % of EDAB (control group). The KP and the RP were performed using real-time Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy. The group without coinitiator has not formed a polymer, whereas the addition of TBA resulted in the conversion of monomers in polymer. The DC of the adhesives was as higher as the increase in the TBA content. The group with 2 mol % of TBA presented improved DC and reactivity (RP ) than the other groups and the control one. Hence, the TBA has performed as a coinitiator of the CQ for the radical polymerization of methacrylate resin adhesives and it has improved the DC and the reactivity of the materials. Thus, it is a potential coinitiator for the photopolymerization of dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu A Münchow
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Yang J, Shi S, Xu F, Nie J. Synthesis and photopolymerization kinetics of benzophenonesesamol one-component photoinitiator. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:323-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25241d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Yang J, Tang R, Shi S, Nie J. Synthesis and characterization of polymerizable one-component photoinitiator based on sesamol. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:923-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp00003f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lin H, Zhang D, Alexander PG, Yang G, Tan J, Cheng AWM, Tuan RS. Application of visible light-based projection stereolithography for live cell-scaffold fabrication with designed architecture. Biomaterials 2012; 34:331-9. [PMID: 23092861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
One-step scaffold fabrication with live cell incorporation is a highly desirable technology for tissue engineering and regeneration. Projection stereolithography (PSL) represents a promising method owing to its fine resolution, high fabrication speed and computer-aided design (CAD) capabilities. However, the majority of current protocols utilize water-insoluble photoinitiators that are incompatible with live cell-fabrication, and ultraviolet (UV) light that is damaging to the cellular DNA. We report here the development of a visible light-based PSL system (VL-PSL), using lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) as the initiator and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) as the monomer, to produce hydrogel scaffolds with specific shapes and internal architectures. Furthermore, live human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) were suspended in PEGDA/LAP solution during the PSL process, and were successfully incorporated within the fabricated hydrogel scaffolds. hADSCs in PEG scaffolds showed high viability (>90%) for up to 7 days after fabrication as revealed by Live/Dead staining. Scaffolds with porous internal architecture retained higher cell viability and activity than solid scaffolds, likely due to increased oxygen and nutrients exchange into the interior of the scaffolds. The VL-PSL should be applicable as an efficient and effective tissue engineering technology for point-of-care tissue repair in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lin
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Kumbaraci V, Aydogan B, Talinli N, Yagci Y. Naphthodioxinone-1,3-benzodioxole as photochemically masked one-component type II photoinitiator for free radical polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Yin R, Wang K, Liu J, Nie J. 1,3-dioxane methylcoumarin as a novel photoinitiator for free radical polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yang J, Xu F, Shi S, Nie J. Influence of structure of benzodioxole derivatives on photoinitiation efficiency of benzophenone. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1377-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25098e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Microwave-assisted synthesis of 1,3-benzodioxole derivatives from catechol and ketones or aldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Cyclic acetals as the second co-initiators in three-component photoinitiating systems. Polym Bull (Berl) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-011-0565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cramer N, Stansbury J, Bowman C. Recent advances and developments in composite dental restorative materials. J Dent Res 2011; 90:402-16. [PMID: 20924063 PMCID: PMC3144137 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510381263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Composite dental restorations represent a unique class of biomaterials with severe restrictions on biocompatibility, curing behavior, esthetics, and ultimate material properties. These materials are presently limited by shrinkage and polymerization-induced shrinkage stress, limited toughness, the presence of unreacted monomer that remains following the polymerization, and several other factors. Fortunately, these materials have been the focus of a great deal of research in recent years with the goal of improving restoration performance by changing the initiation system, monomers, and fillers and their coupling agents, and by developing novel polymerization strategies. Here, we review the general characteristics of the polymerization reaction and recent approaches that have been taken to improve composite restorative performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.B. Cramer
- Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 424, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - J.W. Stansbury
- Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 424, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Dept. of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - C.N. Bowman
- Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 424, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Dept. of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Influence of chemical structures of benzodioxole-based coinitiators on the properties of the unfilled dental resin. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3067-71. [PMID: 20170761 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of chemical structures of benzodioxole-based coinitiator on the initiating reactivity and the mechanical properties of cured samples for the unfilled dental resin, a mixture of 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxyprop-1-oxy)phenyl]propane (bis-GMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) (70/30 wt.%) was photoinduced by combinations of camphorquinone (CQ) and benzodioxole derivatives. 2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMEM) was used as control. The kinetics was monitored by a real-time Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the dynamic mechanical analysis was performed on a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The cytotoxicity property of the cured samples was evaluated by MTT assay in vitro using VERO as reference cell lines. The results indicated that the 4-position phenyl ring substituents of the benzodioxole-based coinitiator had great influence on the initiating reactivity. Incorporating substituents with pi electron acceptors in the 4-position of phenyl ring led to the decrease of the rate of polymerization (R(p)) of the CQ/benzodioxole derivatives. However, the electron-donating substituents were useful to increase the reactivity. When compared with CQ/amine initiating systems, the combination of CQ and benzodioxole compounds caused lower R(p) but the comparable final double bond conversion. All the cured films initiated by CQ/benzodioxole derivatives had almost the same glass transition temperature (T(g)) and storage modulus. Indirect cytotoxicity assessment indicated low cytotoxicity of benzodioxole derivatives. These results were very useful for the design of benzodioxole derivatives with satisfactory reactivity and biocompatibility, and are very important for clinical applications.
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Wang K, Ma G, Qin X, Xiao M, Nie J. Cyclic acetals as coinitiators in CQ-induced photopolymerizations. Polym J 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2010.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Wang K, Yang D, Xiao M, Chen X, Lu F, Nie J. Sesamin as a co-initiator for unfilled dental restorations. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:2508-17. [PMID: 19349221 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 03/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A natural component, sesamin (SA), was used to replace conventional amine as co-initiator for dental composite. A combination of camphorquinone (CQ) and SA was employed to initiate the photopolymerization of 2-2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxyprop-1-oxy)phenyl] propane/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (70/30wt.%). The kinetics was recorded by real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The mechanical properties were measured by dynamic mechanical analysis, the cell toxicity was investigated by MTT assay and a mixture of CQ and ethyl 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDMAB) was used as control in the same photocuring condition. The results indicated that the addition of SA as co-initiator greatly improved the rate of polymerization and final double-bond conversion (DC) when compared with the system initiated by CQ alone. Compared with EDMAB, the final DC of the CQ/SA system (71%) was slightly lower than that of CQ/EDMAB (76%); SA resulted in approximately the same storage modulus at around 37 degrees C, but a slightly higher glass transition temperature. SA produced lower yellowing effect and good in vitro biocompatibility. The water sorption and solubility for two mixtures were very close and within the range of the ISO 4049 specification. These results suggest that SA is an effective alternative co-initiator to conventional amine. The natural compound characteristics of SA make it more promising than amine in dental resin formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Lab of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Wang K, Yin R, Zhang X, Shi S, Nie J. Synthesis and photopolymerization of piperonylamine derivatives as a polymerizable cyclic acetals co-initiator for light-cured unfilled dental resins. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Wang K, Han J, Shi S, Nie J. Effect of cyclic acetals structure on efficiency of photoinitiation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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