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Sharma V, Gupta RK, Kailas SV, Basu B. Probing lubricated sliding wear properties of HDPE/UHMWPE hybrid bionanocomposite. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:204-218. [PMID: 35502987 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221085633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and its derivatives have been clinically used as an acetabular liner material in total hip joint replacement (THR) over last six decades. Despite significant efforts, the longevity of UHMWPE implants is still impaired due to their compromised tribological performance, leading to osteolysis and aseptic loosening. The present study aims to critically evaluate and analyze the tribological performance, of the next generation acetabular liner material, that is, a chemically modified graphene oxide (GO) reinforced HDPE/UHMWPE (HU) bionanocomposite (HUmGO), against stainless steel (SS 316L) counterface in lubricated conditions. This work also provides a performance comparative assessment of HUmGO with respect to medical grades, UHMWPE (UC) and crosslinked UHMWPE (XL-UC). Significant attempts have been made to correlate the tribological properties (frictional behavior, wear rate, wear debris shape and size, wear mechanism) with the physicomechanical conditions (contact stresses) at sliding contact and the variation in molecular architecture of different UHMWPE materials. Additionally, an emphasis is put forward to critically anlyze the nature of lubrication regime based on the bearing characterstic parameters. HUmGO exhibited a lower COF (0.07) and specific wear rate (2.86 × 10-8 mm3/Nm) than UC and XL-UC under identical sliding conditions. The worn surfaces on HUmGO revealed the signatures of less abrasive wear and limited deformation. Based on the estimated lambda (λ) ratio and Sommerfield number, all the investigated sliding contacts exhibited boundary lubrication. Taken together, the modified GO reinforced HDPE/UHMWPE bionanocomposite can be considered as a new generation biomaterial for the fabrication of acetabular liner for hip-joint prosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidushi Sharma
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, 29120Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre of Excellence for Dental and Orthopedic Applications, Material Research Centre, 29120Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajeev K Gupta
- Surface Interaction and Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 29120Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Satish V Kailas
- Surface Interaction and Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 29120Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Bikramjit Basu
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, 29120Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre of Excellence for Dental and Orthopedic Applications, Material Research Centre, 29120Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, 29120Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Yow YY, Goh TK, Nyiew KY, Lim LW, Phang SM, Lim SH, Ratnayeke S, Wong KH. Therapeutic Potential of Complementary and Alternative Medicines in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: A Systematic Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092194. [PMID: 34571842 PMCID: PMC8472132 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progressive advances, current standards of treatments for peripheral nerve injury do not guarantee complete recovery. Thus, alternative therapeutic interventions should be considered. Complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) are widely explored for their therapeutic value, but their potential use in peripheral nerve regeneration is underappreciated. The present systematic review, designed according to guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols, aims to present and discuss the current literature on the neuroregenerative potential of CAMs, focusing on plants or herbs, mushrooms, decoctions, and their respective natural products. The available literature on CAMs associated with peripheral nerve regeneration published up to 2020 were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. According to current literature, the neuroregenerative potential of Achyranthes bidentata, Astragalus membranaceus, Curcuma longa, Panax ginseng, and Hericium erinaceus are the most widely studied. Various CAMs enhanced proliferation and migration of Schwann cells in vitro, primarily through activation of MAPK pathway and FGF-2 signaling, respectively. Animal studies demonstrated the ability of CAMs to promote peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery, which are partially associated with modulations of neurotrophic factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and anti-apoptotic signaling. This systematic review provides evidence for the potential use of CAMs in the management of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Yen Yow
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (T.-K.G.); (K.-Y.N.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-Y.Y.); (L.-W.L.); (K.-H.W.); Tel.: +603-7491-8622 (Y.-Y.Y.); +852-3917-6830 (L.-W.L.); +603-7967-4729 (K.-H.W.)
| | - Tiong-Keat Goh
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (T.-K.G.); (K.-Y.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Ke-Ying Nyiew
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (T.-K.G.); (K.-Y.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Lee-Wei Lim
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, L4 Laboratory Block, Hong Kong
- Correspondence: (Y.-Y.Y.); (L.-W.L.); (K.-H.W.); Tel.: +603-7491-8622 (Y.-Y.Y.); +852-3917-6830 (L.-W.L.); +603-7967-4729 (K.-H.W.)
| | - Siew-Moi Phang
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Huah Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Shyamala Ratnayeke
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (T.-K.G.); (K.-Y.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Kah-Hui Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (Y.-Y.Y.); (L.-W.L.); (K.-H.W.); Tel.: +603-7491-8622 (Y.-Y.Y.); +852-3917-6830 (L.-W.L.); +603-7967-4729 (K.-H.W.)
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Castañeda R, Natarajan S, Jeong SY, Hong BN, Kang TH. Traditional oriental medicine for sensorineural hearing loss: Can ethnopharmacology contribute to potential drug discovery? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 231:409-428. [PMID: 30439402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Traditional Oriental Medicine (TOM), the development of hearing pathologies is related to an inadequate nourishment of the ears by the kidney and other organs involved in regulation of bodily fluids and nutrients. Several herbal species have historically been prescribed for promoting the production of bodily fluids or as antiaging agents to treat deficiencies in hearing. AIM OF REVIEW The prevalence of hearing loss has been increasing in the last decade and is projected to grow considerably in the coming years. Recently, several herbal-derived products prescribed in TOM have demonstrated a therapeutic potential for acquired sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. Therefore, the aims of this review are to provide a comprehensive overview of the current known efficacy of the herbs used in TOM for preventing different forms of acquired sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus, and associate the traditional principle with the demonstrated pharmacological mechanisms to establish a solid foundation for directing future research. METHODS The present review collected the literature related to herbs used in TOM or related compounds on hearing from Chinese, Korean, and Japanese herbal classics; library catalogs; and scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar; and Science Direct). RESULTS This review shows that approximately 25 herbal species and 40 active compounds prescribed in TOM for hearing loss and tinnitus have shown in vitro or in vivo beneficial effects for acquired sensorineural hearing loss produced by noise, aging, ototoxic drugs or diabetes. The inner ear is highly vulnerable to ischemia and oxidative damage, where several TOM agents have revealed a direct effect on the auditory system by normalizing the blood supply to the cochlea and increasing the antioxidant defense in sensory hair cells. These strategies have shown a positive impact on maintaining the inner ear potential, sustaining the production of endolymph, reducing the accumulation of toxic and inflammatory substances, preventing sensory cell death and preserving sensory transmission. There are still several herbal species with demonstrated therapeutic efficacy whose mechanisms have not been deeply studied and others that have been traditionally used in hearing loss but have not been tested experimentally. In clinical studies, Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng, and Astragalus propinquus have demonstrated to improve hearing thresholds in patients with sensorineural hearing loss and alleviated the symptoms of tinnitus. However, some of these clinical studies have been limited by small sample sizes, lack of an adequate control group or contradictory results. CONCLUSIONS Current therapeutic strategies have proven that the goal of the traditional oriental medicine principle of increasing bodily fluids is a relevant approach for reducing the development of hearing loss by improving microcirculation in the blood-labyrinth barrier and increasing cochlear blood flow. The potential benefits of TOM agents expand to a multi-target approach on different auditory structures of the inner ear related to increased cochlear blood flow, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective activities. However, more research is required, given the evidence is very limited in terms of the mechanism of action at the preclinical in vivo level and the scarce number of clinical studies published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Castañeda
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sathishkumar Natarajan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seo Yule Jeong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bin Na Hong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tong Ho Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
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Gray SL, Lackey BR, Boone WR. Impact of kudzu and puerarin on sperm function. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 53:54-62. [PMID: 25828059 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of kudzu (Pueraria mirifica) and the isoflavone puerarin in functional toxicological tests on spermatozoa and to assess the affinity of extracts and pure isoflavones for estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and -beta (ERα, ERβ) in receptor binding assays. Capacitation, acrosome reaction and chromatin decondensation in spermatozoa were analyzed using microscopic analysis. Kudzu, but not puerarin, reduced motility of sperm. Puerarin reduced the percent spontaneous acrosome reaction in spermatozoa. The pathways used by kudzu that affect sperm function are not fully mirrored by puerarin. Puerarin, kudzu and its other phytoestrogenic components displayed preferential affinity for ERβ, however the diverse effects of kudzu and puerarin on sperm function implicate the involvement of multiple signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Gray
- Endocrine Physiology Laboratory, Animal & Veterinary Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States.
| | - Brett R Lackey
- Endocrine Physiology Laboratory, Animal & Veterinary Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - William R Boone
- ART Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Greenville Health System University Medical Group, Greenville, SC 29605, United States
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Ghoreishian M, Rezaei M, Beni BH, Javanmard SH, Attar BM, Zalzali H. Facial nerve repair with Gore-Tex tube and adipose-derived stem cells: an animal study in dogs. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 71:577-87. [PMID: 22868036 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Synthetic conduits have been considered a viable option in nerve reconstructive procedures. They address the goal of entubulization and eliminate the disadvantages of autografts. However, despite all successful reports, none has contained regeneration characteristics, such as growth factors or essential cells, for nerve repair. The authors evaluated the capability of adipose-derived stem cells in Gore-Tex tubes to enhance facial nerve repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS Undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells were extracted from the autogenous adipose tissues of 7 mongrel dogs. The frontal branch of the facial nerve was transected. A gap size of 7 mm was repaired with an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene tube filled with undifferentiated adipose-derived stem cells encapsulated in alginate hydrogel. The control sides were repaired with the tube and alginate alone. The healing phase was 12 weeks. RESULTS Except in 2 control sides, an organized neural tissue was formed within the tubes. Compared with the normal nerve diameter, there was a decreased ratio of 29% and 39% in the experimental and control groups, respectively. Neurofilament-positive axon counts were 67% of normal values in the 2 groups. There was no significant difference between groups in histomorphometric parameters. Nerve conduction velocity in the experimental group (28.5 ± 3.5 m/s) was significantly greater than in the control group (16.2 ± 7 m/s). The experimental group also exhibited a greater maximal amplitude of action potential (1.86 ± 0.24 mV) than the control group (1.45 ± 0.49 mV). CONCLUSIONS Addition of stem cells in the Gore-Tex tube enhanced the neural repair from a functional standpoint. However, for better functional and histologic results, differentiated Schwann cells and other mediators may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ghoreishian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Torabinejad Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Hsiang SW, Lee HC, Tsai FJ, Tsai CC, Yao CH, Chen YS. Puerarin Accelerates Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 39:1207-17. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x11009500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of puerarin (PR) on peripheral nerve regeneration in vitro and in vivo. PR at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 μM significantly promoted survival and outgrowth of cultured Schwann cells, as compared to the controls treated with culture medium only. in vivo study, peripheral nerve regeneration was evaluated across a 15-mm gap in the sciatic nerve of rats using a silicone rubber nerve chamber filled with PR solution. The control group chambers were filled with normal saline only. At the end of eight weeks, animals in the PR groups, especially at a concentration of 1 μM, had a significantly higher density of myelinated axons, greater evoked action potential area, and a larger nerve conductive velocity, as compared to the controls. All experimental results indicate that PR treatment promotes nerve growth and is a promising herbal medicine for recovery of regenerating peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Hsiang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chuan Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Department, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Yao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Sheng Chen
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Effects of a surface topography composite with puerariae radix on human STRO-1-positive stem cells. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3694-703. [PMID: 20302977 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human skeletal stem cells (STRO-1 positive/STRO-1+) respond to different topographical features in various ways. On a flat surface these cells spread and tend to develop a fibroblast-like morphology. On a microgrooved surface enriched skeletal stem cell populations prefer to stretch along the grooves, which affects their cellular structure and differentiation, a phenomenon known as contact guidance. Growth factors, hormones and chemicals can also stimulate cell differentiation. A traditional Chinese medicine, puerariae radix, has previously been observed to stimulate bone formation. The active ingredients have been identified as isoflavones with estrogen-like bioactivity. This study combined the effects of microgrooved topology and hormone-like isoflavones in the biodegradable polymer polycaprolactone (PCL). Human osteogenic cells (STRO-1+) were cultured on flat PCL, grooved PCL and puerariae powder-impregnated grooved PCL for 5 weeks. Coomassie staining indicated that cell growth and survival was similar on flat PCL, grooved PCL and grooved PCL impregnated with 1 wt.% or 2 wt.% puerariae powder. Grooved PCL impregnated with 2 wt.% puerariae powder was observed to have an influence on protein expression, as observed by positive osteocalcin staining. Protein expression profiles were analyzed by difference gel electrophoresis to identify proteins that showed modulation of expression in response to these different environments. Overall, our results suggest that puerariae powder has an additive effect, along with microgrooved topographical stimulation, to promote changes in the STRO-1+ proteome that affect cell phenotype.
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Chen CT, Lin JG, Lu TW, Tsai FJ, Huang CY, Yao CH, Chen YS. Earthworm extracts facilitate PC12 cell differentiation and promote axonal sprouting in peripheral nerve injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2010; 38:547-60. [PMID: 20503471 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x10008044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides in vitro and in vivo evaluations of earthworm (Pheretima aspergilum) on peripheral nerve regeneration. In the in vitro study, we found the earthworm (EW) water extracts caused a marked enhancement of the nerve growth factor-mediated neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells as well as the expressions of growth associated protein 43 and synapsin I. In the in vivo study, silicone rubber chambers filled with EW extracts were used to bridge a 10 mm sciatic nerve defect in rats. Eight weeks after implantation, the group receiving EW extracts had a much higher success percentage of regeneration (90%) compared to the control (60%) receiving the saline. In addition, quantitative histology of the successfully regenerated nerves revealed that myelinated axons in EW group at 31.25 microg/ml was significantly more than those in the controls (p < 0.05). These results showed that EW extracts can be a potential growth-promoting factor on regenerating peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Tsung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Effect of Astragalus membranaceus in Rats on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 68:434-40. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31819adb38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ichihara S, Inada Y, Nakamura T. Artificial nerve tubes and their application for repair of peripheral nerve injury: an update of current concepts. Injury 2008; 39 Suppl 4:29-39. [PMID: 18804584 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2008.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, an increasing number of research articles have reported on the use of artificial nerve tubes to repair nerve defects. The development of an artificial nerve tube as an alternative to autogenous nerve grafting is currently a focus of interest for peripheral nerve repair. The clinical employment of tubes as an alternative to autogenous nerve grafts is mainly justified by the limited availability of donor tissue for nerve autografts and the related morbidity. Numerous studies indicate that short-distance defects in humans can be successfully treated by implantation of artificial nerve guides. This review provides a brief overview of various preclinical and clinical trials conducted to evaluate the utility of artificial nerve tubes for the regeneration of peripheral nerves. This review is also intended to help update hand surgeons on the rapid advances in tubulization techniques, and to provide them with indications of the various directions toward which future research can proceed. Future studies need to provide us with as much comparative information as possible on the effectiveness of different tubulization techniques, in order to guide the surgeon in choosing the best indications for their optimal clinical employment. Future progress in implant development can be expected from interdisciplinary approaches involving both materials and life sciences, leading to advances in neuro-tissue engineering that will be needed to effectively treat larger nerve defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ichihara
- Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Effects of botanical dietary supplements on cardiovascular, cognitive, and metabolic function in males and females. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5 Suppl A:S76-90. [PMID: 18395685 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The onset of menopause marks a pivotal time in which the incidence of hypertension and of cardiovascular disease (CVD) begins to increase dramatically in women. Before menopause, the incidences of these diseases are significantly lower in women than in age-matched men. After menopause, the rates of these diseases in women eventually approximate those in men. The loss of endogenous estrogen at menopause has been traditionally believed to be the primary factor involved in these changes. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes recent findings regarding the effectiveness of botanicals in the treatment of some menopausal symptoms and other symptoms of aging (eg, rise in arterial pressure, cognitive decline, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia). METHODS Articles were selected for inclusion in this review based on the significance of the research and contribution to the current understanding of how each botanical elicits cardioprotective effects. To this end, PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched, using terms that included the name of the specific botanical along with the relevant aspects of its action(s), such as blood pressure, glycemic control, and lipids. Most of the articles used were published within the past 5 years, although some older articles that were seminal in advancing the current understanding of botanicals were also included. RESULTS Soy has been found to lower plasma lipid concentrations and arterial pressure in postmenopausal women and age-matched men, and to have protective effects in heart disease and atherosclerosis of the carotid and coronary circulation. Soy was also found to lower fasting insulin concentrations and glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations. Grape seed extract, another frequently used botanical, contains polyphenols that have been found to reduce arterial pressure and salt-sensitive hypertension in estrogendepleted animal models. CONCLUSION Several botanical compounds have been found to have beneficial effects in the treatment of the symptoms of menopause and other symptoms of aging, including CVD, cognitive decline, and metabolic diseases.
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Peripheral nerve may regulate the jaw bone resorption after tooth extraction. Med Hypotheses 2008; 71:414-7. [PMID: 18514432 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2008] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A various amount of alveolar ridge resorption is likely to occur after tooth extraction, making it difficult to restore the missing teeth with either endosseous dental implants or prosthodontics approaches. It is commonly thought that the bone resorption is due to the absence of the mechanical stimulation from the occlusal force. However, regulation of the bone mass is a complex homeostatic system involved in hormonal, paracrine/autocrine, mechanical and neuronal nature. Studies have shown that the central and peripheral nervous system play an important role in bone remodeling. The hypothalamus integrates peripheral and central signals, and sends efferent hormonal and neuronal signals in response to stimulation. Numerous neuropeptides detected in the bone marrow have effect on the osteoblast and osteoclast. After tooth extraction, great loss of the axons is observed in the edentulous bone. So we speculate that innervation in the alveolar bone regulates the bone resorption in edentulous area. Methods to promote the nerve regeneration are expected to prevent the jaw bone resorption. The hypothesis also implies that after the placement of the oral implant the abundant nerves in the alveolar bone can increase the bone healing ability and long term survival rate of the implant.
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