1
|
De Nys S, Turkalj M, Duca RC, Covaci A, Elskens M, Godderis L, Vanoirbeek J, Van Meerbeek B, Van Landuyt KL. Level of BPA contamination in resin composites determines BPA release. Dent Mater 2024; 40:1025-1030. [PMID: 38755042 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Resin composites may release bisphenol A (BPA) due to impurities present in the monomers. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the leaching characteristics of BPA from resin composites. Therefore, experimental resin composites were prepared with known amounts of BPA. The objective of this study was (1) to determine which amount of BPA initially present in the material leaches out in the short term and, (2) how this release is influenced by the resin composition. METHODS BPA (0, 0.001, 0.01, or 0.1 wt%) was added to experimental resin composites containing 60 mol% BisGMA, BisEMA(3), or UDMA, respectively, as base monomer and 40 mol% TEGDMA as diluent monomer. Polymerized samples (n = 5) were immersed at 37 °C for 7 days in 1 mL of water, which was collected and refreshed daily. BPA release was quantified with UPLC-MS/MS after derivatization with pyridine-3-sulfonyl chloride. RESULTS Between 0.47 to 0.67 mol% of the originally added BPA eluted from the resin composites after 7 days. Similar elution trends were observed irrespective of the base monomer. Two-way ANOVA showed a significant effect of the base monomer on BPA release, but the differences were small and not consistent. SIGNIFICANCE The released amount of BPA was directly proportional to the quantity of BPA present in the resin composite as an impurity. BPA release was mainly diffusion-based, while polymer composition seemed to play a minor role. Our results underscore the importance for manufacturers only to use monomers of the highest purity in dental resin composites to avoid unnecessary BPA exposure in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siemon De Nys
- KU Leuven, Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marko Turkalj
- KU Leuven, Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Radu Corneliu Duca
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Unit Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, National Health Laboratory (LNS), 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, D.S.551, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marc Elskens
- Laboratory of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; IDEWE, External service for prevention and protection at work, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Meerbeek
- KU Leuven, Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirsten L Van Landuyt
- KU Leuven, Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Turkalj M, De Nys S, Godderis L, Vanoirbeek J, Van Meerbeek B, Van Landuyt KL. Elution from direct composites for provisional restorations. J Prosthodont Res 2024:JPR_D_23_00305. [PMID: 38616126 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_23_00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To assess elution from direct composite materials for provisional restorations and compare them with elution from direct restorative composites for permanent restorations.Methods Two dual-cure (Integrity Multi-Cure and Tempsmart DC) and two self-curing composites (Protemp 4 and Structur 3) were used, with Essentia serving as a reference. Cylindrical specimens (n=20) were cured according to the manufacturer's instructions; the dual-cure materials were prepared in both self- and dual-curing modes. Elution experiments were performed using water and absolute ethanol. The samples were incubated at 37 °C for either 24 h or four weeks; the extraction solvents were refreshed weekly. The eluted BisEMA (-3 / -6 / -10), BisGMA, CQ, UDMA, and TEGDMA were quantified using UHPLC-MS/MS.Results Monomer elution was detected in all provisional composites at 24 h and four weeks, but the amounts released did not exceed those released by the reference composite. When prepared in self-curing mode, Integrity Multi-Cure exhibited significantly higher elution of BisEMA-3, -6, and -10 in ethanol both after 24 h and cumulatively after four weeks. Self-cured Tempsmart DC released significantly more CQ, TEGDMA, and UDMA in both water and ethanol after immersion for 24 h and four weeks, along with significantly more BisGMA in ethanol both after 24 h and four weeks comparison to dual-cured Tempsmart DC (two-way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey, P < 0.05).Conclusions Provisional composite materials did not elute higher amounts of monomers than a restorative composite. Dual-cured materials, prepared in the self-curing mode, show a trend towards higher monomer elution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Turkalj
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, Biomat & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Siemon De Nys
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, Biomat & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven, Belgium
- Idewe, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Meerbeek
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, Biomat & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirsten L Van Landuyt
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, Biomat & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barišić ML, Sarajlija H, Klarić E, Knežević A, Sabol I, Pandurić V. Detection of Leachable Components from Conventional and Dental Bulk-Fill Resin Composites (High and Low Viscosity) Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Method. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030627. [PMID: 36771928 PMCID: PMC9921113 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate leachable components (monomers) in high and low viscosity dental bulk-fill resin composites and conventional resin composite materials after polymerization. Six bulk-fill and six conventional dental resin composite materials were used in this study. The samples of each material (three sets of triplicates) were cured for 20 s with irradiance of 1200 mW/cm2 with a LED curing unit and immersed in a 75% ethanol solution at 37 °C. The eluates from each triplicate set were analyzed after 24 h, 7 days or 28 days using liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Detectable amounts of 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were found in both Gradia materials and the amount observed across different time points was statistically different (p ˂ 0.05), with the amount in solution increasing for Gradia and decreasing for Gradia Direct flo. Bisphenol A diglycidildimethacrylate (BIS GMA) was found in Filtek and Tetric materials. Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was detected in all materials. On the other hand, there were no statistically significant differences in the amounts of TEGDMA detected across different time points in either of the tested materials. Monomers HEMA, TEGDMA, 4-dimethylaminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (DMA BEE) and BIS GMA in bulk-fill and conventional composites (high and low viscosity) can be eluted after polymerization. The good selection of composite material and proper handling, the following of the manufacturer's instructions for polymerization and the use of finishing and polishing procedures may reduce the elution of the unpolymerized monomers> responsible for the possible allergic and genotoxic potential of dental resin composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Klarić
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Alena Knežević
- Division of Restorative Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ivan Sabol
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vlatko Pandurić
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (V.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Pollution arises from all human activity and the provision of oral healthcare using resin-based composite restorative materials (RBCs) should be considered. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the potential pollutant risk to the environment from the chemical compounds found in resin-based restorative materials, by including: 1) the principal pollutant compounds present in the resin matrix; 2) the degradation process of RBCs and its consequences; 3) the methods used for the detection and quantification of monomer elution and RBC microparticles; and 4) a review of the release mechanisms of eluates and RBC microparticles into the environment. RBCs are pollutants by virtue of the compounds created during the degradation processes. These are in the form of the constituent eluted monomers and microparticles. Their impact on the environment and biodiversity is unknown. These materials are currently one of the main direct-placement restorative materials and their success is unquestionable when used and maintained correctly. Mitigation strategies for reducing the impact of pollution on the environment should be considered and implemented by all stakeholders and processes in the supply chain, from manufacturing, clinical use and waste management. All the constituent components of resin-based composites have the potential to act as environmental pollutants as a consequence of their breakdown and subsequent elution. Microparticles have a pollution potential as they are easily dispersed in solution and have an increased surface area that potentiates the elution of monomers. Strategies to reduce their pollution impact should include: a) development of innovative direct-placement restorative materials; b) minimising waste; and c) providing good-quality preventive dentistry that minimises restoration failure and requirement for replacement.
Collapse
|
5
|
De Angelis F, Sarteur N, Buonvivere M, Vadini M, Šteffl M, D'Arcangelo C. Meta-analytical analysis on components released from resin-based dental materials. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:6015-6041. [PMID: 35870020 PMCID: PMC9525379 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Resin-based materials are applied in every branch of dentistry. Due to their tendency to release substances in the oral environment, doubts have been raised about their actual safety. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the last decade literature regarding the concentrations of elutable substances released from dental resin-based materials in different type of solvents. MATERIALS AND METHODS All the literature published on dental journals between January 2010 and April 2022 was searched using international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science). Due to strict inclusion criteria, only 23 papers out of 877 were considered eligible. The concentration of eluted substances related to surface and volume of the sample was analyzed, considering data at 24 h as a reference. The total cumulative release was examined as well. RESULTS The most eluted substances were HEMA, TEGDMA, and BPA, while the less eluted were Bis-GMA and UDMA. Organic solvents caused significantly higher release of substances than water-based ones. A statistically significant inverse correlation between the release of molecules and their molecular mass was observed. A statistically significant positive correlation between the amount of released molecule and the specimen surface area was detected, as well as a weak positive correlation between the release and the specimen volume. CONCLUSIONS Type of solvent, molecular mass of eluates, and specimen surface and volume affect substances release from materials. CLINICAL RELEVANCE It could be advisable to rely on materials based on monomers with a reduced elution tendency for clinical procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Angelis
- Unit of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Dentistry, "G. D'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Nela Sarteur
- Unit of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Dentistry, "G. D'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Matteo Buonvivere
- Unit of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Dentistry, "G. D'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mirco Vadini
- Unit of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Dentistry, "G. D'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michal Šteffl
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Camillo D'Arcangelo
- Unit of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Dentistry, "G. D'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reidelbach C, Garcia-Käufer M, Wingert N, Arif A, Vach K, Hellwig E, Gminski R, Polydorou O. Cytotoxicity and estrogenicity in simulated dental wastewater after grinding of resin-based materials. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1486-1497. [PMID: 34376295 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the cytotoxic and estrogenic effects of dust and eluates released into simulated wastewater after grinding of dental resin-based materials. METHODS Four materials were used: ceram.x® universal, Filtek™ Supreme XTE, Lava™ Ultimate and Core-X™ flow. From each composite material, samples (5 × 2 mm, n = 50) were prepared according to the manufacturers' instructions. Lava™ Ultimate was used as blocks. All samples were ground to dust with a diamond bur (106 μm) and suspended in distilled water at 60 mg/mL. After storage for 72 h, the suspensions were separated into a soluble (eluate) and a particulate (dust) fraction. Eluates and dusts were evaluated for inhibition of Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence and cytotoxicity on human A549 lung cells (WST-1-Assay). The estrogenic activity was assessed by YES-Assay using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Additionally, dental monomers (BisGMA, BisEMA, UDMA, TEGDMA, HEMA) and Bisphenol A were investigated. RESULTS All eluates showed inhibition of V. fischeri bioluminescence at concentrations above 1.1 mg/mL (p < 0.05). The activity of the eluates of ceram.x® universal and Filtek™ Supreme XTE was significantly higher than Lava™ Ultimate and Core-X™ flow (p < 0.05). In the WST-1-Assay, all materials induced cytotoxic effects at concentrations of 0.1 mg/mL (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were detected among them. The tested materials revealed no estrogenic activity. All dental monomers and Bisphenol A showed concentration dependent cytotoxic effects (p < 0.05), whereas only Bisphenol A induced an estrogenic effect (p < 0.01). SIGNIFICANCE Dust and eluates of resin-based dental materials released into wastewater exert bactericidal and cytotoxic effects in vitro. However, they reveal no estrogenic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Reidelbach
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - M Garcia-Käufer
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115b, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - N Wingert
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115b, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Arif
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115b, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Vach
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 26, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - E Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - R Gminski
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115b, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - O Polydorou
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The effect of different storage media on the monomer elution and hardness of CAD/CAM composite blocks. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1202-1213. [PMID: 33962792 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the effect of different storage media on the hardness and monomer elution of CAD/CAM composite blocks. METHODS Five resin-composite blocks (RCB), one polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) block (Enamic (EN)), one ceramic-filled poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) block (Dentokeep (DK)), and one feldspathic ceramic block. Microhardness was measured using a Vickers indenter tester (FM-700, Future Tech Corp., Japan). In addition 4 conventional resin-composites were investigated for monomer elution using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after storage in different media for 3 months. The data were analysed by three-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test and the independent t-test (α=0.05 for all tests). RESULTS The specimens stored in the water had a hardness reduction ranging from 0.9% to 24.4%. In artificial saliva, the specimens had a hardness reduction ranging from 2.8% to 23.2%. The hardness reduction percentage in 75% Ethanol/Water (E/W) ranged between 3.8% and 35.3%. All materials, except GR (resin-composite block) and DK (Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)), showed a variable extent of monomer elution into 75% E/W with significantly higher amounts eluted from conventional composites. GRA and GND (conventional resin-composites) eluted TEGDMA in artificial saliva and GRA eluted TEGDMA in water. SIGNIFICANCE The hardness of CAD/CAM composite blocks was affected by different storage media, and they were not as stable as ceramic, with PICN exhibited superior hardness stability to all of the resin-composite blocks in all the storage media and was comparable to ceramic block. The hardness reduction percentage of the CAD/CAM composite blocks was influenced by the filler loading and resin-matrix composition.Minimal or no monomer elution from CAD/CAM blocks was detected.
Collapse
|
8
|
Nazar AM, George L, Mathew J. Effect of layer thickness on the elution of monomers from two high viscosity bulk-fill composites: A high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. J Conserv Dent 2021; 23:497-504. [PMID: 33911360 PMCID: PMC8066676 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_535_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim is to evaluate the effect of different layer thickness on the amount of elution of monomers from two high viscosity bulk-fill composites after 24 h and 1 month storage in ethanol using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight samples prepared from two high viscosity bulk-fill composite resins; Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill and x-tra fil were divided into three groups (n = 8) based on their layer thickness, i.e., Group 1 (2 mm), Group 2 (4 mm), and Group 3 (6 mm) and were then subdivided based on their storage period. The analysis of the eluates was performed using HPLC unit. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA, independent sample t-test, and paired “t” test at a significance level of 0.05 (P < 0.05). Results: Increase in layer thickness resulted in increased amount of bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) elution for both composites, i.e., Group 3 > Group 2 > Group 1 and there was statistically significant difference among all the groups. Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill showed a statistically significant increase in amount of Bis-GMA and UDMA elution for all groups compared to x-tra fil. Furthermore, increase in storage period resulted in statistically significant increase in amount of Bis-GMA and UDMA elution for both composites, i.e., Group 1B > Group 1A, Group 2B > Group 2A, and Group 3B > Group 3A. The mean value of UDMA elution was higher when compared to that of Bis-GMA elution for both composites and there was statistically significant difference for all groups. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it was concluded that increase in layer thickness resulted in increased amount of Bis-GMA and UDMA elution for both Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill and x-tra fil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anciya Mohamed Nazar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Annoor Dental College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| | - Liza George
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Annoor Dental College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| | - Josey Mathew
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Annoor Dental College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Monomer release from surgical guide resins manufactured with different 3D printing devices. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1486-1492. [PMID: 32972769 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the post curing monomer release of resins applicable for 3D printing of surgical implant guides in dependency of printing technique and storing media using high performance liquidchromatography. MATERIAL AND METHODS Specimens of Nextdent SG, Freeprint Splint, Fotodent Guide, 3Delta Guide, and V-print SG (n = 4) were additively manufactured with the corresponding DLP/SLA printing devices (Rapidshape D20II, Form2, Solflex350). Postprocessing was done according to the manufacturer's specifications. Subsequently, samples were eluted in methanol and water for 3 days and analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). RESULTS A total of twelve different substances released from the tested resin materials. The highest eluted concentration for MMA in methanol was 20.27 ± 8.60 μg/mL followed by 12.66 ± 3.38 μg/mL of HPMA. HEMA was found at concentration of 11.17 ± 2.43 μg/mL in methanol and 1.15 ± 0.11 μg/mL in water. TPGDA and TEGDMA reached maximum concentration in methanol of 4.29 ± 0.54 μg/mL and 5.07 ± 0.93 μg/mL and in water of 0.79 ± 0.19 μg/mL and 0.36 ± 0.14 μg/mL, respectively. Significant difference was found for the material Nextdent SG manufactured on SLA and DLP printing device for THFMA (p = 0.041), TEGDMA (p = 0.026), TPGDA (p = 0.05) and EGDMA (p = 0.06). The amount of monomers released into water did not reach the detection threshold for V-print SG. SIGNIFICANCE The study revealed significant influence of the printing technique and resin material on the elution of monomers. The elution in methanol and water was significantly different. While the relative amount of eluted monomers from 3D printed guides is comparable to conventional direct composites and below toxic relevant concentrations, the absolute amount of monomer can rise in a clinic situation due to the size of the guides.
Collapse
|
10
|
Long-term elution of monomers from resin-based dental composites. Dent Mater 2019; 35:477-485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
11
|
Cokic SM, Duca RC, De Munck J, Hoet P, Van Meerbeek B, Smet M, Godderis L, Van Landuyt KL. Saturation reduces in-vitro leakage of monomers from composites. Dent Mater 2018; 34:579-586. [PMID: 29429603 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accurate knowledge of the quantity of released monomers from composites is important. To evaluate the elution of monomers, polymerized composites are typically immersed in an extraction solvent. The objective was to determine whether the volume of extraction solvent and the immersion time influences monomer leachability from dental composite materials. METHODS Composite disks of two commercial composites, (Filtek Supreme XTE, 3M ESPE and G-aenial Universal Flo, GC) were prepared. The disks (n=10) were placed in a glass vial with 1ml, 2ml or 3ml of extraction solvent (100% ethanol with deuterated diethylphalate as internal standard). After either 7 or 30 days at 37°C, the supernatant was collected and the amount of released monomers (BisEMA, BisGMA, UDMA, TEGDMA) and bisphenol A was measured with liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy. RESULTS For both tested composites, the highest amount of released monomers was measured after sample incubation in 3ml, while the lowest amount was measured in 1ml of extraction solvent. Furthermore, 30 days did not result in much more monomer release compared to 7 days, and for most monomers, there was no statistically significant difference in release between 7 and 30 days. SIGNIFICANCE Release kinetics in in-vitro experiments are also influenced by saturation of the extraction solvent with the leached monomers. This is important as it is unlikely that saturation can be reached in an in-vivo situation, where saliva (or pulpal fluid) is continuously refreshed. Saturation of the extraction solvent can be avoided in-vitro by refreshing the extraction medium after equal time intervals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stevan M Cokic
- KU Leuven BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Radu C Duca
- Centre for Environmental and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan De Munck
- KU Leuven BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hoet
- Centre for Environmental and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Meerbeek
- KU Leuven BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mario Smet
- Polymer Chemistry and Materials, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200f - Box 2404, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- Centre for Environmental and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Idewe, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Interleuvenlaan 58, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kirsten L Van Landuyt
- KU Leuven BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cokic S, Duca R, Godderis L, Hoet P, Seo J, Van Meerbeek B, Van Landuyt K. Release of monomers from composite dust. J Dent 2017; 60:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
13
|
Meng J, Yang H, Cao M, Li L, Cai Q. Correlating cytotoxicity to elution behaviors of composite resins in term of curing kinetic. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:413-419. [PMID: 28576003 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity of photocurable composite resins is a key issue for their safe use in dental restoration. Curing kinetic and elution behaviors of the composite resin would have decisive effects on its cytotoxicity. In this study, composite resins composed of bisphenol-glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA), triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), camphorquinone (CQ), N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and barium glass powders were prepared by setting the photoinitiators CQ/DMAEMA at 0.5wt%, 1wt% or 3wt% of the total weight of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA. The ratio of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA was 6:4, the ratio of CQ/DMAEMA was 1:1, and the incorporated inorganic powder was 75wt%. Then, curing kinetics were studied by using real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photo-DSC (differential scanning calorimeter). Elution behaviors in both ethanol solution and deionized water were monitored by using liquid chromatogram/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Cytotoxicity was evaluated by in vitro culture of L929 fibroblasts. Finally, they were all analyzed and correlated in terms of initiator contents. It was found that the commonly used 0.5wt% of photoinitiators was somewhat insufficient in obtaining composite resin with low cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junquan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Huichuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Man Cao
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Randolph LD, Palin WM, Leloup G, Leprince JG. Filler characteristics of modern dental resin composites and their influence on physico-mechanical properties. Dent Mater 2016; 32:1586-1599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
15
|
The Influence of Irradiation Time and Layer Thickness on Elution of Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate from SDR® Bulk-Fill Composite. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3481723. [PMID: 27366742 PMCID: PMC4913063 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3481723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective. This study aimed to evaluate triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) elution from SDR bulk-fill composite. Methods. Three groups of samples were prepared, including samples polymerized in a 4 mm layer for 20 s, in a 4 mm layer for 40 s, and in a 2 mm layer for 20 s. Elution of TEGDMA into 100% ethanol, a 75% ethanol/water solution, and distilled water was studied. The TEGDMA concentration was measured using HPLC. Results. The TEGDMA concentration decreased in the following order: 100% ethanol > 75% ethanol > distilled water. Doubling the energy delivered to the 4 mm thick sample caused decrease (p < 0.05) in TEGDMA elution to distilled water. In ethanol solutions, the energy increase had no influence on TEGDMA elution. Decreasing the sample thickness resulted in decrease (p < 0.05) in TEGDMA elution for all the solutions. Conclusions. The concentration of eluted TEGDMA and the elution time were both strongly affected by the hydrophobicity of the solvent. Doubling the energy delivered to the 4 mm thick sample did not decrease the elution of TEGDMA but did decrease the amount of the monomer available to less aggressive solvents. Elution of TEGDMA was also correlated with the exposed sample surface area. Clinical Relevance. Decreasing the SDR layer thickness decreases TEGDMA elution.
Collapse
|
16
|
Alshali RZ, Salim NA, Sung R, Satterthwaite JD, Silikas N. Analysis of long-term monomer elution from bulk-fill and conventional resin-composites using high performance liquid chromatography. Dent Mater 2015; 31:1587-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
17
|
Randolph LD, Palin WM, Bebelman S, Devaux J, Gallez B, Leloup G, Leprince JG. Ultra-fast light-curing resin composite with increased conversion and reduced monomer elution. Dent Mater 2014; 30:594-604. [PMID: 24679406 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the null hypotheses that photoactive resin composites containing a Type I photoinitiator would exhibit reduced DC or increased monomer elution at substantially short curing times compared with materials based on a Type 2 ketone/amine system. METHODS Two experimental resin composites were prepared, using either Lucirin-TPO or camphorquinone/DMAEMA. Specimens were light-cured using appropriate spectral emission that coincided with the absorption properties of each initiator using different irradiation protocols (0.5, 1, 3, 9s at 500, 1000 and 2000mW/cm(2) for Lucirin-TPO based composites and 20 or 40s at 1000mW/cm(2) for Lucirin-TPO and camphorquinone-based composites). Degree of conversion (DC) was measured by Raman spectroscopy, propagating radical concentrations were collected by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and monomer leaching was characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS The null hypotheses were rejected, except for a single irradiation protocol (0.5s @ 500mW/cm(2)). Lucirin-TPO-based composites could cure 20 times faster and release at least 4 times less monomers in comparison to camphorquinone-based composites. At 1000mW/cm(2), and 1s irradiation time for curing times of 1s, Lucirin-TPO based composites displayed 10% higher DC. The difference in polymerization efficiency of Lucirin-TPO compared with camphorquinone-based resin composites were explained using EPR; the former showing a significantly greater yield of radicals which varied logarithmically with radiant exposure. SIGNIFICANCE Lucirin-TPO is substantially more efficient at absorbing and converting photon energy when using a curing-light with an appropriate spectral emission and otherwise a limitation noted in several previous publications. At concentrations of 0.0134mol/L, Lucirin-TPO-based composites require a minimum light intensity of 1000mW/cm(2) and an exposure time of 1s to provide significantly improved DC and minimal elution compared with a conventional photoinitiator system. The use of a wide range of curing protocols in the current experiment has realized the significant potential of Lucirin-TPO and its impact for clinical applications, in replacement to materials using camphorquinone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc D Randolph
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio- and Soft- Matter, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; CRIBIO (Center for Research and Engineering on Biomaterials), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - William M Palin
- Biomaterials Unit, University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, St Chad's Queensway, Birmingham B4 6NN, UK
| | - Sabine Bebelman
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio- and Soft- Matter, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; CRIBIO (Center for Research and Engineering on Biomaterials), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques Devaux
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio- and Soft- Matter, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; CRIBIO (Center for Research and Engineering on Biomaterials), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Gallez
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; CRIBIO (Center for Research and Engineering on Biomaterials), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaetane Leloup
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio- and Soft- Matter, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; CRIBIO (Center for Research and Engineering on Biomaterials), Brussels, Belgium; School of Dentistry and Stomatology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julian G Leprince
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio- and Soft- Matter, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; CRIBIO (Center for Research and Engineering on Biomaterials), Brussels, Belgium; School of Dentistry and Stomatology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Monomer-to-polymer conversion and micro-tensile bond strength to dentine of experimental and commercial adhesives containing diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide or a camphorquinone/amine photo-initiator system. J Dent 2013; 41:918-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|