1
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Li H, Ma L. A comprehensive review on the role of strontium in biodegradable metals. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:8267-8284. [PMID: 39072558 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00779d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Biodegradable metals, including magnesium, iron, and zinc alloys, have attracted extensive attention due to their good biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, the mechanical properties and corrosion rates of most biodegradable metallic materials have not yet reached the ideal level required for clinical applications. Strontium, as an element of Group IIA in the periodic table of elements, has similar chemical and biological properties to calcium. It can promote bone tissue development and increase bone strength. In addition, strontium can also promote angiogenesis and facilitate the repair of infarcted heart activity. Thus, strontium is commonly used as one of the most alloying elements to improve the in vitro and in vivo properties of biodegradable metals. Besides, strontium is also widely used in various bioactive coatings to improve the comprehensive properties of biodegradable metals. This paper outlines the role of strontium in the human body and summarizes recent research and applications of strontium-containing biodegradable metallic materials. Finally, this paper also provides an outlook on the challenges faced in applying and researching strontium in biodegradable metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Luqing Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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2
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Weng Y, Jian Y, Huang W, Xie Z, Zhou Y, Pei X. Alkaline earth metals for osteogenic scaffolds: From mechanisms to applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:1447-1474. [PMID: 36883838 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of bone defects is a significant challenge today. As alternative approaches to the autologous bone, scaffold materials have remarkable features in treating bone defects; however, the various properties of current scaffold materials still fall short of expectations. Due to the osteogenic capability of alkaline earth metals, their application in scaffold materials has become an effective approach to improving their properties. Furthermore, numerous studies have shown that combining alkaline earth metals leads to better osteogenic properties than applying them alone. In this review, the physicochemical and physiological characteristics of alkaline earth metals are introduced, mainly focusing on their mechanisms and applications in osteogenesis, especially magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba). Furthermore, this review highlights the possible cross-talk between pathways when alkaline earth metals are combined. Finally, some of the current drawbacks of scaffold materials are enumerated, such as the high corrosion rate of Mg scaffolds and defects in the mechanical properties of Ca scaffolds. Moreover, a brief perspective is also provided regarding future directions in this field. It is worth exploring that whether the levels of alkaline earth metals in newly regenerated bone differs from those in normal bone. The ideal ratio of each element in the bone tissue engineering scaffolds or the optimal concentration of each elemental ion in the created osteogenic environment still needs further exploration. The review not only summarizes the research developments in osteogenesis but also offers a direction for developing new scaffold materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Weng
- Department of Prosthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yujia Jian
- Department of Prosthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Department of Prosthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhuojun Xie
- Department of Prosthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xibo Pei
- Department of Prosthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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3
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Corrosion Behavior in Magnesium-Based Alloys for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072613. [PMID: 35407944 PMCID: PMC9000648 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium alloys exhibit superior biocompatibility and biodegradability, which makes them an excellent candidate for artificial implants. However, these materials also suffer from lower corrosion resistance, which limits their clinical applicability. The corrosion mechanism of Mg alloys is complicated since the spontaneous occurrence is determined by means of loss of aspects, e.g., the basic feature of materials and various corrosive environments. As such, this study provides a review of the general degradation/precipitation process multifactorial corrosion behavior and proposes a reasonable method for modeling and preventing corrosion in metals. In addition, the composition design, the structural treatment, and the surface processing technique are involved as potential methods to control the degradation rate and improve the biological properties of Mg alloys. This systematic representation of corrosive mechanisms and the comprehensive discussion of various technologies for applications could lead to improved designs for Mg-based biomedical devices in the future.
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4
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Magnesium-Based Alloys Used in Orthopedic Surgery. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031148. [PMID: 35161092 PMCID: PMC8840615 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg)-based alloys have become an important category of materials that is attracting more and more attention due to their high potential use as orthopedic temporary implants. These alloys are a viable alternative to nondegradable metals implants in orthopedics. In this paper, a detailed overview covering alloy development and manufacturing techniques is described. Further, important attributes for Mg-based alloys involved in orthopedic implants fabrication, physiological and toxicological effects of each alloying element, mechanical properties, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis of Mg are presented. A section detailing the main biocompatible Mg-based alloys, with examples of mechanical properties, degradation behavior, and cytotoxicity tests related to in vitro experiments, is also provided. Special attention is given to animal testing, and the clinical translation is also reviewed, focusing on the main clinical cases that were conducted under human use approval.
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5
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Zhang E, Zhao X, Hu J, Wang R, Fu S, Qin G. Antibacterial metals and alloys for potential biomedical implants. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2569-2612. [PMID: 33615045 PMCID: PMC7876544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metals and alloys, including stainless steel, titanium and its alloys, cobalt alloys, and other metals and alloys have been widely used clinically as implant materials, but implant-related infection or inflammation is still one of the main causes of implantation failure. The bacterial infection or inflammation that seriously threatens human health has already become a worldwide complaint. Antibacterial metals and alloys recently have attracted wide attention for their long-term stable antibacterial ability, good mechanical properties and good biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. In this review, common antibacterial alloying elements, antibacterial standards and testing methods were introduced. Recent developments in the design and manufacturing of antibacterial metal alloys containing various antibacterial agents were described in detail, including antibacterial stainless steel, antibacterial titanium alloy, antibacterial zinc and alloy, antibacterial magnesium and alloy, antibacterial cobalt alloy, and other antibacterial metals and alloys. Researches on the antibacterial properties, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of antibacterial metals and alloys have been summarized in detail for the first time. It is hoped that this review could help researchers understand the development of antibacterial alloys in a timely manner, thereby could promote the development of antibacterial metal alloys and the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlin Zhang
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
- Research Center for Metallic Wires, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhao
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
| | - Jiali Hu
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
| | - Ruoxian Wang
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
| | - Shan Fu
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
| | - Gaowu Qin
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
- Research Center for Metallic Wires, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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6
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Chen K, Xie X, Tang H, Sun H, Qin L, Zheng Y, Gu X, Fan Y. In vitro and in vivo degradation behavior of Mg-2Sr-Ca and Mg-2Sr-Zn alloys. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:275-285. [PMID: 32128466 PMCID: PMC7044521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium alloys with integration of degradability and good mechanical performance are desired for orthopedic implants. In this paper, Mg-2Sr-Ca and Mg-2Sr-Zn alloys were prepared and the degradation as well as the bone response were investigated. Compared with the binary Mg-2Sr alloys, the addition of Ca and Zn improved the in vitro and in vivo corrosion resistance. Mg-2Sr-Ca and Mg-2Sr-Zn alloys exhibited more uniform corrosion and maintained the configuration of the implants 4 weeks post-implantation. The in vivo corrosion rates were 0.85 mm/yr for Mg-2Sr-Zn and 1.10 mm/yr for Mg-2Sr-Ca in comparison with 1.37 mm/yr for Mg-2Sr. The in vitro cell tests indicated that Mg-2Sr-Ca and Mg-2Sr-Zn alloys exhibited higher MG63 cell viability than Mg-2Sr alloy. Furthermore, these two alloys can promote the mineralization and new bone formation without inducing any significant adverse effects and this sound osteogenic properties suggest its attractive clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinhui Xie
- The Department of Orthopedics, ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Hongyan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xuenan Gu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China
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7
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Synthesis and characterization of CaSr-Metal Organic Frameworks for biodegradable orthopedic applications. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13024. [PMID: 31506530 PMCID: PMC6736967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) formed from metals and organic ligands, are crystalline materials that are degradable in aqueous medium, and capable of releasing Ca and Sr ions. In this manuscript, the ability of MOFs to degrade and release osteogenic Ca and Sr ions was investigated. MOFs were generated by choosing osteoinductive Ca and Sr metals, and an organic ligand 1,3,5 tricarboxylicbenzene (H3BTC) as a linker. These MOFs were able to induce in vitro biomineralization from pre-osteoblastic MC3T3 cells and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Moreover, these MOFs (when loaded with dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG)) induced vascular endothelial production from hMSCs. qRT-PCR analysis performed on hMSCs (isolated from femoral heads of patients undergoing joint arthroplasty) treated with MOFs crystals suggested that the CaSr-MOFs by themselves can upregulate osteogenic genes in hMSCs, which is the first time to our knowledge that this has been observed from MOFs.
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8
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Ibrahim H, Luo A, Dean D, Elahinia M. "Effect of Zn content and aging temperature on the in-vitro properties of heat-treated and Ca/P ceramic-coated Mg-0.5%Ca-x%Zn alloys". MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109700. [PMID: 31349526 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
While potentially strong enough for load-bearing skeletal reconstruction applications, the corrosion (biodegradation) rate of biocompatible Mg-Zn-Ca-based alloys still presents. The present work reports on the use of heat treatment (strengthening and resorption delaying) and micro arc oxidation (MAO) coating (corrosion delaying) processes which were developed to induce desirable corrosion rates which are essential to maintaining the mechanical integrity of Mg-Zn-Ca-based alloys during the bone healing period. Three Mg-x%Zn-0.5%Ca (wt%) alloys with different levels of Zn content (1.2, 1.6 and 5 wt%) were prepared and heat-treated at different age hardening temperatures (100, 150, 200 and 250 °C). In order to further decrease the corrosion rate and improve the bioactivity, samples of the heat-treated Alloy I (Mg-1.2wt%Zn-0.5wt%Ca) at the optimized age-hardening conditions were successfully coated with a biocompatible composite coating without and with HA/β-TCP nanoparticles by using an MAO process. The microstructure, morphology and the composition of the heat-treated and coated materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Hardness and compression tests were conducted, while a corrosion investigation of heat-treated and coated samples was performed using potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and a mechanical integrity immersion test. The results confirmed that Zn content and age hardening temperature have significant effects on the mechanical and corrosion properties of heat-treated Mg-Zn-Ca-based alloys. Alloy I, which has 1.2 wt% Zn content and was aged at 200 °C, showed the best combination of corrosion (slowest) and mechanical (highest) properties. The MAO (HA/β-TCP) composite coating significantly improved corrosion resistance compared to the uncoated heat-treated alloy, with only 11.3% reduction in the compressive strength after 8 weeks of immersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy Ibrahim
- University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA.
| | - Alan Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David Dean
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Rm. 388, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mohammad Elahinia
- University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St. MS 312, North Engineering 2045, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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9
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Chen Y, Dou J, Yu H, Chen C. Degradable magnesium-based alloys for biomedical applications: The role of critical alloying elements. J Biomater Appl 2019; 33:1348-1372. [PMID: 30854910 DOI: 10.1177/0885328219834656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium-based alloys exhibit biodegradable, biocompatible and excellent mechanical properties which enable them to serve as ideal candidate biomedical materials. In particular, their biodegradable ability helps patients to avoid a second surgery. The corrosion rate, however, is too rapid to sustain the healing process. Alloying is an effective method to slow down the corrosion rate. However, currently magnesium alloys used as biomaterials are mostly commercial alloys without considering cytotoxicity from the perspective of biosafety. This article comprehensively reviews the status of various existing and newly developed degradable magnesium-based alloys specially designed for biomedical application. The effects of critical alloying elements, compositions, heat treatment and processing technology on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys are discussed in detail. This article covers Mg-Ca based, Mg-Zn based, Mg-Sr based, Mg-RE based and Mg-Cu-based alloy systems. The novel methods of fabricating Mg-based biomaterials and surface treatment on Mg based alloys for potential biomedical applications are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- 1 Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China.,2 Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jinhe Dou
- 1 Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China.,2 Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Yu
- 1 Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China.,3 Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, P.R. China.,4 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education (Shandong University), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chuanzhong Chen
- 1 Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China.,2 Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, P.R. China
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10
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Jiang W, Cipriano AF, Tian Q, Zhang C, Lopez M, Sallee A, Lin A, Cortez Alcaraz MC, Wu Y, Zheng Y, Liu H. In vitro evaluation of MgSr and MgCaSr alloys via direct culture with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomater 2018; 72:407-423. [PMID: 29626698 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have been widely investigated as the most promising biodegradable metals to replace conventional non-degradable metals for temporary medical implant applications. New Mg alloys have been developed for medical applications in recent years; and the concept of alloying Mg with less-toxic elements have aroused tremendous interests due to the promise to address the problems associated with rapid degradation of Mg without compromising its cytocompatibility and biocompatibility. Of particular interests for orthopedic/spinal implant applications are the additions of calcium (Ca) and strontium (Sr) into Mg matrix because of their beneficial properties for bone regeneration. In this study, degradation and cytocompatibility of four binary MgSr alloys (Mg-xSr, x = 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 wt%) and four ternary MgCaSr alloys (Mg-1Ca-xSr, x = 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 wt%) were investigated and compared via direct culture with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The influence of the alloy composition on the degradation rates were studied and compared. Moreover, the cellular responses to the binary MgSr alloys and the ternary MgCaSr alloys were comparatively evaluated; and the critical factors influencing BMSC behaviors were discussed. This study screened the degradability and in vitro cytocompatibility of the binary MgSr alloys and the ternary MgCaSr alloys. Mg-1Sr, Mg-1Ca-0.5Sr and Mg-1Ca-1Sr alloys are recommended for further in vivo studies toward clinical translation due to their best overall performances in terms of degradation and cytocompatibility among all the alloys studied in the present work. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Traditional Mg alloys with slower degradation often contain aluminum or rare earth elements as alloying components, which raised safety and regulatory concerns. To circumvent unsafe elements, nutrient elements such as calcium (Ca) and strontium (Sr) were selected to create Mg-Sr binary alloys and Mg-Ca-Sr ternary alloys to improve the safety and biocompatibility of bioresorbable Mg alloys for medical implant applications. In this study, in vitro degradation and cellular responses to four binary Mg-xSr alloys and four ternary Mg-1Ca-xSr alloys with increasing Sr content (up to 2 wt%) were evaluated in direct culture with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The roles of Sr and Ca in tuning the alloy microstructure, degradation behaviors, and BMSC responses were collectively compared in the BMSC direct culture system for the first time. The most promising alloys were identified and recommended for further in vivo studies toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensen Jiang
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Aaron F Cipriano
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Qiaomu Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Chaoxing Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Marisa Lopez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Amy Sallee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Alan Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | - Yuanhao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huinan Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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11
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Dutta S, Devi KB, Gupta S, Kundu B, Balla VK, Roy M. Mechanical and in vitro degradation behavior of magnesium-bioactive glass composites prepared by SPS for biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:352-365. [PMID: 29656470 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to make magnesium (Mg) a successful candidate for fracture fixation devices, it is imperative to control the corrosion rate and enhance its elastic modulus. In the present work, we have prepared bioactive glass (BG) reinforced magnesium composite using spark plasma sintering (SPS). Simultaneous application of heat and pressure during SPS decreased the softening point of BG (600°C), allowing it to coat the Mg particles partially. As a result, BG was found along the Mg particle boundaries, which was confirmed by elemental mapping. Addition of BG improved microhardness and elastic modulus of Mg-BG composites. Corrosion behavior was studied by hydrogen evolution and immersion corrosion in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). After 64 h of immersion, Mg-10 wt % BG composite showed highest corrosion resistance. Quantitative micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) results indicated porosity increase in Mg-BG composites during immersion. The maximum increase in porosity (1.66%) was noticed for pure Mg while the minimum for Mg-10 wt % BG composite. MG63 cell-material interactions, using extract method, showed good cytocompatibility for Mg-10 wt % BG composite. The concentration of Mg ion in cell culture media was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy after 24 h immersion of Mg/BG composites. The results indicated that using BG as reinforcement and SPS as sintering method; we can prepare corrosion resistant and high modulus Mg-BG composites that can be used for fabricating bone fracture fixation plates. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 107B: 352-365, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Dutta
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology-Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - K Bavya Devi
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Biswanath Kundu
- Bioceramics & Coating Division, CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramics Research Institute (CGCRI), 196, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Vamsi Krishna Balla
- Bioceramics & Coating Division, CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramics Research Institute (CGCRI), 196, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Mangal Roy
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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12
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Mechanical and degradation property improvement in a biocompatible Mg-Ca-Sr alloy by thermomechanical processing. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 80:285-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Berglund IS, Dirr EW, Ramaswamy V, Allen JB, Allen KD, Manuel MV. The effect of Mg-Ca-Sr alloy degradation products on human mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 106:697-704. [PMID: 28323384 PMCID: PMC5811831 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable Mg alloys have the potential to replace currently used metallic medical implant devices, likely eliminating toxicity concerns and the need for secondary surgeries, while also providing a potentially stimulating environment for tissue growth. A recently developed Mg-Ca-Sr alloy possesses advantageous characteristics over other Mg alloys, having a good combination of strength and degradation behavior, while also displaying potentially osteogenic properties. To better understand the effect of alloy degradation products on cellular mechanisms, in vitro studies using human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were conducted. Ionic products of alloy dissolution were found to be nontoxic but changed the proliferation profile of stem cells. Furthermore, their presence changed the progress of osteogenic development, while concentrations of Mg in particular appeared to induce stem cell differentiation. The work presented herein provides a foundation for future alloy design where structures can be tailored to obtain specific implant performance. These potentially bioactive implants would reduce the risks for patients by shortening their healing time, minimizing discomfort and toxicity concerns, while reducing hospital costs. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 697-704, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida S. Berglund
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611
| | - Elliott W. Dirr
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611
| | - Vidhya Ramaswamy
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611
| | - Josephine B. Allen
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Science and Engineering, University of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611
| | - Kyle D. Allen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611
| | - Michele V. Manuel
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611
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Kraus T, Fischerauer S, Treichler S, Martinelli E, Eichler J, Myrissa A, Zötsch S, Uggowitzer PJ, Löffler JF, Weinberg AM. The influence of biodegradable magnesium implants on the growth plate. Acta Biomater 2018; 66:109-117. [PMID: 29174472 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mg-based biodegradable materials are considered promising candidates in the paediatric field due to their favourable mechanical and biological properties and their biodegrading potential that makes a second surgery for implant removal unnecessary. In many cases the surgical fixation technique requires a crossing of the growth plate by the implant in order to achieve an adequate fragment replacement or fracture stabilisation. This study investigates the kinetics of slowly and rapidly degrading Mg alloys in a transphyseal rat model, and also reports on their dynamics in the context of the physis and consecutive bone growth. Twenty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats received either a rapidly degrading (ZX50; n = 13) or a slowly degrading (WZ21; n = 13) Mg alloy, implanted transphyseal into the distal femur. The contralateral leg was drilled in the same manner and served as a direct sham specimen. Degradation behaviour, gas formation, and leg length were measured by continuous in vivo micro CT for up to 52 weeks, and additional high-resolution µCT (HRS) scans and histomorphological analyses of the growth plate were performed. The growth plate was locally destroyed and bone growth was significantly diminished by the fast degradation of ZX50 implants and the accompanying release of large amounts of hydrogen gas. In contrast, WZ21 implants showed homogenous and moderate degradation performance, and the effect on bone growth did not differ significantly from a single drill-hole defect. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This study is the first that reports on the effects of degrading magnesium implants on the growth plate in a living animal model. The results show that high evolution of hydrogen gas due to rapid Mg degradation can damage the growth plate substantially. Slow degradation, however, such as seen for WZ21 alloys, does not affect the growth plate more than drilling alone, thus meeting one important prerequisite for deployment in paediatric osteosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kraus
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Stefan Fischerauer
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Treichler
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Eichler
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Anastasia Myrissa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Zötsch
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter J Uggowitzer
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg F Löffler
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Yang K, Zhou C, Fan H, Fan Y, Jiang Q, Song P, Fan H, Chen Y, Zhang X. Bio-Functional Design, Application and Trends in Metallic Biomaterials. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:E24. [PMID: 29271916 PMCID: PMC5795975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction of metals as biomaterials has been known for a long time. In the early development, sufficient strength and suitable mechanical properties were the main considerations for metal implants. With the development of new generations of biomaterials, the concepts of bioactive and biodegradable materials were proposed. Biological function design is very import for metal implants in biomedical applications. Three crucial design criteria are summarized for developing metal implants: (1) mechanical properties that mimic the host tissues; (2) sufficient bioactivities to form bio-bonding between implants and surrounding tissues; and (3) a degradation rate that matches tissue regeneration and biodegradability. This article reviews the development of metal implants and their applications in biomedical engineering. Development trends and future perspectives of metallic biomaterials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China.
| | - Changchun Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Hongsong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yujiang Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Qing Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Ping Song
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Hongyuan Fan
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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16
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Influence of the Composition of the Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution on the Corrosion Behavior of AZ31 and AZ61 Magnesium Alloys. METALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/met7110465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Ibrahim H, Klarner AD, Poorganji B, Dean D, Luo AA, Elahinia M. Microstructural, mechanical and corrosion characteristics of heat-treated Mg-1.2Zn-0.5Ca (wt%) alloy for use as resorbable bone fixation material. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 69:203-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Ibrahim H, Esfahani SN, Poorganji B, Dean D, Elahinia M. Resorbable bone fixation alloys, forming, and post-fabrication treatments. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 70:870-888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Li M, He P, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Xia H, Zheng Y, Han Y. Stimulatory effects of the degradation products from Mg-Ca-Sr alloy on the osteogenesis through regulating ERK signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32323. [PMID: 27580744 PMCID: PMC5007487 DOI: 10.1038/srep32323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of Mg-1Ca-xwt.% Sr (x = 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0) alloys on the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 were studied through typical differentiation markers, such as intracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, extracellular collagen secretion and calcium nodule formation. It was shown that Mg-1Ca alloys with different content of Sr promoted cell viability and enhanced the differentiation and mineralization levels of osteoblasts, and Mg-1Ca-2.0Sr alloy had the most remarkable and significant effect among all. To further investigate the underlying mechanisms, RT-PCR and Western Blotting assays were taken to analyze the mRNA expression level of osteogenesis-related genes and intracellular signaling pathways involved in osteogenesis, respectively. RT-PCR results showed that Mg-1Ca-2.0Sr alloy significantly up-regulated the expressions of the transcription factors of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and Osterix (OSX), Integrin subunits, as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Bone sialoprotein (BSP), Collagen I (COL I), Osteocalcin (OCN) and Osteopontin (OPN). Western Blotting results suggested that Mg-1Ca-2.0Sr alloy rapidly induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation but showed no obvious effects on c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase of MAPK. Taken together, our results demonstrated that Mg-1Ca-2.0Sr alloy had excellent biocompatibility and osteogenesis via the ERK pathway and is expected to be promising as orthopedic implants and bone repair materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, 305 zhongshandong road, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Yuanhao Wu
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou military command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Hong Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou military command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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20
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Wu Y, He G, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li M, Wang X, Li N, Li K, Zheng G, Zheng Y, Yin Q. Unique antitumor property of the Mg-Ca-Sr alloys with addition of Zn. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21736. [PMID: 26907515 PMCID: PMC4764862 DOI: 10.1038/srep21736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice, tumor recurrence and metastasis after orthopedic prosthesis implantation is an intensely troublesome matter. Therefore, to develop implant materials with antitumor property is extremely necessary and meaningful. Magnesium (Mg) alloys possess superb biocompatibility, mechanical property and biodegradability in orthopedic applications. However, whether they possess antitumor property had seldom been reported. In recent years, it showed that zinc (Zn) not only promote the osteogenic activity but also exhibit good antitumor property. In our present study, Zn was selected as an alloying element for the Mg-1Ca-0.5Sr alloy to develop a multifunctional material with antitumor property. We investigated the influence of the Mg-1Ca-0.5Sr-xZn (x = 0, 2, 4, 6 wt%) alloys extracts on the proliferation rate, cell apoptosis, migration and invasion of the U2OS cell line. Our results show that Zn containing Mg alloys extracts inhibit the cell proliferation by alteration the cell cycle and inducing cell apoptosis via the activation of the mitochondria pathway. The cell migration and invasion property were also suppressed by the activation of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway. Our work suggests that the Mg-1Ca-0.5Sr-6Zn alloy is expected to be a promising orthopedic implant in osteosarcoma limb-salvage surgery for avoiding tumor recurrence and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Wu
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guanping He
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kang Li
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
| | - Guan Zheng
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qingshui Yin
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
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21
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Berglund IS, Jacobs BY, Allen KD, Kim SE, Pozzi A, Allen JB, Manuel MV. Peri-implant tissue response and biodegradation performance of a Mg-1.0Ca-0.5Sr alloy in rat tibia. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 62:79-85. [PMID: 26952400 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys combine the advantages of traditional metallic implants and biodegradable polymers, having high strength, low density, and a stiffness ideal for bone fracture fixation. A recently developed Mg-Ca-Sr alloy potentially possesses advantageous characteristics over other Mg alloys, such as slower degradation rates and minimal toxicity. In this study, the biocompatibility of this Mg-Ca-Sr alloy was investigated in a rat pin-placement model. Cylindrical pins were inserted in the proximal tibial metaphyses in pre-drilled holes orthogonal to the tibial axis. Implant and bone morphologies were investigated using μCT at 1, 3, and 6 weeks after implant placement. At the same time points, the surrounding tissue was evaluated using H&E, TRAP and Goldner's trichrome staining. Although gas bubbles were observed around the degrading implant at early time points, the bone remained intact with no evidence of microfracture. Principle findings also include new bone formation in the area of the implant, suggesting that the alloy is a promising candidate for biodegradable orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida S Berglund
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Brittany Y Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kyle D Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Stanley E Kim
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Clinic of Small Animal Surgery, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Josephine B Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michele V Manuel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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22
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Mechanical degradation of porous titanium with entangled structure filled with biodegradable magnesium in Hanks' solution. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 57:349-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Zhao C, Pan F, Zhao S, Pan H, Song K, Tang A. Microstructure, corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity of biodegradable Mg–Sn implant alloys prepared by sub-rapid solidification. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 54:245-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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He G, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Li N, Li M, Zheng G, He B, Yin Q, Zheng Y, Mao C. Addition of Zn to the ternary Mg-Ca-Sr alloys significantly improves their antibacterial property. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6676-6689. [PMID: 26693010 PMCID: PMC4675164 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01319d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Most of the magnesium (Mg) alloys possess excellent biocompatibility, mechanical property and biodegradability in orthopedic applications. However, these alloys may suffer from bacterial infections due to their insufficient antibacterial capability. In order to reduce the post-surgical infections, a series of biocompatible Mg-1Ca-0.5Sr-xZn (x=0, 2, 4, 6) alloys were fabricated with the addition of antibacterial Zn with variable content and evaluated in terms of their biocompatibility and antibacterial property. The in vitro corrosion study showed that Mg-1Ca-0.5Sr-6Zn alloys exhibited a higher hydrogen evolution volume after 100 h immersion and resulted in a higher pH value of the immersion solution. Our work indicated that Zn-containing Mg alloys exhibited good biocompatibility with high cell viability. The antibacterial studies reveal that the number of bacteria adhered on all of these Mg alloy samples diminished remarkably compared to the Ti-6Al-4V control group. We also found that the proliferation of the bacteria was inhibited by these Mg alloys extracts. Among the prepared alloys, Mg-1Ca-0.5Sr-6Zn alloy not only exhibited a strong antibacterial effect, but also promoted the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, suggesting that it is a promising alloy with both good antibacterial property and good biocompatibility for use as an orthopedic implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanping He
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
| | - Yuanhao Wu
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
| | - Guan Zheng
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
| | - Baohua He
- Department of Orthopedics, China Meitan General Hospital, No.29 Xibahe South street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100028, china
| | - Qingshui Yin
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019, USA
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25
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Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Bioresorbable Fixation Screws on Human Gingival Fibroblasts and Mouse Osteoblasts by Real-Time Cell Analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 73:1562.e1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Wang JL, Mukherjee S, Nisbet DR, Birbilis N, Chen XB. In vitro evaluation of biodegradable magnesium alloys containing micro-alloying additions of strontium, with and without zinc. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:8874-8883. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01516b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(a) Alloying of microlevels of Sr do not promote thein vitrocathodic reaction, whilst it slightly moderates the anodic kinetics of Mg in MEM and (b) adopted microadditions of Sr around its solid solubility in a Mg implant favourable for bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Lan Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Shayanti Mukherjee
- Research School of Engineering
- The Australian National University
- Acton
- Australia
| | - David R. Nisbet
- Research School of Engineering
- The Australian National University
- Acton
- Australia
| | - Nick Birbilis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Xiao-Bo Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
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27
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Rojaee R, Fathi M, Raeissi K. Comparing Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Coating on AZ91 Alloy Samples via Sol-gel and Electrophoretic Deposition for Biomedical Applications. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2014; 13:409-14. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2014.2338931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Tian P, Liu X. Surface modification of biodegradable magnesium and its alloys for biomedical applications. Regen Biomater 2014; 2:135-51. [PMID: 26816637 PMCID: PMC4669019 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbu013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys are being paid much attention recently as temporary implants, such as orthopedic implants and cardiovascular stents. However, the rapid degradation of them in physiological environment is a major obstacle preventing their wide applications to date, which will result in rapid mechanical integrity loss or even collapse of magnesium-based implants before injured tissues heal. Moreover, rapid degradation of the magnesium-based implants will also cause some adverse effects to their surrounding environment, such as local gas cavity around the implant, local alkalization and magnesium ion enrichment, which will reduce the integration between implant and tissue. So, in order to obtain better performance of magnesium-based implants in clinical trials, special alloy designs and surface modifications are prerequisite. Actually, when a magnesium-based implant is inserted in vivo, corrosion firstly happens at the implant-tissue interface and the biological response to implant is also determined by the interaction at this interface. So the surface properties, such as corrosion resistance, hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility of the implant, are critical for their in vivo performance. Compared with alloy designs, surface modification is less costly, flexible to construct multi-functional surface and can prevent addition of toxic alloying elements. In this review, we would like to summarize the current investigations of surface modifications of magnesium and its alloys for biomedical application. The advantages/disadvantages of different surface modification methods are also discussed as a suggestion for their utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
| | - Xuanyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
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Zhao N, Zhu D. Endothelial responses of magnesium and other alloying elements in magnesium-based stent materials. Metallomics 2014; 7:118-28. [PMID: 25363018 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00244j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable tailored magnesium (Mg) alloys are some of the most promising scaffolds for cardiovascular stents. During the course of degradation after implantation, all the alloying elements in the scaffold will be released to the surrounding vascular tissues. However, fundamental questions regarding the toxicity of alloying elements towards vascular cells, the maximum amount of each element that could be used in alloy design, or how each of the alloying elements affects vascular cellular activity and gene expression, are still not fully answered. This work systematically addressed these questions by revealing how application of different alloying elements commonly used in Mg stent materials influences several indices of human endothelial cell health, i.e., viability, proliferations, cytoskeletal reorganizations, migration, and the gene expression profile. The overall cell viability and proliferation showed a decreasing trend with increasing concentrations of the ions, and the half maximal effective concentrations (EC50) for each element were determined. When applied at a low concentration of around 10 mM, Mg had no adverse effects but improved cell proliferation and migration instead. Mg ions also altered endothelial gene expression significantly in a dose dependent manner. Most of the changed genes are related to angiogenesis and the cell adhesion signaling pathways. Findings from this work provide useful information on maximum safe doses of these ions for endothelial cells, endothelial responses towards these metal ions, and some guidance for future Mg stent design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bio-Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E Market St, McNair 329, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, USA.
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Zhang Y, Wei L, Wu C, Miron RJ. Periodontal regeneration using strontium-loaded mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds in osteoporotic rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104527. [PMID: 25116811 PMCID: PMC4130544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that the rate of periodontal breakdown significantly increased in patients compromised from both periodontal disease and osteoporosis. One pharmacological agent used for their treatment is strontium renalate due to its simultaneous ability to increase bone formation and halt bone resorption. The aim of the present study was to achieve periodontal regeneration of strontium-incorporated mesoporous bioactive glass (Sr-MBG) scaffolds in an osteoporotic animal model carried out by bilateral ovariectomy (OVX). 15 female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control unfilled periodontal defects, 2) MBG alone and 3) Sr-MBG scaffolds. 10 weeks after OVX, bilateral fenestration defects were created at the buccal aspect of the first mandibular molar and assessed by micro-CT and histomorphometric analysis after 28 days. Periodontal fenestration defects treated with Sr-MBG scaffolds showed greater new bone formation (46.67%) when compared to MBG scaffolds (39.33%) and control unfilled samples (17.50%). The number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts was also significantly reduced in defects receiving Sr-MBG scaffolds. The results from the present study suggest that Sr-MBG scaffolds may provide greater periondontal regeneration. Clinical studies are required to fully characterize the possible beneficial effect of Sr-releasing scaffolds for patients suffering from a combination of both periodontal disease and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfei Wei
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengtie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard J. Miron
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Faculté de medecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Ding Y, Wen C, Hodgson P, Li Y. Effects of alloying elements on the corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of biodegradable magnesium alloys: a review. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:1912-1933. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21746a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review elaborates the effects of alloying elements on the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion and biocompatibility of biodegradable magnesium alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Ding
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong, Australia
| | - Cuie Wen
- Faculty of Science
- Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Peter Hodgson
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong, Australia
| | - Yuncang Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong, Australia
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32
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Biocompatibility Assessment of Novel Bioresorbable Alloys Mg-Zn-Se and Mg-Zn-Cu for Endovascular Applications: In- Vitro Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 17:25-44. [PMID: 24058329 DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.17.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that using biodegradable magnesium alloys such as Mg-Zn and Mg-Zn-Al possess the appropriate mechanical properties and biocompatibility to serve in a multitude of biological applications ranging from endovascular to orthopedic and fixation devices. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of novel as-cast magnesium alloys Mg-1Zn-1Cu wt.% and Mg-1Zn-1Se wt.% as potential implantable biomedical materials, and compare their biologically effective properties to a binary Mg-Zn alloy. The cytotoxicity of these experimental alloys was evaluated using a tetrazolium based- MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay and a lactate dehydrogenase membrane integrity assay (LDH). The MTS assay was performed on extract solutions obtained from a 30-day period of alloy immersion and agitation in simulated body fluid to evaluate the major degradation products eluted from the alloy materials. Human foreskin fibroblast cell growth on the experimental magnesium alloys was evaluated for a 72 hour period, and cell death was quantified by measuring lactate dehydrogenase concentrations. Both Mg-Zn-Se and Mg-Zn-Cu alloys exhibit low cytotoxicity levels which are suitable for biomaterial applications. The Mg-Zn-Cu alloy was found to completely degrade within 72 hours, resulting in lower human foreskin fibroblast cell viability. The Mg-Zn-Se alloy was shown to be less cytotoxic than both the Mg-Zn-Cu and Mg-Zn alloys.
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Mushahary D, Sravanthi R, Li Y, Kumar MJ, Harishankar N, Hodgson PD, Wen C, Pande G. Zirconium, calcium, and strontium contents in magnesium based biodegradable alloys modulate the efficiency of implant-induced osseointegration. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:2887-902. [PMID: 23976848 PMCID: PMC3746735 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s47378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of new biodegradable implants and devices is necessary to meet the increasing needs of regenerative orthopedic procedures. An important consideration while formulating new implant materials is that they should physicochemically and biologically mimic bone-like properties. In earlier studies, we have developed and characterized magnesium based biodegradable alloys, in particular magnesium-zirconium (Mg-Zr) alloys. Here we have reported the biological properties of four Mg-Zr alloys containing different quantities of strontium or calcium. The alloys were implanted in small cavities made in femur bones of New Zealand White rabbits, and the quantitative and qualitative assessments of newly induced bone tissue were carried out. A total of 30 experimental animals, three for each implant type, were studied, and bone induction was assessed by histological, immunohistochemical and radiological methods; cavities in the femurs with no implants and observed for the same period of time were kept as controls. Our results showed that Mg-Zr alloys containing appropriate quantities of strontium were more efficient in inducing good quality mineralized bone than other alloys. Our results have been discussed in the context of physicochemical and biological properties of the alloys, and they could be very useful in determining the nature of future generations of biodegradable orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Mushahary
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Brar HS, Ball JP, Berglund IS, Allen JB, Manuel MV. A study of a biodegradable Mg-3Sc-3Y alloy and the effect of self-passivation on the in vitro degradation. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5331-40. [PMID: 22902815 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys have been investigated for their potential application as biodegradable implant materials. Although properties of magnesium such as biocompatibility and susceptibility to dissolution are desirable for biodegradable implant applications, its high degradation rate and low strength pose a significant challenge. A potential way to reduce the initial degradation rate is to form a self-passivating protective layer on the surface of the alloy. Oxides with a low enthalpy of formation result in a strong thermodynamic driving force to produce oxide surfaces that are more stable than the native oxide (MgO), and possibly reduce the initial degradation rate in these alloys. In the present study a ternary Mg-3wt.% Sc-3wt.% Y alloy was investigated and its oxidation behavior studied. The effect of surface passivation on the in vitro degradation rate was studied and the degradation products identified. The results show that the oxide provided an initial degradation barrier and 24h oxidation resulted in a negligible degradation rate for up to 23 days. Furthermore, the degradation products of the alloy showed no significant toxicity to osteoblastic cells, and cell proliferation studies confirmed cell attachment and proliferation on the surface of the oxidized alloy.
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