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Palierse E, Masse S, Laurent G, Le Griel P, Mosser G, Coradin T, Jolivalt C. Synthesis of Hybrid Polyphenol/Hydroxyapatite Nanomaterials with Anti-Radical Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3588. [PMID: 36296776 PMCID: PMC9612319 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived natural bioactive molecules are of great therapeutic potential but, so far, their application in nanomedicine has scarcely been studied. This work aimed at comparing two methodologies, i.e., adsorption and in situ incorporation, to prepare hybrid polyphenol/hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Two flavonoids, baicalin and its aglycone derivative baicalein, and two phenolic acids derived from caffeic acid, rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids, were studied. Adsorption of these polyphenols on pre-formed hydroxyapatite nanoparticles did not modify particle size or shape and loading was less than 10% (w/w). In contrast, presence of polyphenols during the synthesis of nanoparticles significantly impacted and sometimes fully inhibited hydroxyapatite formation but recovered particles could exhibit higher loadings. For most hybrid particles, release profiles consisted of a 24 h burst effect followed by a slow release over 2 weeks. Antioxidant properties of the polyphenols were preserved after adsorption but not when incorporated in situ. These results provide fruitful clues for the valorization of natural bioactive molecules in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Palierse
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Masse
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Laurent
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Le Griel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gervaise Mosser
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thibaud Coradin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Claude Jolivalt
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, 75005 Paris, France
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Accioni F, Vázquez J, Merinero M, Begines B, Alcudia A. Latest Trends in Surface Modification for Dental Implantology: Innovative Developments and Analytical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020455. [PMID: 35214186 PMCID: PMC8876580 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in the world population and its life expectancy, as well as the ongoing concern about our physical appearance, have elevated the relevance of dental implantology in recent decades. Engineering strategies to improve the survival rate of dental implants have been widely investigated, focusing on implant material composition, geometry (usually guided to reduce stiffness), and interface surrounding tissues. Although efforts to develop different implant surface modifications are being applied in commercial dental prostheses today, the inclusion of surface coatings has gained special interest, as they can be tailored to efficiently enhance osseointegration, as well as to reduce bacterial-related infection, minimizing peri-implantitis appearance and its associated risks. The use of biomaterials to replace teeth has highlighted the need for the development of reliable analytical methods to assess the therapeutic benefits of implants. This literature review considers the state-of-the-art strategies for surface modification or coating and analytical methodologies for increasing the survival rate for teeth restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Accioni
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (F.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Juan Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Manuel Merinero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (F.A.); (M.M.)
- Departamento de Citología e Histología Normal y Patológica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Belén Begines
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (F.A.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Ana Alcudia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (F.A.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (A.A.)
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Iobst C, Bafor A, Gehred A, Chimutengwende-Gordon M. Future directions in the prevention of pin-site infection: A scoping review. JOURNAL OF LIMB LENGTHENING & RECONSTRUCTION 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jllr.jllr_2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Shahid A, Aslam B, Muzammil S, Aslam N, Shahid M, Almatroudi A, Allemailem KS, Saqalein M, Nisar MA, Rasool MH, Khurshid M. The prospects of antimicrobial coated medical implants. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2021; 19:22808000211040304. [PMID: 34409896 DOI: 10.1177/22808000211040304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The implants are increasingly being a part of modern medicine in various surgical procedures for functional or cosmetic purposes. The progressive use of implants is associated with increased infectious complications and prevention of such infections always remains precedence in the clinical settings. The preventive approaches include the systemic administration of antimicrobial agents before and after the surgical procedures as well as the local application of antibiotics. The relevant literature and existing clinical practices have highlighted the role of antimicrobial coating approaches in the prevention of implants associated infections, although the applications of these strategies are not yet standardized, and the clinical efficacy is not much clear. The adequate data from the randomized control trials is challenging because of the unavailability of a large sample size although it is compulsory in this context to assess the clinical efficacy of preemptive practices. This review compares the efficacy of preventive approaches and the prospects of antimicrobial-coated implants in preventing implant-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Shahid
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Aslam
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saima Muzammil
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Aslam
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Saqalein
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atif Nisar
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | | | - Mohsin Khurshid
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Palierse E, Hélary C, Krafft JM, Génois I, Masse S, Laurent G, Alvarez Echazu MI, Selmane M, Casale S, Valentin L, Miche A, Chan BC, Lau CB, Ip M, Desimone MF, Coradin T, Jolivalt C. Baicalein-modified hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and coatings with antibacterial and antioxidant properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 118:111537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kobata SI, Teixeira LEM, Fernandes SOA, Faraco AAG, Vidigal PVT, Araújo IDD. Prevention of bone infection after open fracture using a chitosan with ciprofloxacin implant in animal model. Acta Cir Bras 2020; 35:e202000803. [PMID: 32901680 PMCID: PMC7478494 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020200080000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate different concentrations of ciprofloxacin to prevent infection after open fracture contaminated with S. aureus in rats using absorbable local delivery system. METHODS Fifty-two Wistar rats were assigned to six groups. After 4 weeks, all animals underwent 99mTc-ceftizoxima scintigraphy evaluation, callus formation measurement and histological analysis. ANOVA, t-Student and Kruskal Wallis were used for quantitative variables statistical analysis, whereas qui square and exact Fisher were used for qualitative variables. RESULTS Treatment using 25% and 50% of ciprofloxacin incorporated at the fracture fixation device were effective in preventing bone infection compared to control group (p<0.05). Chitosan were not effective in preventing bone infection when used alone compared to control group (p>0.05). Histological findings demonstrated bone-healing delay with 50% of ciprofloxacin. No difference in callus formation were observed (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Local delivery treatment for contaminated open fracture using chitosan with ciprofloxacin is effective above 25%.
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Ghiasi B, Sefidbakht Y, Mozaffari-Jovin S, Gharehcheloo B, Mehrarya M, Khodadadi A, Rezaei M, Ranaei Siadat SO, Uskoković V. Hydroxyapatite as a biomaterial - a gift that keeps on giving. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1035-1062. [PMID: 32476496 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1776321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic analogue to biogenic apatite, hydroxyapatite (HA) has a number of physicochemical properties that make it an attractive candidate for diagnosis, treatment of disease and augmentation of biological tissues. Here we describe some of the recent studies on HA, which may provide bases for a number of new medical applications. The content of this review is divided to different medical application modes utilizing HA, including tissue engineering, medical implants, controlled drug delivery, gene therapies, cancer therapies and bioimaging. A number of advantages of HA over other biomaterials emerge from this discourse, including (i) biocompatibility, (ii) bioactivity, (iii) relatively simple synthesis protocols for the fabrication of nanoparticles with specific sizes and shapes, (iv) smart response to environmental stimuli, (v) facile functionalization and surface modification through noncovalent interactions, and (vi) the capacity for being simultaneously loaded with a wide range of therapeutic agents and switched to bioimaging modalities for uses in theranostics. A special section is dedicated to analysis of the safety of particulate HA as a component of parenterally administrable medications. It is concluded that despite the fact that many benefits come with the usage of HA, its deficiencies and potential side effects must be addressed before the translation to the clinical domain is pursued. Although HA has been known in the biomaterials world as the exemplar of safety, this safety proves to be the function of size, morphology, surface ligands and other structural and compositional parameters defining the particles. For this reason, each HA, especially when it comes in a novel structural form, must be treated anew from the safety research angle before being allowed to enter the clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrad Ghiasi
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yahya Sefidbakht
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.,Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, The Faculty of New Technologies Engineering (NTE), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Mozaffari-Jovin
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | | | - Arash Khodadadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezaei
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Omid Ranaei Siadat
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.,Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, The Faculty of New Technologies Engineering (NTE), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vuk Uskoković
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Janson O, Sörensen JH, Strømme M, Engqvist H, Procter P, Welch K. Evaluation of an alkali-treated and hydroxyapatite-coated orthopedic implant loaded with tobramycin. J Biomater Appl 2019; 34:699-720. [PMID: 31408413 DOI: 10.1177/0885328219867968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Janson
- 1 Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Strømme
- 3 Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Engqvist
- 1 Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philip Procter
- 1 Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ken Welch
- 3 Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ahmed W, Zhai Z, Gao C. Adaptive antibacterial biomaterial surfaces and their applications. Mater Today Bio 2019; 2:100017. [PMID: 32159147 PMCID: PMC7061676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections on the implant surface may eventually lead to biofilm formation and thus threaten the use of implants in body. Despite efficient host immune system, the implant surface can be rapidly occupied by bacteria, resulting in infection persistence, implant failure, and even death of the patients. It is difficult to cope with these problems because bacteria exhibit complex adhesion mechanisms to the implants that vary according to bacterial strains. Different biomaterial coatings have been produced to release antibiotics to kill bacteria. However, antibiotic resistance occurs very frequently. Stimuli-responsive biomaterials have gained much attention in recent years but are not effective enough in killing the pathogens because of the complex mechanisms in bacteria. This review is focused on the development of highly efficient and specifically targeted biomaterials that release the antimicrobial agents or respond to bacteria on demands in body. The mechanisms of bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance are discussed, and the released substances accounting for implant infection are described. Strategies that have been used in past for the eradication of bacterial infections are also discussed. Different types of stimuli can be triggered only upon the existence of bacteria, leading to the release of antibacterial molecules that in turn kill the bacteria. In particular, the toxin-triggered, pH-responsive, and dual stimulus-responsive adaptive antibacterial biomaterials are introduced. Finally, the state of the art in fabrication of dual responsive antibacterial biomaterials and tissue integration in medical implants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C. Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Abstract
The role of nanotechnology has evinced remarkable interest in the field of drug delivery. Bioceramics are inorganic biomaterials which are frequently used as bone substitutes. They have been explored in drug delivery as carriers for antibiotics, anti-osteoporotic drugs and anticancer drugs. Bioceramic nanoparticles are excellent alternatives to polymers due to their bioactivity, pH and temperature stability, multifunctionality, biocompatibility and tunable biodegradability. The use of bioceramics for local drug delivery in the field of orthopedics offer an efficient, safe mode of drug delivery directly to the surgical site thereby overcoming the limitations of systemic drug delivery. This review focuses on the development and applications of various nanobioceramics employed as drug delivery systems for the treatment of bone infections.
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Lee EJ, Huh BK, Kim SN, Lee JY, Park CG, Mikos AG, Choy YB. Application of Materials as Medical Devices with Localized Drug Delivery Capabilities for Enhanced Wound Repair. PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2017; 89:392-410. [PMID: 29129946 PMCID: PMC5679315 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The plentiful assortment of natural and synthetic materials can be leveraged to accommodate diverse wound types, as well as different stages of the healing process. An ideal material is envisioned to promote tissue repair with minimal inconvenience for patients. Traditional materials employed in the clinical setting often invoke secondary complications, such as infection, pain, foreign body reaction, and chronic inflammation. This review surveys the repertoire of surgical sutures, wound dressings, surgical glues, orthopedic fixation devices and bone fillers with drug eluting capabilities. It highlights the various techniques developed to effectively incorporate drugs into the selected material or blend of materials for both soft and hard tissue repair. The mechanical and chemical attributes of the resultant materials are also discussed, along with their biological outcomes in vitro and/or in vivo. Perspectives and challenges regarding future research endeavors are also delineated for next-generation wound repair materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther J. Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS 142, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas, 77251-1892, USA
| | - Beom Kang Huh
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University College of Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Na Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University College of Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University College of Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS 142, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas, 77251-1892, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, MS 362, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas, 77251-1892, USA
| | - Young Bin Choy
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University College of Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Francolini I, Vuotto C, Piozzi A, Donelli G. Antifouling and antimicrobial biomaterials: an overview. APMIS 2017; 125:392-417. [PMID: 28407425 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of implantable medical devices is a common and indispensable part of medical care for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. However, as side effect, the implant of medical devices quite often leads to the occurrence of difficult-to-treat infections, as a consequence of the colonization of their abiotic surfaces by biofilm-growing microorganisms increasingly resistant to antimicrobial therapies. A promising strategy to combat device-related infections is based on anti-infective biomaterials that either repel microbes, so they cannot attach to the device surfaces, or kill them in the surrounding areas. In general, such biomaterials are characterized by antifouling coatings, exhibiting low adhesion or even repellent properties towards microorganisms, or antimicrobial coatings, able to kill microbes approaching the surface. In this light, the present overview will address the development in the last two decades of antifouling and antimicrobial biomaterials designed to potentially limit the initial stages of microbial adhesion, as well as the microbial growth and biofilm formation on medical device surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Vuotto
- Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome
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No Outbreak of Vancomycin and Linezolid Resistance in Staphylococcal Pneumonia over a 10-Year Period. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138895. [PMID: 26398276 PMCID: PMC4580637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococci can cause wound infections and community- and nosocomial-acquired pneumonia, among a range of illnesses. Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) have been rapidly increasing as a cause of infections worldwide in recent decades. Numerous reports indicate that S. aureus and MRSA are becoming resistant to many antibiotics, which makes them very dangerous. Therefore, this study retrospectively investigated the resistance to antimicrobial agents in all hospitalized patients suffering from community- or nosocomial-acquired pneumonia due to S. aureus and MRSA. METHODS Information from the study groups suffering from either community- or nosocomial-acquired pneumonia caused by S. aureus or MRSA was gathered by searching records from 2004 to 2014 at the HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Germany. The findings of antibiotic resistance were analyzed after the evaluation of susceptibility testing for S. aureus and MRSA. RESULTS Total of 147 patients (63.9%, 95% CI 57.5%-69.8%), mean age 67.9 ± 18.5 years, with pneumonia triggered by S. aureus, and 83 patients (36.1%, 95% CI 30.2%-42.5%), mean age 72.3 ± 13.8 years, with pneumonia due to MRSA. S. aureus and MRSA developed no resistance to vancomycin (P = 0.019 vs. < 0.0001, respectively) or linezolid (P = 0.342 vs. < 0.0001, respectively). MRSA (95.3%) and S. aureus (56.3%) showed a high resistance to penicillin. MRSA (87.7%) was also found to have a high antibiotic resistance against ß-lactam antibiotics, compared to S. aureus (9.6%). Furthermore, MRSA compared to S. aureus, respectively, had increased antibiotic resistance to ciprofloxacin (90.1% vs. 17.0%), cefazolin (89.7% vs. 10.2%), cefuroxime (89.0% vs. 9.1%), levofloxacin (88.2% vs. 18.4%), clindamycin (78.0% vs. 14.7%), and erythromycin (76.5% vs. 20.8%). CONCLUSION No development of resistance was found to vancomycin and linezolid in patients with pneumonia caused by S. aureus and MRSA.
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Sörensen JH, Dürselen L, Welch K, Sörensen TC, Procter P, Engqvist H, Strømme M, Ignatius A, Steckel H. Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Coated Titanium Screws Demonstrate Rapid Implant Stabilization and Safe Removal <i>In-Vivo</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2015.61003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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