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Gahlawat S, Oruc D, Paul N, Ragheb M, Patel S, Fasasi O, Sharma P, Shreiber DI, Freeman JW. Tissue Engineered 3D Constructs for Volumetric Muscle Loss. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:2325-2347. [PMID: 39085677 PMCID: PMC11329418 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03541-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Severe injuries to skeletal muscles, including cases of volumetric muscle loss (VML), are linked to substantial tissue damage, resulting in functional impairment and lasting disability. While skeletal muscle can regenerate following minor damage, extensive tissue loss in VML disrupts the natural regenerative capacity of the affected muscle tissue. Existing clinical approaches for VML, such as soft-tissue reconstruction and advanced bracing methods, need to be revised to restore tissue function and are associated with limitations in tissue availability and donor-site complications. Advancements in tissue engineering (TE), particularly in scaffold design and the delivery of cells and growth factors, show promising potential for regenerating damaged skeletal muscle tissue and restoring function. This article provides a brief overview of the pathophysiology of VML and critiques the shortcomings of current treatments. The subsequent section focuses on the criteria for designing TE scaffolds, offering insights into various natural and synthetic biomaterials and cell types for effectively regenerating skeletal muscle. We also review multiple TE strategies involving both acellular and cellular scaffolds to encourage the development and maturation of muscle tissue and facilitate integration, vascularization, and innervation. Finally, the article explores technical challenges hindering successful translation into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Gahlawat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Doga Oruc
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nikhil Paul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Mark Ragheb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Swati Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Oyinkansola Fasasi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Peeyush Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - David I Shreiber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph W Freeman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Sabetkish S, Currie P, Meagher L. Recent trends in 3D bioprinting technology for skeletal muscle regeneration. Acta Biomater 2024; 181:46-66. [PMID: 38697381 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a pro-regenerative tissue, that utilizes a tissue-resident stem cell system to effect repair upon injury. Despite the demonstrated efficiency of this system in restoring muscle mass after many acute injuries, in conditions of severe trauma such as those evident in volumetric muscle loss (VML) (>20 % by mass), this self-repair capability is unable to restore tissue architecture, requiring interventions which currently are largely surgical. As a possible alternative, the generation of artificial muscle using tissue engineering approaches may also be of importance in the treatment of VML and muscle diseases such as dystrophies. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has been identified as a promising technique for regeneration of the complex architecture of skeletal muscle. This review discusses existing treatment strategies following muscle damage, recent progress in bioprinting techniques, the bioinks used for muscle regeneration, the immunogenicity of scaffold materials, and in vitro and in vivo maturation techniques for 3D bio-printed muscle constructs. The pros and cons of these bioink formulations are also highlighted. Finally, we present the current limitations and challenges in the field and critical factors to consider for bioprinting approaches to become more translationa and to produce clinically relevant engineered muscle. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review discusses the physiopathology of muscle injuries and existing clinical treatment strategies for muscle damage, the types of bioprinting techniques that have been applied to bioprinting of muscle, and the bioinks commonly used for muscle regeneration. The pros and cons of these bioinks are highlighted. We present a discussion of existing gaps in the literature and critical factors to consider for the translation of bioprinting approaches and to produce clinically relevant engineered muscle. Finally, we provide insights into what we believe will be the next steps required before the realization of the application of tissue-engineered muscle in humans. We believe this manuscript is an insightful, timely, and instructive review that will guide future muscle bioprinting research from a fundamental construct creation approach, down a translational pathway to achieve the desired impact in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Sabetkish
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Peter Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Laurence Meagher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Golebiowska AA, Intravaia JT, Sathe VM, Kumbar SG, Nukavarapu SP. Decellularized extracellular matrix biomaterials for regenerative therapies: Advances, challenges and clinical prospects. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:98-123. [PMID: 37927899 PMCID: PMC10622743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have shown potential in the repair and regeneration of tissues and organs via the use of engineered biomaterials and scaffolds. However, current constructs face limitations in replicating the intricate native microenvironment and achieving optimal regenerative capacity and functional recovery. To address these challenges, the utilization of decellularized tissues and cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) has emerged as a promising approach. These biocompatible and bioactive biomaterials can be engineered into porous scaffolds and grafts that mimic the structural and compositional aspects of the native tissue or organ microenvironment, both in vitro and in vivo. Bioactive dECM materials provide a unique tissue-specific microenvironment that can regulate and guide cellular processes, thereby enhancing regenerative therapies. In this review, we explore the emerging frontiers of decellularized tissue-derived and cell-derived biomaterials and bio-inks in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. We discuss the need for further improvements in decellularization methods and techniques to retain structural, biological, and physicochemical characteristics of the dECM products in a way to mimic native tissues and organs. This article underscores the potential of dECM biomaterials to stimulate in situ tissue repair through chemotactic effects for the development of growth factor and cell-free tissue engineering strategies. The article also identifies the challenges and opportunities in developing sterilization and preservation methods applicable for decellularized biomaterials and grafts and their translation into clinical products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathon T. Intravaia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Vinayak M. Sathe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Sangamesh G. Kumbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Syam P. Nukavarapu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
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Zhang YC, Yang YX, Liu Y, Liu XJ, Dai JH, Gao RS, Hu YY, Fei WY. Combining Porous Se@SiO 2 Nanocomposites and dECM Enhances the Myogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:7661-7676. [PMID: 38111844 PMCID: PMC10726970 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s436081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) denotes the traumatic loss of skeletal muscle, a condition that can result in chronic functional impairment and even disability. While the body can naturally repair injured skeletal muscle within a limited scope, patients experiencing local and severe muscle loss due to VML surpass the compensatory capacity of the muscle itself. Currently, clinical treatments for VML are constrained and demonstrate minimal efficacy. Selenium, a recognized antioxidant, plays a crucial role in regulating cell differentiation, anti-inflammatory responses, and various other physiological functions. Methods We engineered a porous Se@SiO2 nanocomposite (SeNPs) with the purpose of releasing selenium continuously and gradually. This nanocomposite was subsequently combined with a decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) to explore their collaborative protective and stimulatory effects on the myogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs). The influence of dECM and NPs on the myogenic level, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) activity of ADSCs was evaluated using Western Blot, ELISA, and Immunofluorescence assay. Results Our findings demonstrate that the concurrent application of SeNPs and dECM effectively mitigates the apoptosis and intracellular ROS levels in ADSCs. Furthermore, the combination of dECM with SeNPs significantly upregulated the expression of key myogenic markers, including MYOD, MYOG, Desmin, and myosin heavy chain in ADSCs. Notably, this combination also led to an increase in both the number of mitochondria and the respiratory chain activity in ADSCs. Conclusion The concurrent application of SeNPs and dECM effectively diminishes ROS production, boosts mitochondrial function, and stimulates the myogenic differentiation of ADSCs. This study lays the groundwork for future treatments of VML utilizing the combination of SeNPs and dECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xia Yang
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, 214062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi-Jian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji-Hang Dai
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rang-Shan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang-Yang Hu
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yong Fei
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People’s Republic of China
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Chen J, Chen X, Ma Y, Liu Y, Li J, Peng K, Dai Y, Chen X. Effect of Anisotropic Structural Depth on Orientation and Differentiation Behavior of Skeletal Muscle Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:41374-41382. [PMID: 37969971 PMCID: PMC10634202 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted to examine how substrate topological factors are involved in modulating the cell behavior. Among numerous topological factors, the vital influence of the touchable depth of substrates on cell behaviors has already been extensively characterized, but the response of cells to the topological structure at untouchable depth is still elusive. Herein, the influences of substrate depth on myoblast behaviors are systematically investigated using substrates with depths ranging from touchable depth (microgrooved) to untouchable depth (microbridges). The results show that an increase in microgroove depth is accompanied by an inhibited cell spreading, an enhanced elongation, and a more obvious orientation along microgrooves. Interestingly, myoblasts located on microbridges show a more pronounced elongation with increasing culture time but a position-dependent orientation. Myoblasts on the center and parallel boundary of microbridges orient along the bridges, while myoblasts on the vertical boundary align perpendicular to the microbridges. Moreover, the differentiation results of the myoblasts indicate that the differentiated myotubes can maintain this position-dependent orientation. The simulation of the stress field in cell monolayers suggests that the position-dependent orientation is caused by the comprehensive response of myoblasts to the substrate discontinuity and substrate depth. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanism of cell depth sensing and could inform the design of tissue engineering scaffolds for skeletal muscle and biohybrid actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Chen
- School
of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xuefei Chen
- School
of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yihao Ma
- School
of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yiran Liu
- School
of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Jin Li
- School
of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Kai Peng
- School
of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yichuan Dai
- School
of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- School
of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, P. R. China
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6
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Shang Y, Wang G, Zhen Y, Liu N, Nie F, Zhao Z, Li H, An Y. Application of decellularization-recellularization technique in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:2017-2027. [PMID: 36752783 PMCID: PMC10476794 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT In the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery, the loss of organs or tissues caused by diseases or injuries has resulted in challenges, such as donor shortage and immunosuppression. In recent years, with the development of regenerative medicine, the decellularization-recellularization strategy seems to be a promising and attractive method to resolve these difficulties. The decellularized extracellular matrix contains no cells and genetic materials, while retaining the complex ultrastructure, and it can be used as a scaffold for cell seeding and subsequent transplantation, thereby promoting the regeneration of diseased or damaged tissues and organs. This review provided an overview of decellularization-recellularization technique, and mainly concentrated on the application of decellularization-recellularization technique in the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery, including the remodeling of skin, nose, ears, face, and limbs. Finally, we proposed the challenges in and the direction of future development of decellularization-recellularization technique in plastic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Shang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Guanhuier Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yonghuan Zhen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Fangfei Nie
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenmin Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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7
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De Paolis F, Testa S, Guarnaccia G, Reggio A, Fornetti E, Cicciarelli F, Deodati R, Bernardini S, Peluso D, Baldi J, Biagini R, Bellisari FC, Izzo A, Sgalambro F, Arrigoni F, Rizzo F, Cannata S, Sciarra T, Fuoco C, Gargioli C. Long-term longitudinal study on swine VML model. Biol Direct 2023; 18:42. [PMID: 37518063 PMCID: PMC10388508 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML), resulting from severe trauma or surgical ablation, is a pathological condition preventing myofibers regeneration, since skeletal muscle owns the remarkable ability to restore tissue damage, but only when limited in size. The current surgical therapies employed in the treatment of this pathology, which particularly affects military personnel, do not yet provide satisfactory results. For this reason, more innovative approaches must be sought, specifically skeletal muscle tissue engineering seems to highlight promising results obtained from preclinical studies in VML mouse model. Despite the great results obtained in rodents, translation into human needs a comparable animal model in terms of size, in order to validate the efficacy of the tissue engineering approach reconstructing larger muscle mass (human-like). In this work we aim to demonstrate the validity of a porcine model, that has underwent a surgical ablation of a large muscle area, as a VML damage model. RESULTS For this purpose, morphological, ultrasound, histological and fluorescence analyses were carried out on the scar tissue formed following the surgical ablation of the peroneus tertius muscle of Sus scrofa domesticus commonly called mini-pig. In particular, the replenishment of the damaged area, the macrophage infiltration and the vascularization at different time-points were evaluated up to the harvesting of the scar upon six months. CONCLUSION Here we demonstrated that following VML damage, there is an extremely poor regenerative process in the swine muscle tissue, while the formation of fibrotic, scar tissue occurs. The analyses performed up to 180 days after the injury revealed the development of a stable, structured and cellularized tissue, provided with vessels and extracellular matrix acquiring the status of granulation tissue like in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Paolis
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
- PhD Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Testa
- Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Marseille, MMG, France
| | | | - Alessio Reggio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Ersilia Fornetti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Felice Cicciarelli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Rebecca Deodati
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Daniele Peluso
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Jacopo Baldi
- IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Izzo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Applied Biotechnologies (DISCAB), Aquila, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Sgalambro
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Applied Biotechnologies (DISCAB), Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Arrigoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Applied Biotechnologies (DISCAB), Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Rizzo
- Joint Veteran Center, Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cannata
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Tommaso Sciarra
- Joint Veteran Center, Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Fuoco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy.
| | - Cesare Gargioli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy.
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8
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Lee H, Kim SH, Lee JS, Lee YJ, Lee OJ, Ajiteru O, Sultan MT, Lee SW, Park CH. Functional Skeletal Muscle Regeneration Using Muscle Mimetic Tissue Fabricated by Microvalve-Assisted Coaxial 3D Bioprinting. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202664. [PMID: 36469728 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
3D-printed artificial skeletal muscle, which mimics the structural and functional characteristics of native skeletal muscle, is a promising treatment method for muscle reconstruction. Although various fabrication techniques for skeletal muscle using 3D bio-printers are studied, it is still challenging to build a functional muscle structure. A strategy using microvalve-assisted coaxial 3D bioprinting in consideration of functional skeletal muscle fabrication is reported. The unit (artificial muscle fascicle: AMF) of muscle mimetic tissue is composed of a core filled with medium-based C2C12 myoblast aggregates as a role of muscle fibers and a photo cross-linkable hydrogel-based shell as a role of connective tissue in muscles that enhances printability and cell adhesion and proliferation. Especially, a microvalve system is applied for the core part with even cell distribution and strong cell-cell interaction. This system enhances myotube formation and consequently shows spontaneous contraction. A multi-printed AMF (artificial muscle tissue: AMT) as a piece of muscle is implanted into the anterior tibia (TA) muscle defect site of immunocompromised rats. As a result, the TA-implanted AMT responds to electrical stimulation and represents histologically regenerated muscle tissue. This microvalve-assisted coaxial 3D bioprinting shows a significant step forward to mimicking native skeletal muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lee
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hee Kim
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Seung Lee
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Lee
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Joo Lee
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Olatunji Ajiteru
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Tipu Sultan
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Woo Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
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9
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Kort-Mascort J, Flores-Torres S, Peza-Chavez O, Jang JH, Pardo LA, Tran SD, Kinsella J. Decellularized ECM hydrogels: prior use considerations, applications, and opportunities in tissue engineering and biofabrication. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:400-431. [PMID: 36484344 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Tissue development, wound healing, pathogenesis, regeneration, and homeostasis rely upon coordinated and dynamic spatial and temporal remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. ECM reorganization and normal physiological tissue function, require the establishment and maintenance of biological, chemical, and mechanical feedback mechanisms directed by cell-matrix interactions. To replicate the physical and biological environment provided by the ECM in vivo, methods have been developed to decellularize and solubilize tissues which yield organ and tissue-specific bioactive hydrogels. While these biomaterials retain several important traits of the native ECM, the decellularizing process, and subsequent sterilization, and solubilization result in fragmented, cleaved, or partially denatured macromolecules. The final product has decreased viscosity, moduli, and yield strength, when compared to the source tissue, limiting the compatibility of isolated decellularized ECM (dECM) hydrogels with fabrication methods such as extrusion bioprinting. This review describes the physical and bioactive characteristics of dECM hydrogels and their role as biomaterials for biofabrication. In this work, critical variables when selecting the appropriate tissue source and extraction methods are identified. Common manual and automated fabrication techniques compatible with dECM hydrogels are described and compared. Fabrication and post-manufacturing challenges presented by the dECM hydrogels decreased mechanical and structural stability are discussed as well as circumvention strategies. We further highlight and provide examples of the use of dECM hydrogels in tissue engineering and their role in fabricating complex in vitro 3D microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Omar Peza-Chavez
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Joyce H Jang
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | - Simon D Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Kinsella
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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10
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Tan YH, Helms HR, Nakayama KH. Decellularization Strategies for Regenerating Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Tissues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:831300. [PMID: 35295645 PMCID: PMC8918733 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.831300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and is associated with approximately 17.9 million deaths each year. Musculoskeletal conditions affect more than 1.71 billion people globally and are the leading cause of disability. These two areas represent a massive global health burden that is perpetuated by a lack of functionally restorative treatment options. The fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering offer great promise for the development of therapies to repair damaged or diseased tissues. Decellularized tissues and extracellular matrices are cornerstones of regenerative biomaterials and have been used clinically for decades and many have received FDA approval. In this review, we first discuss and compare methods used to produce decellularized tissues and ECMs from cardiac and skeletal muscle. We take a focused look at how different biophysical properties such as spatial topography, extracellular matrix composition, and mechanical characteristics influence cell behavior and function in the context of regenerative medicine. Lastly, we describe emerging research and forecast the future high impact applications of decellularized cardiac and skeletal muscle that will drive novel and effective regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karina H. Nakayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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11
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Philips C, Terrie L, Thorrez L. Decellularized skeletal muscle: A versatile biomaterial in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Hogan KJ, Smoak MM, Koons GL, Perez MR, Bedell ML, Jiang EY, Young S, Mikos AG. Bioinspired electrospun decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds promote muscle regeneration in a rat skeletal muscle defect model. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 110:1090-1100. [PMID: 34989128 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss is a debilitating injury that can leave patients with long-lasting or permanent structural and functional deficits. With clinical treatments failing to address these shortcomings, there is a great need for tissue-engineered therapies to promote skeletal muscle regeneration. In this study, we aim to assess the potential for electrospun decellularized skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (dECM) to promote skeletal muscle regeneration in a rat partial thickness tibialis anterior defect model. Aligned electrospun scaffolds with varying degrees of crosslinking density were implanted into the defect site and compared to an empty defect control. After 8 weeks, muscles were harvested, weighed, and cellular and morphological analyses were performed via histology and immunohistochemistry. Cell infiltration, angiogenesis, and myogenesis were observed in the defect site in both dECM groups. However, favorable mechanical properties and slower degradation kinetics resulted in greater support of tissue remodeling in the more crosslinked scaffolds and preservation of existing myofiber area in both dECM groups compared to the empty defect control. More sustained release of pro-regenerative degradation products also promoted greater myofiber formation in the defect site. This study allowed for a greater understanding of how electrospun skeletal muscle scaffolds interact with existing skeletal muscle and can inform their potential as a therapy in a wide variety of soft tissue applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Hogan
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mollie M Smoak
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gerry L Koons
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marissa R Perez
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew L Bedell
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emily Y Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Simon Young
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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13
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Eugenis I, Wu D, Rando TA. Cells, scaffolds, and bioactive factors: Engineering strategies for improving regeneration following volumetric muscle loss. Biomaterials 2021; 278:121173. [PMID: 34619561 PMCID: PMC8556323 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe traumatic skeletal muscle injuries, such as volumetric muscle loss (VML), result in the obliteration of large amounts of skeletal muscle and lead to permanent functional impairment. Current clinical treatments are limited in their capacity to regenerate damaged muscle and restore tissue function, promoting the need for novel muscle regeneration strategies. Advances in tissue engineering, including cell therapy, scaffold design, and bioactive factor delivery, are promising solutions for VML therapy. Herein, we review tissue engineering strategies for regeneration of skeletal muscle, development of vasculature and nerve within the damaged muscle, and achievements in immunomodulation following VML. In addition, we discuss the limitations of current state of the art technologies and perspectives of tissue-engineered bioconstructs for muscle regeneration and functional recovery following VML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Eugenis
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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14
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Towards bioengineered skeletal muscle: recent developments in vitro and in vivo. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:555-567. [PMID: 34342361 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a functional tissue that accounts for approximately 40% of the human body mass. It has remarkable regenerative potential, however, trauma and volumetric muscle loss, progressive disease and aging can lead to significant muscle loss that the body cannot recover from. Clinical approaches to address this range from free-flap transfer for traumatic events involving volumetric muscle loss, to myoblast transplantation and gene therapy to replace muscle loss due to sarcopenia and hereditary neuromuscular disorders, however, these interventions are often inadequate. The adoption of engineering paradigms, in particular materials engineering and materials/tissue interfacing in biology and medicine, has given rise to the rapidly growing, multidisciplinary field of bioengineering. These methods have facilitated the development of new biomaterials that sustain cell growth and differentiation based on bionic biomimicry in naturally occurring and synthetic hydrogels and polymers, as well as additive fabrication methods to generate scaffolds that go some way to replicate the structural features of skeletal muscle. Recent advances in biofabrication techniques have resulted in significant improvements to some of these techniques and have also offered promising alternatives for the engineering of living muscle constructs ex vivo to address the loss of significant areas of muscle. This review highlights current research in this area and discusses the next steps required towards making muscle biofabrication a clinical reality.
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Litowczenko J, Woźniak-Budych MJ, Staszak K, Wieszczycka K, Jurga S, Tylkowski B. Milestones and current achievements in development of multifunctional bioscaffolds for medical application. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2412-2438. [PMID: 33553825 PMCID: PMC7847813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field, which aims to restore or improve lost tissue function. Despite that TE was introduced more than 20 years ago, innovative and more sophisticated trends and technologies point to new challenges and development. Current challenges involve the demand for multifunctional bioscaffolds which can stimulate tissue regrowth by biochemical curves, biomimetic patterns, active agents and proper cell types. For those purposes especially promising are carefully chosen primary cells or stem cells due to its high proliferative and differentiation potential. This review summarized a variety of recently reported advanced bioscaffolds which present new functions by combining polymers, nanomaterials, bioactive agents and cells depending on its desired application. In particular necessity of study biomaterial-cell interactions with in vitro cell culture models, and studies using animals with in vivo systems were discuss to permit the analysis of full material biocompatibility. Although these bioscaffolds have shown a significant therapeutic effect in nervous, cardiovascular and muscle, tissue engineering, there are still many remaining unsolved challenges for scaffolds improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Litowczenko
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta J. Woźniak-Budych
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Staszak
- Institute of Technology and Chemical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Wieszczycka
- Institute of Technology and Chemical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, Poznan, Poland
| | - Stefan Jurga
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, Poznan, Poland
| | - Bartosz Tylkowski
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Chemical Technologies Unit, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
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16
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The War after War: Volumetric Muscle Loss Incidence, Implication, Current Therapies and Emerging Reconstructive Strategies, a Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050564. [PMID: 34069964 PMCID: PMC8157822 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is the massive wasting of skeletal muscle tissue due to traumatic events or surgical ablation. This pathological condition exceeds the physiological healing process carried out by the muscle itself, which owns remarkable capacity to restore damages but only when limited in dimensions. Upon VML occurring, the affected area is severely compromised, heavily influencing the affected a person’s quality of life. Overall, this condition is often associated with chronic disability, which makes the return to duty of highly specialized professional figures (e.g., military personnel or athletes) almost impossible. The actual treatment for VML is based on surgical conservative treatment followed by physical exercise; nevertheless, the results, in terms of either lost mass and/or functionality recovery, are still poor. On the other hand, the efforts of the scientific community are focusing on reconstructive therapy aiming at muscular tissue void volume replenishment by exploiting biomimetic matrix or artificial tissue implantation. Reconstructing strategies represent a valid option to build new muscular tissue not only to recover damaged muscles, but also to better socket prosthesis in terms of anchorage surfaces and reinnervation substrates for reconstructed mass.
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Smoak MM, Hogan KJ, Grande-Allen KJ, Mikos AG. Bioinspired electrospun dECM scaffolds guide cell growth and control the formation of myotubes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg4123. [PMID: 33990336 PMCID: PMC8121426 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While skeletal muscle has a high capacity for endogenous repair in acute injuries, volumetric muscle loss can leave long-lasting or permanent structural and functional deficits to the injured muscle and surrounding tissues. With clinical treatments failing to repair lost tissue, there is a great need for a tissue-engineered therapy to promote skeletal muscle regeneration. In this study, we aim to assess the potential for electrospun decellularized skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (dECM) with tunable physicochemical properties to control mouse myoblast growth and myotube formation. The material properties as well as cell behavior - growth and differentiation - were assessed in response to modulation of crosslinking and scaffold architecture. The fabrication of a bioactive dECM-based system with tunable physicochemical properties that can control myotube formation has several applications in skeletal muscle engineering and may bring the field one step closer to developing a therapy to address these unmet clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie M Smoak
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Katie J Hogan
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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18
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Promoting musculoskeletal system soft tissue regeneration by biomaterial-mediated modulation of macrophage polarization. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4096-4109. [PMID: 33997496 PMCID: PMC8091177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders are common in clinical practice. Repairing critical-sized defects in musculoskeletal systems remains a challenge for researchers and surgeons, requiring the application of tissue engineering biomaterials. Successful application depends on the response of the host tissue to the biomaterial and specific healing process of each anatomical structure. The commonly-held view is that biomaterials should be biocompatible to minimize local host immune response. However, a growing number of studies have shown that active modulation of the immune cells, particularly macrophages, via biomaterials is an effective way to control immune response and promote tissue regeneration as well as biomaterial integration. Therefore, we critically review the role of macrophages in the repair of injured musculoskeletal system soft tissues, which have relatively poor regenerative capacities, as well as discuss further enhancement of target tissue regeneration via modulation of macrophage polarization by biomaterial-mediated immunomodulation (biomaterial properties and delivery systems). This active regulation approach rather than passive-evade strategy maximizes the potential of biomaterials to promote musculoskeletal system soft tissue regeneration and provides alternative therapeutic options for repairing critical-sized defects. Different phenotypes of macrophages play a crucial role in musculoskeletal system soft tissue regeneration. Biomaterials and biomaterial-based delivery systems can be utilized to modulate macrophage polarization. This review summarizes immunomodulatory biomaterials to spur musculoskeletal system soft tissue regeneration.
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3D Printing Decellularized Extracellular Matrix to Design Biomimetic Scaffolds for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2689701. [PMID: 33282941 PMCID: PMC7685790 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2689701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional engineered muscles are still a critical clinical issue to be addressed, although different strategies have been considered so far for the treatment of severe muscular injuries. Indeed, the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle (SM) results inadequate for large-scale defects, and currently, SM reconstruction remains a complex and unsolved task. For this aim, tissue engineered muscles should provide a proper biomimetic extracellular matrix (ECM) alternative, characterized by an aligned/microtopographical structure and a myogenic microenvironment, in order to promote muscle regeneration. As a consequence, both materials and fabrication techniques play a key role to plan an effective therapeutic approach. Tissue-specific decellularized ECM (dECM) seems to be one of the most promising material to support muscle regeneration and repair. 3D printing technologies, on the other side, enable the fabrication of scaffolds with a fine and detailed microarchitecture and patient-specific implants with high structural complexity. To identify innovative biomimetic solutions to develop engineered muscular constructs for the treatment of SM loss, the more recent (last 5 years) reports focused on SM dECM-based scaffolds and 3D printing technologies for SM regeneration are herein reviewed. Possible design inputs for 3D printed SM dECM-based scaffolds for muscular regeneration are also suggested.
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20
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Politi S, Carotenuto F, Rinaldi A, Di Nardo P, Manzari V, Albertini MC, Araneo R, Ramakrishna S, Teodori L. Smart ECM-Based Electrospun Biomaterials for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1781. [PMID: 32916791 PMCID: PMC7558997 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of smart and intelligent regenerative biomaterials for skeletal muscle tissue engineering is an ongoing challenge, owing to the requirement of achieving biomimetic systems able to communicate biological signals and thus promote optimal tissue regeneration. Electrospinning is a well-known technique to produce fibers that mimic the three dimensional microstructural arrangements, down to nanoscale and the properties of the extracellular matrix fibers. Natural and synthetic polymers are used in the electrospinning process; moreover, a blend of them provides composite materials that have demonstrated the potential advantage of supporting cell function and adhesion. Recently, the decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), which is the noncellular component of tissue that retains relevant biological cues for cells, has been evaluated as a starting biomaterial to realize composite electrospun constructs. The properties of the electrospun systems can be further improved with innovative procedures of functionalization with biomolecules. Among the various approaches, great attention is devoted to the "click" concept in constructing a bioactive system, due to the modularity, orthogonality, and simplicity features of the "click" reactions. In this paper, we first provide an overview of current approaches that can be used to obtain biofunctional composite electrospun biomaterials. Finally, we propose a design of composite electrospun biomaterials suitable for skeletal muscle tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Politi
- Department of Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security, Diagnostic and Metrology (FSN-TECFIS-DIM), ENEA, CR Frascati, 00044 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (F.C.)
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome Italy; (P.D.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Felicia Carotenuto
- Department of Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security, Diagnostic and Metrology (FSN-TECFIS-DIM), ENEA, CR Frascati, 00044 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (F.C.)
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome Italy; (P.D.N.); (V.M.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Regenerative Medicine (CIMER), University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Rinaldi
- Department of Sustainability (SSPT), ENEA, 00123 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo Di Nardo
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome Italy; (P.D.N.); (V.M.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Regenerative Medicine (CIMER), University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- L.L. Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, I. M. Sechenov First Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vittorio Manzari
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome Italy; (P.D.N.); (V.M.)
| | | | - Rodolfo Araneo
- Department of Astronautics Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00184 Rome, Italy;
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore;
| | - Laura Teodori
- Department of Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security, Diagnostic and Metrology (FSN-TECFIS-DIM), ENEA, CR Frascati, 00044 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (F.C.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Regenerative Medicine (CIMER), University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Smoak M, Mikos A. Advances in biomaterials for skeletal muscle engineering and obstacles still to overcome. Mater Today Bio 2020; 7:100069. [PMID: 32695987 PMCID: PMC7363708 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of injured skeletal muscle is a sophisticated process that uses immune, muscle, perivascular, and neural cells. In acute injury, the robust endogenous repair process can facilitate complete regeneration with little to no functional deficit. However, in severe injury, the damage is beyond the capacity for self-repair, often resulting in structural and functional deficits. Aside from the insufficiencies in muscle function, the aesthetic deficits can impact quality of life. Current clinical treatments are significantly limited in their capacity to structurally and functionally repair the damaged skeletal muscle. Therefore, alternative approaches are needed. Biomaterial therapies for skeletal muscle engineering have leveraged natural materials with sophisticated scaffold fabrication techniques to guide cell infiltration, alignment, and differentiation. Advances in biomaterials paired with a standardized and rigorous assessment of resulting tissue formation have greatly advanced the field of skeletal muscle engineering in the last several years. Herein, we discuss the current trends in biomaterials-based therapies for skeletal muscle regeneration and present the obstacles still to be overcome before clinical translation is possible. With millions of people affected by muscle trauma each year, the development of a therapy that can repair the structural and functional deficits after severe muscle injury is pivotal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Smoak
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - A.G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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