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Wang S, Zou Z, Tang Z, Deng J. AMPK/MTOR/TP53 Signaling Pathway Regulation by Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Reduces Oxygen-Induced Lung Damage in Neonatal Rats through Autophagy Promotion. Inflammation 2024; 47:1083-1108. [PMID: 38502251 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) alleviates hyperoxia-induced lung injury and suggested the possible involvement of autophagy in this process. Herein, we aimed to further explore the potential involvement of tumor protein p53 (TP53) and autophagy in the mode of action of CGRP against hyperoxia-induced lung injury in vitro and in vivo. The study conducted tests on type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) and rats that were subjected to hyperoxia treatment or combined treatment of hyperoxia with CGRP, CGRP inhibitor, rapamycin (an autophagy agonist), 3-methyladenine (3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor), TP53 silencing/inhibitor (pifithrin-α), or expression vector/activator (PRIMA-1 (2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-quinuclidinone)) and their corresponding controls. We found that oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy were all increased by hyperoxia treatment in vitro. However, treating AECII cells with CGRP reversed hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis but further promoted autophagy. In addition, the combined treatment with rapamycin or TP53 silencing with CGRP promoted the effect of CGRP, while contrary results were obtained with combined therapy with 3-MA or TP53 overexpression. In vivo, the number of hyperoxia-induced autophagosomes was promoted in the lung tissue of neonatal rats. Furthermore, hyperoxia increased the expression levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alpha 1 (also known as protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1 (PRKAA1)) but inhibited TP53 and mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR); these expression trends were regulated by CGRP treatment. In conclusion, we showed that CGRP can attenuate hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal rats by enhancing autophagy and regulating the TP53/AMPK/MTOR crosstalk axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women and Children Health Institute of Futian, Jintian South Road No. 2002, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518045, China.
| | - Zhengzhuang Zou
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women and Children Health Institute of Futian, Jintian South Road No. 2002, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518045, China
| | - Zanmei Tang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women and Children Health Institute of Futian, Jintian South Road No. 2002, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518045, China
| | - Jian Deng
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women and Children Health Institute of Futian, Jintian South Road No. 2002, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518045, China
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Lee KW, Chung K, Nam DH, Jung M, Kim SH, Kim HG. Decellularized allogeneic cartilage paste with human costal cartilage and crosslinked hyaluronic acid-carboxymethyl cellulose carrier augments microfracture for improved articular cartilage repair. Acta Biomater 2023; 172:297-308. [PMID: 37813156 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage lacks natural healing abilities and necessitates surgical treatments for injuries. While microfracture (MF) is a primary surgical approach, it often results in the formation of unstable fibrocartilage. Delivering hyaline cartilage directly to defects poses challenges due to the limited availability of autologous cartilage and difficulties associated with allogeneic cartilage delivery. We developed a decellularized allogeneic cartilage paste (DACP) using human costal cartilage mixed with a crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA)-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) carrier. The decellularized allogeneic cartilage preserved the extracellular matrix and the nanostructure of native hyaline cartilage. The crosslinked HA-CMC carrier provided shape retention and moldability. In vitro studies confirmed that DACP did not cause cytotoxicity and promoted migration, proliferation, and chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. After 6 months of implantation in rabbit knee osteochondral defects, DACP combined with MF outperformed MF alone, demonstrating improved gait performance, defect filling, morphology, extracellular matrix deposition, and biomechanical properties similar to native cartilage. Thus, DACP offers a safe and effective method for articular cartilage repair, representing a promising augmentation to MF. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Directly delivering hyaline cartilage to repair articular cartilage defects is an ideal treatment. However, current allogeneic cartilage products face delivery challenges. In this study, we developed a decellularized allogeneic cartilage paste (DACP) by mixing human costal cartilage with crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA)-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). DACP preserves extracellular matrix components and nanostructures similar to native cartilage, with HA-CMC ensuring shape retention and moldability. Our study demonstrates improved cartilage repair by combining DACP with microfracture, compared to microfracture alone, in rabbit knee defects over 6 months. This is the first report showing better articular cartilage repair using decellularized allogeneic cartilage with microfracture, without the need for exogenous cells or bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Won Lee
- R&D Center, L&C BIO Co., Ltd., 82, Naruteo-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangho Chung
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Nam
- R&D Center, L&C BIO Co., Ltd., 82, Naruteo-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Gu Kim
- R&D Center, L&C BIO Co., Ltd., 82, Naruteo-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Berounský K, Vacková I, Vištejnová L, Malečková A, Havránková J, Klein P, Kolinko Y, Petrenko Y, Pražák Š, Hanák F, Přidal J, Havlas V. Autologous Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Immobilized in Plasma-Based Hydrogel for the Repair of Articular Cartilage Defects in a Large Animal Model. Physiol Res 2023; 72:485-495. [PMID: 37795891 PMCID: PMC10634567 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of cartilage defects in trauma injuries and degenerative diseases represents a challenge for orthopedists. Advanced mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based therapies are currently of interest for the repair of damaged cartilage. However, an approved system for MSC delivery and maintenance in the defect is still missing. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of autologous porcine bone marrow MSCs anchored in a commercially available polyglycolic acid-hyaluronan scaffold (Chondrotissue®) using autologous blood plasma-based hydrogel in the repair of osteochondral defects in a large animal model. The osteochondral defects were induced in twenty-four minipigs with terminated skeletal growth. Eight animals were left untreated, eight were treated with Chondrotissue® and eight received Chondrotissue® loaded with MSCs. The animals were terminated 90 days after surgery. Macroscopically, the untreated defects were filled with newly formed tissue to a greater extent than in the other groups. The histological evaluations showed that the defects treated with Chondrotissue® and Chondrotissue® loaded with pBMSCs contained a higher amount of hyaline cartilage and a lower amount of connective tissue, while untreated defects contained a higher amount of connective tissue and a lower amount of hyaline cartilage. In addition, undifferentiated connective tissue was observed at the edges of defects receiving Chondrotissue® loaded with MSCs, which may indicate the extracellular matrix production by transplanted MSCs. The immunological analysis of the blood samples revealed no immune response activation by MSCs application. This study demonstrated the successful and safe immobilization of MSCs in commercially available scaffolds and defect sites for cartilage defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Berounský
- Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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CD44 mediates hyaluronan to promote the differentiation of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:411-422. [PMID: 36680638 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CD44 is the major receptor for hyaluronan (HA), but its effect on HA-induced differentiation of human amnion mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of CD44 in HA-induced chondrogenesis. METHODS Immunocytochemistry and toluidine blue staining were used to assess the secretion of type II collagen and aggrecan, respectively. qRT-PCR and western blotting were performed to evaluate the expression of key genes and proteins. RESULTS The expression of aggrecan and type II collagen was downregulated after using the anti-CD44 antibody (A3D8). The transcriptional levels of chondrocytes‑associated genes SRY‑box transcription factor 9, aggrecan, and collagen type II alpha 1 chain were also decreased. Thus, CD44 may mediate HA-induced differentiation of hAMSCs into chondrocytes. Further investigation indicated that expression of phosphorylated (p)‑Erk1/2 and p‑Smad2 decreased following CD44 inhibition. The changes in the expression of p-Erk1/2 and p-Smad2 were consistent after using the ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) and agonist (EGF), respectively. After administering the p-Smad2 inhibitor, the expression levels of p-ERK1/2 and p-Smad2 appeared downregulated. The results showed crosstalk between Erk1/2 and Smad2. Moreover, inhibition of p-Erk1/2 and p-Smad2 significantly reduced the accumulation of aggrecan and type II collagen. CONCLUSION These data indicate that CD44 mediates HA-induced differentiation of hAMSCs into chondrocytes by regulating Erk1/2 and Smad2 signaling.
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Guo X, Ma Y, Min Y, Sun J, Shi X, Gao G, Sun L, Wang J. Progress and prospect of technical and regulatory challenges on tissue-engineered cartilage as therapeutic combination product. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:501-518. [PMID: 35846847 PMCID: PMC9253051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaline cartilage plays a critical role in maintaining joint function and pain. However, the lack of blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels greatly limited the self-repair and regeneration of damaged cartilage, giving rise to various tricky issues in medicine. In the past 30 years, numerous treatment techniques and commercial products have been developed and practiced in the clinic for promoting defected cartilage repair and regeneration. Here, the current therapies and their relevant advantages and disadvantages will be summarized, particularly the tissue engineering strategies. Furthermore, the fabrication of tissue-engineered cartilage under research or in the clinic was discussed based on the traid of tissue engineering, that is the materials, seed cells, and bioactive factors. Finally, the commercialized cartilage repair products were listed and the regulatory issues and challenges of tissue-engineered cartilage repair products and clinical application would be reviewed. Tissue engineered cartilage, a promising strategy for articular cartilage repair. Nearly 20 engineered cartilage repair products in clinic based on clinical techniques. Combination product, the classification of tissue-engineered cartilage. Key regulatory compliance issues for combination products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Guo
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yue Min
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinli Shi
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, PR China
- Corresponding author. Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Guobiao Gao
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiadao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Innovative High-Pressure Fabrication Processes for Porous Biomaterials-A Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8110170. [PMID: 34821736 PMCID: PMC8614988 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8110170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials and their clinical application have become well known in recent years and progress in their manufacturing processes are essential steps in their technological advancement. Great advances have been made in the field of biomaterials, including ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, glass-ceramics and metal alloys. Dense and porous ceramics have been widely used for various biomedical applications. Current applications of bioceramics include bone grafts, spinal fusion, bone repairs, bone fillers, maxillofacial reconstruction, etc. One of the common impediments in the bioceramics and metallic porous implants for biomedical applications are their lack of mechanical strength. High-pressure processing can be a viable solution in obtaining porous biomaterials. Many properties such as mechanical properties, non-toxicity, surface modification, degradation rate, biocompatibility, corrosion rate and scaffold design are taken into consideration. The current review focuses on different manufacturing processes used for bioceramics, polymers and metals and their alloys in porous forms. Recent advances in the manufacturing technologies of porous ceramics by freeze isostatic pressure and hydrothermal processing are discussed in detail. Pressure as a parameter can be helpful in obtaining porous forms for biomaterials with increased mechanical strength.
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Horbert V, Xin L, Föhr P, Huber R, Burgkart RH, Kinne RW. In Vitro Cartilage Regeneration with a Three-Dimensional Polyglycolic Acid (PGA) Implant in a Bovine Cartilage Punch Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11769. [PMID: 34769199 PMCID: PMC8583898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resorbable polyglycolic acid (PGA) chondrocyte grafts are clinically established for human articular cartilage defects. Long-term implant performance was addressed in a standardized in vitro model. PGA implants (+/- bovine chondrocytes) were placed inside cartilage rings punched out of bovine femoral trochleas (outer Ø 6 mm; inner defect Ø 2 mm) and cultured for 84 days (12 weeks). Cartilage/PGA hybrids were subsequently analyzed by histology (hematoxylin/eosin; safranin O), immunohistochemistry (aggrecan, collagens 1 and 2), protein assays, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions, and implant push-out force measurements. Cartilage/PGA hybrids remained vital with intact matrix until 12 weeks, limited loss of proteoglycans from "host" cartilage or cartilage-PGA interface, and progressively diminishing release of proteoglycans into the supernatant. By contrast, the collagen 2 content in cartilage and cartilage-PGA interface remained approximately constant during culture (with only little collagen 1). Both implants (+/- cells) displayed implant colonization and progressively increased aggrecan and collagen 2 mRNA, but significantly decreased push-out forces over time. Cell-loaded PGA showed significantly accelerated cell colonization and significantly extended deposition of aggrecan. Augmented chondrogenic differentiation in PGA and cartilage/PGA-interface for up to 84 days suggests initial cartilage regeneration. Due to the PGA resorbability, however, the model exhibits limitations in assessing the "lateral implant bonding".
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Horbert
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany; (V.H.); (L.X.)
| | - Long Xin
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany; (V.H.); (L.X.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Peter Föhr
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Chair of Orthopedics and Sport Orthopedics, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (P.F.); (R.H.B.)
| | - René Huber
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Rainer H. Burgkart
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Chair of Orthopedics and Sport Orthopedics, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; (P.F.); (R.H.B.)
| | - Raimund W. Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Orthopedic Professorship, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH, 07607 Eisenberg, Germany; (V.H.); (L.X.)
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Yang C, Luo M, Chen Y, You M, Chen Q. MicroRNAs as Important Regulators Mediate the Multiple Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:619842. [PMID: 34164391 PMCID: PMC8215576 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.619842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-encoding RNAs which play a critical role on the output of the proteins, and influence multiple biological characteristics of the cells and physiological processes in the body. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent stem cells and characterized by self-renewal and multidifferentiation and have been widely used for disease treatment and regenerative medicine. Meanwhile, MSCs play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis in the body, and dysfunction of MSC differentiation leads to many diseases. The differentiation of MSCs is a complex physiological process and is the result of programmed expression of a series of genes. It has been extensively proven that the differentiation process or programmed gene expression is also regulated accurately by miRNAs. The differentiation of MSCs regulated by miRNAs is also a complex, interdependent, and dynamic process, and a full understanding of the role of miRNAs will provide clues on the appropriate upregulation or downregulation of corresponding miRNAs to mediate the differentiation efficiency. This review summarizes the roles and associated signaling pathways of miRNAs in adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis of MSCs, which may provide new hints on MSCs or miRNAs as therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine and biotherapy for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Maowen Luo
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Min You
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
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Wang H, Xu Y, Wang P, Ma J, Wang P, Han X, Fan Y, Bai D, Sun Y, Zhang X. Cell-mediated injectable blend hydrogel-BCP ceramic scaffold for in situ condylar osteochondral repair. Acta Biomater 2021; 123:364-378. [PMID: 33453407 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The existing approaches for healing mandibular condylar osteochondral defects, which are prevalent in temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD), are sparse and not reparative. To address this, regenerative medicine in situ has transpired as a potential therapeutic solution as it can effectively regenerate composite tissues. Herein, injectable self-crosslinking thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA-SH)/type I collagen (Col I) blend hydrogel and BCP ceramics combined with rabbit bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs)/chondrocytes were used to fabricate a new bi-layer scaffold to simulate specific structure of rabbit condylar osteochondral defects. The in vitro results demonstrated that the blend hydrogel scaffold provided suitable microenvironment for simultaneously realizing proliferation and chondrogenic specific matrix secretion of both rBMSCs and chondrocytes, while BCP ceramics facilitated rBMSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. The in vivo results confirmed that compared with cell-free implant, the rBMSCs/chondrocytes-loaded bi-layer scaffold could effectively promote the regeneration of both fibrocartilage and subchondral bone, suggesting that the bi-layer scaffold presented a promising option for cell-mediated mandibular condylar cartilage regeneration.
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10
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Ahmad MR, Badar W, Ullah Khan MA, Mahmood A, Latif N, Iqbal T, Khan Assir MZ, Sleem MA. Combination of preconditioned adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma improves the repair of osteoarthritis in rat. Regen Med 2020; 15:2285-2295. [PMID: 33326341 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To observe the combined effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and preconditioned adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) on the injured articular cartilage of the rat. Materials & methods: Animals in the study received an intra-articular injection of PRP and preconditioned ADMSCs, both in combination and separately. The response to therapeutic intervention was evaluated by inflammatory markers, proteoglycans content, chondrogenesis and gene expression analyses. Results: The combined therapy resulted in a reduction of IL-6 and TNF-α, increased proteoglycan content of the articular cartilage, upregulation of Acan, Col2a1 and PCNA genes. Downregulation of Col1a1, Col10a1 and Casp3 genes was observed as compared with the untreated osteoarthritis rat model. Conclusion: PRP potentiates the effects of ADMSCs on the repair of damaged articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rauf Ahmad
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wafa Badar
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Azra Mahmood
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Latif
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Iqbal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zaman Khan Assir
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq A Sleem
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Lam AT, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. Human mesenchymal stem cell therapy for cartilage repair: Review on isolation, expansion, and constructs. Stem Cell Res 2020; 44:101738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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12
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Abalymov A, Parakhonskiy B, Skirtach AG. Polymer- and Hybrid-Based Biomaterials for Interstitial, Connective, Vascular, Nerve, Visceral and Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E620. [PMID: 32182751 PMCID: PMC7182904 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, materials based on polymers and hybrids possessing both organic and inorganic contents for repairing or facilitating cell growth in tissue engineering are discussed. Pure polymer based biomaterials are predominantly used to target soft tissues. Stipulated by possibilities of tuning the composition and concentration of their inorganic content, hybrid materials allow to mimic properties of various types of harder tissues. That leads to the concept of "one-matches-all" referring to materials possessing the same polymeric base, but different inorganic content to enable tissue growth and repair, proliferation of cells, and the formation of the ECM (extra cellular matrix). Furthermore, adding drug delivery carriers to coatings and scaffolds designed with such materials brings additional functionality by encapsulating active molecules, antibacterial agents, and growth factors. We discuss here materials and methods of their assembly from a general perspective together with their applications in various tissue engineering sub-areas: interstitial, connective, vascular, nervous, visceral and musculoskeletal tissues. The overall aims of this review are two-fold: (a) to describe the needs and opportunities in the field of bio-medicine, which should be useful for material scientists, and (b) to present capabilities and resources available in the area of materials, which should be of interest for biologists and medical doctors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii Abalymov
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Andre G. Skirtach
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Fuchs S, Shariati K, Ma M. Specialty Tough Hydrogels and Their Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901396. [PMID: 31846228 PMCID: PMC7586320 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have long been explored as attractive materials for biomedical applications given their outstanding biocompatibility, high water content, and versatile fabrication platforms into materials with different physiochemical properties and geometries. Nonetheless, conventional hydrogels suffer from weak mechanical properties, restricting their use in persistent load-bearing applications often required of materials used in medical settings. Thus, the fabrication of mechanically robust hydrogels that can prolong the lifetime of clinically suitable materials under uncompromising in vivo conditions is of great interest. This review focuses on design considerations and strategies to construct such tough hydrogels. Several promising advances in the proposed use of specialty tough hydrogels for soft actuators, drug delivery vehicles, adhesives, coatings, and in tissue engineering settings are highlighted. While challenges remain before these specialty tough hydrogels will be deemed translationally acceptable for clinical applications, promising preliminary results undoubtedly spur great hope in the potential impact this embryonic research field can have on the biomedical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fuchs
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Riley Robb Hall 322, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kaavian Shariati
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Riley Robb Hall 322, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Minglin Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Riley Robb Hall 322, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Horbert V, Xin L, Foehr P, Brinkmann O, Bungartz M, Burgkart RH, Graeve T, Kinne RW. In Vitro Analysis of Cartilage Regeneration Using a Collagen Type I Hydrogel (CaReS) in the Bovine Cartilage Punch Model. Cartilage 2019; 10:346-363. [PMID: 29463136 PMCID: PMC6585298 DOI: 10.1177/1947603518756985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limitations of matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation to regenerate functional hyaline cartilage demand a better understanding of the underlying cellular/molecular processes. Thus, the regenerative capacity of a clinically approved hydrogel collagen type I implant was tested in a standardized bovine cartilage punch model. METHODS Cartilage rings (outer diameter 6 mm; inner defect diameter 2 mm) were prepared from the bovine trochlear groove. Collagen implants (± bovine chondrocytes) were placed inside the cartilage rings and cultured up to 12 weeks. Cartilage-implant constructs were analyzed by histology (hematoxylin/eosin; safranin O), immunohistology (aggrecan, collagens 1 and 2), and for protein content, RNA expression, and implant push-out force. RESULTS Cartilage-implant constructs revealed vital morphology, preserved matrix integrity throughout culture, progressive, but slight proteoglycan loss from the "host" cartilage or its surface and decreasing proteoglycan release into the culture supernatant. In contrast, collagen 2 and 1 content of cartilage and cartilage-implant interface was approximately constant over time. Cell-free and cell-loaded implants showed (1) cell migration onto/into the implant, (2) progressive deposition of aggrecan and constant levels of collagens 1 and 2, (3) progressively increased mRNA levels for aggrecan and collagen 2, and (4) significantly augmented push-out forces over time. Cell-loaded implants displayed a significantly earlier and more long-lasting deposition of aggrecan, as well as tendentially higher push-out forces. CONCLUSION Preserved tissue integrity and progressively increasing cartilage differentiation and push-out forces for up to 12 weeks of cultivation suggest initial cartilage regeneration and lateral bonding of the implant in this in vitro model for cartilage replacement materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Horbert
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus “Rudolf Elle”,
Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Long Xin
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus “Rudolf Elle”,
Eisenberg, Germany,Department of Orthopedics, Tongde
Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peter Foehr
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of
Orthopedics and Sportsorthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität
München, Munich, Germany
| | - Olaf Brinkmann
- Chair of Orthopedics, Department of
Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus “Rudolf Elle”, Eisenberg,
Germany
| | - Matthias Bungartz
- Chair of Orthopedics, Department of
Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus “Rudolf Elle”, Eisenberg,
Germany
| | - Rainer H. Burgkart
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of
Orthopedics and Sportsorthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität
München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Raimund W. Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus “Rudolf Elle”,
Eisenberg, Germany,Raimund W. Kinne, Experimental Rheumatology
Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkrankenhaus
“Rudolf Elle”, Klosterlausnitzer Straße 81, D-07607, Eisenberg, Germany.
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15
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Miron RJ, Zhang Y. Autologous liquid platelet rich fibrin: A novel drug delivery system. Acta Biomater 2018; 75:35-51. [PMID: 29772345 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is currently widespread interest within the biomaterial field to locally deliver biomolecules for bone and cartilage regeneration. Substantial work to date has focused on the potential role of these biomolecules during the healing process, and the carrier system utilized is a key factor in their effectiveness. Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) is a naturally derived fibrin scaffold that is easily obtained from peripheral blood following centrifugation. Slower centrifugation speeds have led to the commercialization of a liquid formulation (liquid-PRF) resulting in an upper plasma layer composed of liquid fibrinogen/thrombin prior to clot formation that remains in its liquid phase for approximately 15 min until injected into bodily tissues. Herein, we introduce the use of liquid PRF as an advanced local delivery system for small and large biomolecules. Potential target molecules including large (growth factors/cytokines and morphogenetic/angiogenic factors), as well as small (antibiotics, peptides, gene therapy and anti-osteoporotic) molecules are considered potential candidates for enhanced bone/cartilage tissue regeneration. Furthermore, liquid-PRF is introduced as a potential carrier system for various cell types and nano-sized particles that are capable of limiting/by-passing the immune system and minimizing potential foreign body reactions within host tissues following injection. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE There is currently widespread interest within the biomaterial field to locally deliver biomolecules for bone and cartilage regeneration. This review article focuses on the use of a liquid version of platelet rich fibrin (PRF) composed of liquid fibrinogen/thrombin as a drug delivery system. Herein, we introduce the use of liquid PRF as an advanced local delivery system for small and large biomolecules including growth factors, cytokines and morphogenetic/angiogenic factors, as well as antibiotics, peptides, gene therapy and anti-osteoporotic molecules as potential candidates for enhanced bone/cartilage tissue regeneration.
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16
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Barua E, Deoghare AB, Deb P, Lala SD. Naturally derived biomaterials for development of composite bone scaffold: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/377/1/012013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Liu Y, He W, Zhang Z, Lee BP. Recent Developments in Tough Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Gels 2018; 4:E46. [PMID: 30674822 PMCID: PMC6209285 DOI: 10.3390/gels4020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydrogel is a three-dimensional polymer network with high water content and has been attractive for many biomedical applications due to its excellent biocompatibility. However, classic hydrogels are mechanically weak and unsuitable for most physiological load-bearing situations. Thus, the development of tough hydrogels used in the biomedical field becomes critical. This work reviews various strategies to fabricate tough hydrogels with the introduction of non-covalent bonds and the construction of stretchable polymer networks and interpenetrated networks, such as the so-called double-network hydrogel. Additionally, the design of tough hydrogels for tissue adhesive, tissue engineering, and soft actuators is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Weilue He
- FM Wound Care LLC, Hancock, MI 49930, USA.
| | - Zhongtian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Bruce P Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
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18
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Yamagata K, Nakayamada S, Tanaka Y. Use of mesenchymal stem cells seeded on the scaffold in articular cartilage repair. Inflamm Regen 2018; 38:4. [PMID: 29560045 PMCID: PMC5846298 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-018-0061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage has poor capacity for repair. Once damaged, they degenerate, causing functional impairment of joints. Allogeneic cartilage transplantation has been performed for functional recovery of articular cartilage. However, there is only a limited amount of articular cartilage available for transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be potentially suitable for local implantation. MSCs can differentiate into chondrocytes. Several studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of MSCs in the repair of articular cartilage in animal models of articular cartilage damage and in patients with damaged articular cartilage. To boost post-implantation MSC differentiation into chondrocytes, the alternative delivery methods by scaffolds, using hyaluronic acid (HA) or poly-lactic-co-glycolic-acid (PLGA), have developed. In this review, we report recent data on the repair of articular cartilage and discuss future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yamagata
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555 Japan
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555 Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555 Japan
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19
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Kalamegam G, Memic A, Budd E, Abbas M, Mobasheri A. A Comprehensive Review of Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration in Osteoarthritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1089:23-36. [PMID: 29725971 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age related joint disease associated with degeneration and loss of articular cartilage. Consequently, OA patients suffer from chronic joint pain and disability. Weight bearing joints and joints that undergo repetitive stress and excessive 'wear and tear' are particularly prone to developing OA. Cartilage has a poor regenerative capacity and current pharmacological agents only provide symptomatic pain relief. OA patients that respond poorly to conventional therapies are ultimately treated with surgical procedures to promote cartilage repair by implantation of artificial joint structures (arthroplasty) or total joint replacement (TJR). In the last two decades, stem cells derived from various tissues with varying differentiation and tissue regeneration potential have been used for the treatment of OA either alone or in combination with natural or synthetic scaffolds to aid cartilage repair. Although stem cells can be differentiated into chondrocytes in vitro or aid cartilage regeneration in vivo, their potential for OA management remains limited as cartilage regenerated by stem cells fails to fully recapitulate the structural and biomechanical properties of the native tissue. Efficient tissue regeneration remains elusive despite the simple design of cartilage, which unlike most other tissues is avascular and aneural, consisting of a single cell type. In this article, we have comprehensively reviewed the types of stem cells that have been proposed or tested for the management of OA, their potential efficacy as well as their limitations. We also touch on the role of biomaterials in cartilage tissue engineering and examine the prospects for their use in cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthaman Kalamegam
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis with Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan Memic
- Center of Nanotechnology, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emma Budd
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Mohammed Abbas
- Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis with Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis with Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. .,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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20
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Bhatti FU, Mehmood A, Latief N, Zahra S, Cho H, Khan SN, Riazuddin S. Vitamin E protects rat mesenchymal stem cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in vitro and improves their therapeutic potential in surgically-induced rat model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:321-331. [PMID: 27693502 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress is a major obstacle against cartilage repair in osteoarthritis (OA). Anti-oxidant agents can play a vital role in addressing this issue. We evaluated the effect of Vitamin E preconditioning in improving the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to confer resistance against oxidative stress prevailing during OA. METHODS Vitamin E pretreated MSCs were exposed to oxidative stress in vitro by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and also implanted in surgically-induced rat model of OA. Analysis was done in terms of cell proliferation, apoptosis, cytotoxicity, chondrogenesis and repair of cartilage tissue. RESULTS Vitamin E pretreatment enabled MSCs to counteract H2O2-induced oxidative stress in vitro. Proliferative markers, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 were up-regulated, along with the increase in the viability of MSCs. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) was also increased. Reduction of apoptosis, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and caspase 3 (Casp3) genes, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were also observed. Transplantation of Vitamin E pretreated MSCs resulted in increased proteoglycan contents of cartilage matrix. Increased expression of chondrogenic markers, Aggrecan (Acan) and collagen type-II alpha (Col2a1) accompanied by decreased expression of collagen type-I alpha (Col1a1) resulted in increased differentiation index that signifies the formation of hyaline cartilage. Further, there was an increased expression of PCNA and TGFβ genes along with a decreased expression of Casp3 and VEGF genes with increased histological score. CONCLUSION Taken together results of this study demonstrated that Vitamin E pretreated MSCs have an improved ability to impede the progression of OA and thus increased potential to treat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F U Bhatti
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; University of Tennessee Health Science Center-Campbell Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - A Mehmood
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - N Latief
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - S Zahra
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - H Cho
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center-Campbell Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - S N Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - S Riazuddin
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Allama Iqbal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
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21
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Zayed MN, Schumacher J, Misk N, Dhar MS. Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on chondrogenesis of equine mesenchymal stromal cells derived from bone marrow or synovial fluid. Vet J 2016; 217:26-32. [PMID: 27810206 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cells of mesenchymal lineage, such as chondrocytes, and have potential for use in regeneration of equine articular cartilage. MSCs instilled intra-articularly would be exposed to the inflamed environment associated with equine osteoarthritis (OA), which may compromise their function and ability to heal a cartilaginous defect. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of equine adult MSCs to differentiate into chondrocytes when stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. MSCs derived from equine bone marrow (BM) and from synovial fluid (SF) were cultured in chondrogenic induction medium containing transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. BM-derived MSCs (BMMSCs) and SF-derived MSCs (SFMSCs) were stimulated with 100 ng/mL interferon (IFN)-γ and 10 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Chondrogenic differentiation was measured quantitatively with the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assay and qualitatively by immunofluorescence (IF) for SOX-9, TGF-β1, aggrecan and collagen II. The viability of equine MSCs was maintained in the presence of IFN-γ and TNF-α, but production of GAGs from both types of MSCs was decreased in stimulated medium. Exposure of BMMSCs to pro-inflammatory cytokines reduced the levels of SOX-9, TGF-β1, aggrecan and collagen II, whereas exposure of SFMSCs to these cytokines reduced the levels of aggrecan only. These data suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines do not affect proliferation of MSCs, but could inhibit chondrogenesis of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Zayed
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive c247, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Animal Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - J Schumacher
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive c247, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - N Misk
- Department of Animal Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit 71526, Egypt
| | - M S Dhar
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive c247, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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22
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Carrion B, Souzanchi MF, Wang VT, Tiruchinapally G, Shikanov A, Putnam AJ, Coleman RM. The Synergistic Effects of Matrix Stiffness and Composition on the Response of Chondroprogenitor Cells in a 3D Precondensation Microenvironment. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1192-202. [PMID: 26959641 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201501017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Improve functional quality of cartilage tissue engineered from stem cells requires a better understanding of the functional evolution of native cartilage tissue. Therefore, a biosynthetic hydrogel was developed containing RGD, hyaluronic acid and/or type-I collagen conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol) acrylate to recapitulate the precondensation microenvironment of the developing limb. Conjugation of any combination of the three ligands did not alter the shear moduli or diffusion properties of the PEG hydrogels; thus, the influence of ligand composition on chondrogenesis could be investigated in the context of varying matrix stiffness. Gene expression of ligand receptors (CD44 and the b1-integrin) as well as markers of condensation (cell clustering and N-cadherin gene expression) and chondrogenesis (Col2a1 gene expression and sGAG production) by chondroprogenitor cells in this system were modulated by both matrix stiffness and ligand composition, with the highest gene expression occurring in softer hydrogels containing all three ligands. Cell proliferation in these 3D matrices for 7 d prior to chondrogenic induction increased the rate of sGAG production in a stiffness-dependent manner. This biosynthetic hydrogel supports the features of early limb-bud condensation and chondrogenesis and is a novel platform in which the influence of the matrix physicochemical properties on these processes can be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Carrion
- Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor 48109 USA
| | | | | | | | - Ariella Shikanov
- Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor 48109 USA
| | - Andrew J. Putnam
- Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor 48109 USA
| | - Rhima M. Coleman
- Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor 48109 USA
- Mechanical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor 48109 USA
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23
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Asghari F, Samiei M, Adibkia K, Akbarzadeh A, Davaran S. Biodegradable and biocompatible polymers for tissue engineering application: a review. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:185-192. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2016.1146731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Asghari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Endododntics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Samiei
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Endododntics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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24
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Pustlauk W, Paul B, Brueggemeier S, Gelinsky M, Bernhardt A. Modulation of chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in jellyfish collagen scaffolds by cell density and culture medium. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1710-1722. [PMID: 26178016 DOI: 10.1002/term.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies on tissue-engineering approaches for the regeneration of traumatized cartilage focus increasingly on multipotent human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as an alternative to autologous chondrocytes. The present study applied porous scaffolds made of collagen from the jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum for the in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Culture conditions in those scaffolds differ from conditions in high-density pellet cultures, making a re-examination of these data necessary. We systematically investigated the influence of seeding density, basic culture media [Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), α-minimum essential medium (α-MEM)] with varying glucose content and supplementation with fetal calf serum (FCS) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Gene expression analyses of selected markers for chondrogenic differentiation and hypertrophic development were conducted. Furthermore, the production of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) was analysed by quantification of sulphated glycosaminoglycan and collagen type II contents. The strongest upregulation of chondrogenic markers, along with the highest ECM deposition was observed in scaffolds seeded with 2.4 × 106 cells/cm3 after cultivation in high-glucose DMEM and 0.125% BSA. Lower seeding densities compared to high-density pellet cultures were sufficient to induce in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs in collagen scaffolds, which reduces the amount of cells required for the seeding of scaffolds and thus the monolayer expansion period. Furthermore, examination of the impact of FCS and α-MEM on chondrogenic MSC differentiation is an important prerequisite for the development of an osteochondral medium for simultaneous osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation in biphasic scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regeneration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pustlauk
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital, and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - B Paul
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital, and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - S Brueggemeier
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital, and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - M Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital, and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - A Bernhardt
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital, and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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25
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Makris EA, Gomoll AH, Malizos KN, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Repair and tissue engineering techniques for articular cartilage. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015; 11:21-34. [PMID: 25247412 PMCID: PMC4629810 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 782] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chondral and osteochondral lesions due to injury or other pathology commonly result in the development of osteoarthritis, eventually leading to progressive total joint destruction. Although current progress suggests that biologic agents can delay the advancement of deterioration, such drugs are incapable of promoting tissue restoration. The limited ability of articular cartilage to regenerate renders joint arthroplasty an unavoidable surgical intervention. This Review describes current, widely used clinical repair techniques for resurfacing articular cartilage defects; short-term and long-term clinical outcomes of these techniques are discussed. Also reviewed is a developmental pipeline of acellular and cellular regenerative products and techniques that could revolutionize joint care over the next decade by promoting the development of functional articular cartilage. Acellular products typically consist of collagen or hyaluronic-acid-based materials, whereas cellular techniques use either primary cells or stem cells, with or without scaffolds. Central to these efforts is the prominent role that tissue engineering has in translating biological technology into clinical products; therefore, concomitant regulatory processes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios A Makris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andreas H Gomoll
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Konstantinos N Malizos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Trauma, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larisa 41110, Greece
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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26
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Beane OS, Fonseca VC, Cooper LL, Koren G, Darling EM. Impact of aging on the regenerative properties of bone marrow-, muscle-, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115963. [PMID: 25541697 PMCID: PMC4277426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are promising cell sources for regenerative therapies due to their multipotency and ready availability, but their application can be complicated by patient-specific factors like age or illness. MSCs have been investigated for the treatment of many musculoskeletal disorders, including osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Due to the prevalence of these diseases in older populations, researchers have studied how aging affects MSC properties and have found that proliferation and differentiation potential are impaired. However, these effects have never been compared among MSCs isolated from multiple tissue sources in the same, healthy donor. Revealing differences in how MSCs are affected by age could help identify an optimal cell source for musculoskeletal therapies targeting older patients. MSCs were isolated from young and old rabbit bone marrow, muscle, and adipose tissue. Cell yield and viability were quantified after isolation procedures, and expansion properties were assessed using assays for proliferation, senescence, and colony formation. Multipotency was also examined using lineage-specific stains and spectrophotometry of metabolites. Results were compared between age groups and among MSC sources. Results showed that MSCs are differentially influenced by aging, with bone marrow-derived stem cells having impaired proliferation, senescence, and chondrogenic response, whereas muscle-derived stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells exhibited no negative effects. While age reduced overall cell yield and adipogenic potential of all MSC populations, osteogenesis and clonogenicity remained unchanged. These findings indicate the importance of age as a factor when designing cell-based therapies for older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S. Beane
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Vera C. Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Leroy L. Cooper
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Gideon Koren
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Darling
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Zhang YB, Ding JX, Xu WG, Wu J, Chang F, Zhuang XL, Chen XS, Wang JC. Biodegradable thermogel as culture matrix of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for potential cartilage tissue engineering. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Jagielski M, Wolf J, Marzahn U, Völker A, Lemke M, Meier C, Ertel W, Godkin O, Arens S, Schulze-Tanzil G. The influence of IL-10 and TNFα on chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stromal cells in three-dimensional cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15821-44. [PMID: 25207597 PMCID: PMC4200793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenic differentiated mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising cell source for articular cartilage repair. This study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of two three-dimensional (3D) culture systems for chondrogenic MSC differentiation in comparison to primary chondrocytes and to assess the effect of Interleukin (IL)-10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)α on chondrogenesis by MSCs in 3D high-density (H-D) culture. MSCs were isolated from femur spongiosa, characterized using a set of typical markers and introduced in scaffold-free H-D cultures or non-woven polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds for chondrogenic differentiation. H-D cultures were stimulated with recombinant IL-10, TNFα, TNFα + IL-10 or remained untreated. Gene and protein expression of type II collagen, aggrecan, sox9 and TNFα were examined. MSCs expressed typical cell surface markers and revealed multipotency. Chondrogenic differentiated cells expressed cartilage-specific markers in both culture systems but to a lower extent when compared with articular chondrocytes. Chondrogenesis was more pronounced in PGA compared with H-D culture. IL-10 and/or TNFα did not impair the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Moreover, in most of the investigated samples, despite not reaching significance level, IL-10 had a stimulatory effect on the type II collagen, aggrecan and TNFα expression when compared with the respective controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Jagielski
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Johannes Wolf
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Marzahn
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Anna Völker
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Marion Lemke
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Carola Meier
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Ertel
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Owen Godkin
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Stephan Arens
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
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Krüger JP, Machens I, Lahner M, Endres M, Kaps C. Initial boost release of transforming growth factor-β3 and chondrogenesis by freeze-dried bioactive polymer scaffolds. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 42:2562-76. [PMID: 25169425 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In cartilage regeneration, bio-activated implants are used in stem and progenitor cell-based microfracture cartilage repair procedures. Our aim was to analyze the chondrogenic potential of freeze-dried resorbable polymer-based polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds bio-activated with transforming growth factor-β3 (TGFB3) on human subchondral mesenchymal progenitor cells known from microfracture. Progenitor cells derived from femur heads were cultured in the presence of freeze-dried TGFB3 in high-density pellet culture and in freeze-dried TGFB3-PGA scaffolds for chondrogenic differentiation. Progenitor cell cultures in PGA scaffolds as well as pellet cultures with and without continuous application of TGFB3 served as controls. Release studies showed that freeze-dried TGFB3-PGA scaffolds facilitate a rapid, initial boost-like release of 71.5% of TGFB3 in the first 10 h. Gene expression analysis and histology showed induction of typical chondrogenic markers like type II collagen and formation of cartilaginous tissue in TGFB3-PGA scaffolds seeded with subchondral progenitor cells and in pellet cultures stimulated with freeze-dried TGFB3. Chondrogenic differentiation in freeze-dried TGFB3-PGA scaffolds was comparable to cultures receiving TGFB3 continuously, while non-stimulated controls did not show chondrogenesis during prolonged culture for 14 days. These results suggest that bio-activated, freeze-dried TGFB3-PGA scaffolds have chondrogenic potential and are a promising tool for stem cell-mediated cartilage regeneration.
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30
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Snyder TN, Madhavan K, Intrator M, Dregalla RC, Park D. A fibrin/hyaluronic acid hydrogel for the delivery of mesenchymal stem cells and potential for articular cartilage repair. J Biol Eng 2014; 8:10. [PMID: 25061479 PMCID: PMC4109069 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease affecting approximately 27 million Americans, and even more worldwide. OA is characterized by degeneration of subchondral bone and articular cartilage. In this study, a chondrogenic fibrin/hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogel seeded with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was investigated as a method of regenerating these tissues for OA therapy. This chondrogenic hydrogel system can be delivered in a minimally invasive manner through a small gauge needle, forming a three-dimensional (3D) network structure in situ. However, an ongoing problem with fibrin/HA-based biomaterials is poor mechanical strength. This was addressed by modifying HA with methacrylic anhydride (MA) (HA-MA), which reinforces the fibrin gel, thereby improving mechanical properties. In this study, a range of fibrinogen (the fibrin precursor) and HA-MA concentrations were explored to determine optimal conditions for increased mechanical strength, BMSC proliferation, and chondrogenesis potential in vitro. Results Increased mechanical strength was achieved by HA-MA reinforcement within fibrin hydrogels, and was directly correlated with increasing HA-MA concentration. Live/dead staining and metabolic assays confirmed that the crosslinked fibrin/HA-MA hydrogels provided a suitable 3D environment for BMSC proliferation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of BMSCs incubated in the fibrin/HA-MA hydrogel confirmed decreased expression of collagen type 1 alpha 1 mRNA with an increase in Sox9 mRNA expression especially in the presence of a platelet lysate, suggesting early chondrogenesis. Conclusion Fibrin/HA-MA hydrogel may be a suitable delivery method for BMSCs, inducing BMSC differentiation into chondrocytes and potentially aiding in articular cartilage repair for OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N Snyder
- Bioengineering Department, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8607, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Regenerative Sciences, 403 Summit Blvd, Suite 201, Broomfield, CO 80021, USA
| | - Krishna Madhavan
- Bioengineering Department, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8607, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Miranda Intrator
- Bioengineering Department, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8607, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ryan C Dregalla
- Regenerative Sciences, 403 Summit Blvd, Suite 201, Broomfield, CO 80021, USA
| | - Daewon Park
- Bioengineering Department, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8607, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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