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Jan Z, Hočevar M, Kononenko V, Michelini S, Repar N, Caf M, Kocjančič B, Dolinar D, Kralj S, Makovec D, Iglič A, Drobne D, Jenko M, Kralj-Iglič V. Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress and Small Cellular Particle Response in HUVEC Induced by Debris from Endoprosthesis Processing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093287. [PMID: 37176169 PMCID: PMC10179554 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We studied inflammatory and oxidative stress-related parameters and cytotoxic response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to a 24 h treatment with milled particles simulating debris involved in sandblasting of orthopedic implants (OI). We used different abrasives (corundum-(Al2O3), used corundum retrieved from removed OI (u. Al2O3), and zirconia/silica composite (ZrO2/SiO2)). Morphological changes were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Concentration of Interleukins IL-6 and IL-1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF)-α was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Activity of Cholinesterase (ChE) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) was measured by spectrophotometry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid droplets (LD) and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry (FCM). Detachment of the cells from glass and budding of the cell membrane did not differ in the treated and untreated control cells. Increased concentration of IL-1β and of IL-6 was found after treatment with all tested particle types, indicating inflammatory response of the treated cells. Increased ChE activity was found after treatment with u. Al2O3 and ZrO2/SiO2. Increased GST activity was found after treatment with ZrO2/SiO2. Increased LD quantity but not ROS quantity was found after treatment with u. Al2O3. No cytotoxicity was detected after treatment with u. Al2O3. The tested materials in concentrations added to in vitro cell lines were found non-toxic but bioactive and therefore prone to induce a response of the human body to OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zala Jan
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Hočevar
- Institute of Metals and Technology, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veno Kononenko
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Nanobiology Group, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Michelini
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Nanobiology Group, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neža Repar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Nanobiology Group, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Caf
- Department for Materials Synthesis, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Kocjančič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Orthopaedics, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- MD-RI Institute for Materials Research in Medicine, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Drago Dolinar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Orthopaedics, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- MD-RI Institute for Materials Research in Medicine, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Slavko Kralj
- Department for Materials Synthesis, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darko Makovec
- Department for Materials Synthesis, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Iglič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Physics, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Nanobiology Group, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Jenko
- MD-RI Institute for Materials Research in Medicine, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Larsson L, Marattukalam JJ, Paschalidou EM, Hjörvarsson B, Ferraz N, Persson C. Biocompatibility of a Zr-Based Metallic Glass Enabled by Additive Manufacturing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:5741-5753. [PMID: 36459395 PMCID: PMC9768811 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The present work explored the use of the selective laser melting (SLM) technique to develop a Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) and investigate the influence of the process parameters on obtaining different levels of surface roughness. Moreover, the potential of the additively manufactured BMG Zr59.3Cu28.8Al10.4Nb1.5 (trade name AMLOY-ZR01) as an implant material was studied by evaluating the osteoblastic cell response to the alloy and its stability under simulated biological environments. The materials were characterized in terms of degree of crystallinity, surface roughness, and morphology, followed by a systematic investigation of the response of the MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cell line to the as-printed samples. The materials supported cell proliferation and differentiation of the preosteoblastic cells, with results comparable to the reference material Ti-6Al-4V. The surface microroughness and surface morphology (porous or groove-type laser tracks) investigated in this study did not have a significant effect on modulating the cell response. Ion release experiments showed a large increase in ion release under inflammatory conditions as compared to regular physiological conditions, which could be attributed to the increased local corrosion under inflammatory conditions. The findings in this work showed that the surface roughness of the additively manufactured BMG AMLOY-ZR01 can be tailored by controlling the laser power applied during the SLM process. The favorable cell response to the as-printed AMLOY-ZR01 represents of a significant advancement of the investigation of additively manufactured BMGs for orthopedic applications, while the results of the ion release study highlights the effect that inflammatory conditions could have on the degradation of the alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Larsson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Box
534, Uppsala University, SE- 75121Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Björgvin Hjörvarsson
- Department
of Physics, Materials Physics, Box 530, Uppsala University, SE-75121Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Ferraz
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology and Functional
Materials, Box 35, Uppsala University, SE- 75103Uppsala, Sweden,
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Box
534, Uppsala University, SE- 75121Uppsala, Sweden,
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Abstract
Dental implants are widely used in the field of oral restoration, but there are still problems leading to implant failures in clinical application, such as failed osseointegration, marginal bone resorption, and peri-implantitis, which restrict the success rate of dental implants and patient satisfaction. Poor osseointegration and bacterial infection are the most essential reasons resulting in implant failure. To improve the clinical outcomes of implants, many scholars devoted to modifying the surface of implants, especially to preparing different physical and chemical modifications to improve the osseointegration between alveolar bone and implant surface. Besides, the bioactive-coatings to promote the adhesion and colonization of ossteointegration-related proteins and cells also aim to improve the osseointegration. Meanwhile, improving the anti-bacterial performance of the implant surface can obstruct the adhesion and activity of bacteria, avoiding the occurrence of inflammation related to implants. Therefore, this review comprehensively investigates and summarizes the modifying or coating methods of implant surfaces, and analyzes the ossteointegration ability and anti-bacterial characteristics of emerging functional coatings in published references.
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Geng Z, Yu Y, Li Z, Ma L, Zhu S, Liang Y, Cui Z, Wang J, Yang X, Liu C. miR-21 promotes osseointegration and mineralization through enhancing both osteogenic and osteoclastic expression. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mei S, Yang L, Pan Y, Wang D, Wang X, Tang T, Wei J. Influences of tantalum pentoxide and surface coarsening on surface roughness, hydrophilicity, surface energy, protein adsorption and cell responses to PEEK based biocomposite. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 174:207-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Díaz B, Nóvoa X, Pérez C, Pintos A. An interfacial adhesive analysis of repairing composite patches by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Blanquer A, Hynowska A, Nogués C, Ibáñez E, Sort J, Baró MD, Özkale B, Pané S, Pellicer E, Barrios L. Effect of Surface Modifications of Ti40Zr10Cu38Pd12 Bulk Metallic Glass and Ti-6Al-4V Alloy on Human Osteoblasts In Vitro Biocompatibility. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156644. [PMID: 27243628 PMCID: PMC4887090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biocompatible materials, including bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), for tissue regeneration and transplantation is increasing. The good mechanical and corrosion properties of Ti40Zr10Cu38Pd12 BMG and its previously described biocompatibility makes it a potential candidate for medical applications. However, it is known that surface properties like topography might play an important role in regulating cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. Thus, in the present study, Ti40Zr10Cu38Pd12 BMG and Ti6-Al-4V alloy were surface-modified electrochemically (nanomesh) or physically (microscratched) to investigate the effect of material topography on human osteoblasts cells (Saos-2) adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. For comparative purposes, the effect of mirror-like polished surfaces was also studied. Electrochemical treatments led to a highly interconnected hierarchical porous structure rich in oxides, which have been described to improve corrosion resistance, whereas microscratched surfaces showed a groove pattern with parallel trenches. Cell viability was higher than 96% for the three topographies tested and for both alloy compositions. In all cases, cells were able to adhere, proliferate and differentiate on the alloys, hence indicating that surface topography plays a minor role on these processes, although a clear cell orientation was observed on microscratched surfaces. Overall, our results provide further evidence that Ti40Zr10Cu38Pd12 BMG is an excellent candidate, in the present two topographies, for bone repair purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Blanquer
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Hynowska
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carme Nogués
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Sort
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Dolors Baró
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Berna Özkale
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Pellicer
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Leonardo Barrios
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cc, Bellaterra, Spain
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Li HF, Zheng YF. Recent advances in bulk metallic glasses for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2016; 36:1-20. [PMID: 27045349 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED With a continuously increasing aging population and the improvement of living standards, large demands of biomaterials are expected for a long time to come. Further development of novel biomaterials, that are much safer and of much higher quality, in terms of both biomedical and mechanical properties, are therefore of great interest for both the research scientists and clinical surgeons. Compared with the conventional crystalline metallic counterparts, bulk metallic glasses have unique amorphous structures, and thus exhibit higher strength, lower Young's modulus, improved wear resistance, good fatigue endurance, and excellent corrosion resistance. For this purpose, bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have recently attracted much attention for biomedical applications. This review discusses and summarizes the recent developments and advances of bulk metallic glasses, including Ti-based, Zr-based, Fe-based, Mg-based, Zn-based, Ca-based and Sr-based alloying systems for biomedical applications. Future research directions will move towards overcoming the brittleness, increasing the glass forming ability (GFA) thus obtaining corresponding bulk metallic glasses with larger sizes, removing/reducing toxic elements, and surface modifications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), also known as amorphous alloys or liquid metals, are relative newcomers in the field of biomaterials. They have gained increasing attention during the past decades, as they exhibit an excellent combination of properties and processing capabilities desired for versatile biomedical implant applications. The present work reviewed the recent developments and advances of biomedical BMGs, including Ti-based, Zr-based, Fe-based, Mg-based, Zn-based, Ca-based and Sr-based BMG alloying systems. Besides, the critical analysis and in-depth discussion on the current status, challenge and future development of biomedical BMGs are included. The possible solution to the BMG size limitation, the brittleness of BMGs has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Y F Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Deng Y, Liu X, Xu A, Wang L, Luo Z, Zheng Y, Deng F, Wei J, Tang Z, Wei S. Effect of surface roughness on osteogenesis in vitro and osseointegration in vivo of carbon fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone-nanohydroxyapatite composite. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:1425-47. [PMID: 25733834 PMCID: PMC4337592 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s75557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As United States Food and Drug Administration-approved implantable material, carbon fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFRPEEK) possesses an adjustable elastic modulus similar to cortical bone and is a prime candidate to replace surgical metallic implants. The bioinertness and inferior osteogenic properties of CFRPEEK, however, limit its clinical application as orthopedic/dental implants. In this study, CFRPEEK–nanohydroxyapatite ternary composites (PEEK/n-HA/CF) with variable surface roughness have been successfully fabricated. The effect of surface roughness on their in vitro cellular responses of osteoblast-like MG-63 cells (attachment, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation) and in vivo osseointegration is evaluated. The results show that the hydrophilicity and the amount of Ca ions on the surface are significantly improved as the surface roughness of composite increases. In cell culture tests, the results reveal that the cell proliferation rate and the extent of osteogenic differentiation of cells are a function of the size of surface roughness. The composite with moderate surface roughness significantly increases cell attachment/proliferation and promotes the production of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium nodule formation compared with the other groups. More importantly, the PEEK/n-HA/CF implant with appropriate surface roughness exhibits remarkably enhanced bioactivity and osseointegration in vivo in the animal experiment. These findings will provide critical guidance for the design of CFRPEEK-based implants with optimal roughness to regulate cellular behaviors, and to enhance biocompability and osseointegration. Meanwhile, the PEEK/n-HA/CF ternary composite with optimal surface roughness might hold great potential as bioactive biomaterial for bone grafting and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Deng
- 2nd Dental Center, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Anxiu Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuyuan Luo
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Zheng
- 2nd Dental Center, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Deng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, and Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Tang
- 2nd Dental Center, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shicheng Wei
- 2nd Dental Center, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Surface Modification of Titanium Alloys Using Alumina Particles Blasting for Biomedical Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.983.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ti-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) is a new class of titanium alloys that exhibits excellent properties for biomedical applications. They have high strength, good corrosion resistance, low elastic modulus and satisfactory biocompatibility. Therefore, Ti-based BMG is an excellent alternative material to be used in biomedical application. Titanium alloy with a nominal composition of the Ti40Zr10Co36Pd14 was synthesized by replacing Cu with Co in a better-known bulk glass forming composition. Coin-shape samples with a diameter of 15 mm and thickness of 1 mm were prepared by arc-melting and casting into copper mold. The coin-shape samples were polished, then followed by blasting with 50 μm and 250 μm average particle sizes of alumina. Alumina blasting caused plastic deformation at the surface and induced change in surface roughness. The larger size of alumina particle, the higher the Ra, Rq and Rt with significant difference. Some abrasive alumina particles were found to be embedded onto the blasted surface. The blasted Ti40Zr10Co36Pd14 sample showed lower roughness values than those blasted Ti-6Al-4V samples. This may be because of the higher hardness values of Ti40Zr10Co36Pd14 sample, when compared to the softer Ti-6Al-4V samples. The contact angle measurement which demonstrated wettability of all samples did not show significant difference in a tested range of Ra (from 40 to 428 nm).
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Li H, Zheng Y, Pei YT, De Hosson JTM. TiNi shape memory alloy coated with tungsten: a novel approach for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:1249-1255. [PMID: 24481534 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the use of DC magnetron sputtering tungsten thin films for surface modification of TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) targeting for biomedical applications. SEM, AFM and automatic contact angle meter instrument were used to determine the surface characteristics of the tungsten thin films. The hardness of the TiNi SMA with and without tungsten thin films was measured by nanoindentation tests. It is demonstrated that the tungsten thin films deposited at different magnetron sputtering conditions are characterized by a columnar microstructure and exhibit different surface morphology and roughness. The hardness of the TiNi SMA was improved significantly by tungsten thin films. The ion release, hemolysis rate, cell adhesion and cell proliferation have been investigated by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, CCK-8 assay and alkaline phosphatase activity test. The experimental findings indicate that TiNi SMA coated with tungsten thin film shows a substantial reduction in the release of nickel. Therefore, it has a better in vitro biocompatibility, in particular, reduced hemolysis rate, enhanced cell adhesion and differentiation due to the hydrophilic properties of the tungsten films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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KANEKO H, SASAKI H, HONMA S, HAYAKAWA T, SATO M, YAJIMA Y, YOSHINARI M. Influence of thin carbonate-containing apatite coating with molecular precursor method to zirconia on osteoblast-like cell response. Dent Mater J 2014; 33:39-47. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2013-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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