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Comprehensive Biological Evaluation of Biomaterials Used in Spinal and Orthopedic Surgery. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214769. [PMID: 33114571 PMCID: PMC7672648 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biological acceptance is one of the most important aspects of a biomaterial and forms the basis for its clinical use. The aim of this study was a comprehensive biological evaluation (cytotoxicity test, bacterial colonization test, blood platelets adhesion test and transcriptome and proteome analysis of Saos-2 cells after contact with surface of the biomaterial) of biomaterials used in spinal and orthopedic surgery, namely, Ti6Al4V ELI (Extra Low Interstitials), its modified version obtained as a result of melting by electron beam technology (Ti6Al4V ELI-EBT), polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and polished medical steel American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 316L (the reference material). Biological tests were carried out using the osteoblasts-like cells (Saos-2, ATCC HTB-85) and bacteria Escherichia coli (DH5α). Results showed lack of cytotoxicity of all materials and the surfaces of both Ti6Al4V ELI and PEEK exhibit a significantly higher resistance to colonization with E. coli cells, while the more porous surface of the same titanium alloy produced by electron beam technology (EBT) is more susceptible to microbial colonization than the control surface of polished medical steel. None of the tested materials showed high toxicity in relation to E. coli cells. Susceptibility to platelet adhesion was very high for polished medical steel AISI 316L, whilst much lower for the other biomaterials and can be ranked from the lowest to the highest as follows: PEEK < Ti6Al4V ELI < Ti6Al4V ELI-EBT. The number of expressed genes in Saos-2 cells exposed to contact with the examined biomaterials reached 9463 genes in total (ranging from 8455 genes expressed in cells exposed to ELI to 9160 genes in cells exposed to PEEK). Whereas the number of differentially expressed proteins detected on two-dimensional electrophoresis gels in Saos-2 cells after contact with the examined biomaterials was 141 for PEEK, 223 for Ti6Al4V ELI and 133 for Ti6Al4V ELI-EBT. Finally, 14 proteins with altered expression were identified by mass spectrometry. In conclusion, none of the tested biomaterials showed unsatisfactory levels of cytotoxicity. The gene and protein expression analysis, that represents a completely new approach towards characterization of these biomaterials, showed that the polymer PEEK causes much more intense changes in gene and protein expression and thus influences cell metabolism.
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Jiang N, Guo Z, Sun D, Ay B, Li Y, Yang Y, Tan P, Zhang L, Zhu S. Exploring the mechanism behind improved osteointegration of phosphorylated titanium implants with hierarchically structured topography. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 184:110520. [PMID: 31590052 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been frequently used in dental and orthopedic implants, but the undesired oxide layer easily formed on the surface tends to be the cause of implant failure for Ti-based implants. To address this problem, we herein prepared a phosphorylated Ti coating (TiP-Ti) with a micro/nano hierarchically structured topography on commercially pure Ti implants by a hydrothermal method to improve its osteointegration capacity. The surface morphology, chemical composition, and biological activity were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact-angle measurement, and protein adsorption assay. Osteointegration of TiP-Ti implants in rat tibia was investigated by biomechanical testing, micro-CT and histological analyses. We further explored the proposed mechanism which improves osteointegration of TiP-Ti implants by proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation assays of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Our results demonstrated that the improved osteointegration mainly benefited from the better spread and adhesion of BMSCs on the micro/nano hierarchically structured TiP-Ti surfaces compared to hydroxyapatite coated Ti (HA-Ti), the positive control, and untreated Ti (untreated-Ti), the negative control. In conclusion, TiP-Ti surface is a promising candidate implant surface design to accelerate the osteointegration of Ti-based implants in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhijun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dan Sun
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Birol Ay
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E3, Canada
| | - Yubao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yutao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Peijie Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Songsong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Bociaga D, Sobczyk-Guzenda A, Komorowski P, Balcerzak J, Jastrzebski K, Przybyszewska K, Kaczmarek A. Surface Characteristics and Biological Evaluation of Si-DLC Coatings Fabricated Using Magnetron Sputtering Method on Ti6Al7Nb Substrate. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9060812. [PMID: 31146416 PMCID: PMC6630968 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are well known as protective coatings for biomedical applications. Furthermore, the incorporation of different elements, such as silicon (Si), in the carbon matrix changes the bio-functionality of the DLC coatings. This has also been proven by the results obtained in this work. The Si-DLC coatings were deposited on the Ti6Al7Nb alloy, which is commonly used in clinical practice, using the magnetron sputtering method. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the content of silicon in the examined coatings varied from ~2 at.% up to ~22 at.%. Since the surface characteristics are key factors influencing the cell response, the results of the cells’ proliferation and viability assays (live/dead and XTT (colorimetric assays using tetrazolium salt)) were correlated with the surface properties. The surface free energy (SFE) measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the polarity and wettability of the surfaces examined increase with increasing Si concentration, and therefore the adhesion and proliferation of cells was enhanced. The results obtained revealed that the biocompatibility of Si-doped DLC coatings, regardless of the Si content, remains at a very high level (the observed viability of endothelial cells is above 70%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Bociaga
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Sobczyk-Guzenda
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Komorowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
- Bionanopark Ltd., Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, 114/116 Dubois St., 93-465 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jacek Balcerzak
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Molecular Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 213 Wolczanska St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Jastrzebski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Karolina Przybyszewska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Kaczmarek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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Komorowski P, Siatkowska M, Wasiak T, Działoszyńska K, Kotarba S, Kądzioła K, Bartoszek N, Sokołowska P, Elgalal M, Sobol‐Pacyniak A, Makowski K, Walkowiak B. Simultaneous transcriptome and proteome analysis of EA.hy926 cells under stress conditions induced by nanomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1024-1034. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Komorowski
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics LaboratoryBionanopark Ltd. Lodz Poland
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Materials ScienceLodz University of Technology Lodz Poland
- BioTechMed Advanced Technology Centre Lodz Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Wasiak
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics LaboratoryBionanopark Ltd. Lodz Poland
| | - Katarzyna Działoszyńska
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics LaboratoryBionanopark Ltd. Lodz Poland
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Materials ScienceLodz University of Technology Lodz Poland
| | - Sylwia Kotarba
- Biosensor and Organic Electronics LaboratoryBionanopark Ltd. Lodz Poland
| | - Kinga Kądzioła
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics LaboratoryBionanopark Ltd. Lodz Poland
| | - Nina Bartoszek
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics LaboratoryBionanopark Ltd. Lodz Poland
| | - Paulina Sokołowska
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics LaboratoryBionanopark Ltd. Lodz Poland
| | - Marcin Elgalal
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics LaboratoryBionanopark Ltd. Lodz Poland
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiation and Isotope TherapyMedical University of Lodz Lodz Poland
| | - Anna Sobol‐Pacyniak
- Department of Internal Medicine and DiabetologyMedical University of Lodz Lodz Poland
- Norbert Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1 Lodz Poland
| | - Krzysztof Makowski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Materials ScienceLodz University of Technology Lodz Poland
- Industrial Biotechnology LaboratoryBionanopark Ltd Lodz Poland
| | - Bogdan Walkowiak
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics LaboratoryBionanopark Ltd. Lodz Poland
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Materials ScienceLodz University of Technology Lodz Poland
- BioTechMed Advanced Technology Centre Lodz Poland
- Industrial Biotechnology LaboratoryBionanopark Ltd Lodz Poland
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Hebels DG, Carlier A, Coonen ML, Theunissen DH, de Boer J. cBiT: A transcriptomics database for innovative biomaterial engineering. Biomaterials 2017; 149:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Walkowiak-Przybyło M, Komorowski P, Walkowiak B. Differences in the expression of cell cycle genes in osteoblasts and endothelial cells cultured on the surfaces of Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb alloys. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:1607-1617. [PMID: 28002653 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Three medically used alloys (Ti6Al4V, Ti6Al7Nb, and AISI 316 L) are compared due to proliferative potential and metabolic response of human cells (osteoblasts line Saos-2 and endothelial cells line EA.hy-926) seeded on the surfaces of these alloys. Although no statistically significant difference in the proliferative potential of the cells cultured on the surfaces of examined biomaterials was observed, it does not exclude relevant differences in metabolic response of these cells assessed as changes in genes' expression. As a result of our studies it was demonstrated that the changes in the expression of examined genes were very common. Our observation suggests the presence of the process of selective recognition of the contacted biomaterials by the cells seeded on their surfaces. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1607-1617, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walkowiak-Przybyło
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, Lodz, 90-924, Poland
| | - P Komorowski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, Lodz, 90-924, Poland.,BioNanoPark Laboratories, Lodz Regional Park of Science and Technologies, Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Lodz, Poland
| | - B Walkowiak
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, Lodz, 90-924, Poland.,BioNanoPark Laboratories, Lodz Regional Park of Science and Technologies, Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Lodz, Poland
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