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Gregar F, Gallo J, Milde D, Hegrová J, Kučerová P, Grepl J, Pluháček T. In vivo assessment of TiO 2 based wear nanoparticles in periprosthetic tissues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3785-3796. [PMID: 38724776 PMCID: PMC11180632 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
A multimodal approach combining inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), single-particle ICP-MS (spICP-MS), scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Raman spectroscopy enabled a deeper insight into the balance between total titanium (Ti), the soluble titanium fraction and titanium dioxide based particle fraction levels in periprosthetic tissues collected from patients undergoing revision surgery. Hydrofluoric acid usage in the sample digestion allowed for complete digestion of TiO2 particles, thus enabling accurate estimation of total Ti levels. The TiO2 fraction represents 38-94% of the titanium load in the six samples where particles were detected, and the fraction is present mainly in samples from patients with aseptically loosened total hip arthroplasty. Further attention was given to this fraction determining the elemental composition, particle count, particle size and modification of TiO2. The spICP-MS analysis confirmed the presence of the TiO2-derived (nano)particles (NPs) with a 39- to 187-nm median size and particle count up to 2.3 × 1011 particles per gram of tissue. On top of that, the SEM-EDS confirmed the presence of the TiO2 nanoparticles with 230-nm median size and an anatase crystal phase was determined by Raman spectroscopy. This study presents a novel multimodal approach for TiO2 particle determination and characterization in tissue samples and is the first in vivo study of this character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Gregar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Gallo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, Olomouc, 77520, Czech Republic
| | - David Milde
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Hegrová
- Transport Research Centre, Division of Sustainable Transport and Transport Structures Diagnostics, Líšeňská 33a, Brno, 619 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Kučerová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Grepl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pluháček
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic.
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Mathew MT, Cheng KY, Sun Y, Barao VAR. The Progress in Tribocorrosion Research (2010-21): Focused on the Orthopedics and Dental Implants. JOURNAL OF BIO- AND TRIBO-CORROSION 2023; 9:48. [PMID: 38525435 PMCID: PMC10959289 DOI: 10.1007/s40735-023-00767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Tribocorrosion is an integration of two areas-tribology and corrosion. It can be defined as the material degradation caused by the combined effect of corrosion and tribological process at the material interfaces. Significant development has occurred in the field of tribocorrosion over the past years. This development is due to its applications in various fields, such as aerospace, marine, biomedical, and space. Focusing on biomedical applications, tribocorrosion finds its applications in the implants used in cardiovascular, spine, orthopedics, trauma, and dental areas. It was reported that around 7.2 million Americans are living with joint implants. Implant surgery is a traumatic and expensive procedure. Tribocorrosion can affect the lifespan of the implants, thus leading to implant failure and a potential cause of revision surgery. Hence, it is essential to understand how tribocorrosion works, its interaction with the implants, and what procedures can be implemented to protect materials from tribocorrosion. This paper discusses how tribocorrosion research has evolved over the past 11 years (2010-2021). This is a comprehensive overview of tribocorrosion research in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew T. Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Science, UIC College of Medicine, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UIC, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, UIC, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kai-yuan Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science, UIC College of Medicine, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Biomedical Science, UIC College of Medicine, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Valentim A. R. Barao
- Departament of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
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Mace A, Gilbert JL. Low cycle fretting and fretting corrosion properties of low carbon CoCrMo and additively manufactured CoCrMoW alloys for dental and orthopedic applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023. [PMID: 37081711 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) of CoCrMo metallic implants is growing in the orthopedic and dental fields. This is due to the traditional alloy's excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. AM processes like selective laser melting (SLM) require less time, materials, and waste than casting or subtractive manufacturing complex-geometry structures (bridges, partial dentures, etc.). The objective of this work was to investigate the low cycle tribological and tribocorrosion characteristics of AM CoCrMoW alloys compared to wrought LC CoCrMo (ASTM F-1537) to assess this AM alloy's performance. Fretting and tribocorrosion testing was performed in air (wear only), PBS (wear + corrosion), and PBS with 10 mM H2 O2 (wear + corrosion + inflammation) by a single diamond asperity. No variation between alloys in volume of material removed (p = .12), volume of plastic deformation (p = .13), and scratch depth (p = .84) showed that AM was substantially similar in wear resistance to LC in air and PBS. AM exhibited significantly higher fretting currents (p < .01) at loads up to 100 mN ( I AM PBS $$ {I}_{\mathrm{AM}}^{\mathrm{PBS}} $$ = 57 nA and I AM H 2 O 2 $$ {I}_{\mathrm{AM}}^{H_2{O}_2} $$ = 49 nA) than LC CoCrMo ( I LC PBS $$ {I}_{\mathrm{LC}}^{\mathrm{PBS}} $$ = 30 nA) and ( I LC H 2 O 2 $$ {I}_{\mathrm{LC}}^{H_2{O}_2} $$ = 29 nA). In PBS, wear track depth linearly correlates to fretting current, averaged over 100 cycles. Additionally, fretting currents of both alloys were significantly lower in simulated inflammatory conditions compared to PBS alone. AM alloy has generally similar wear and tribocorrosion resistance to wrought LC CoCrMo and would be ideal for patient specific dentistry or orthopedics where precise, complex geometries are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annsley Mace
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University - MUSC Bioengineering Program, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jeremy L Gilbert
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University - MUSC Bioengineering Program, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Mace A, Goodwin CM, Gilbert JL. Fretting corrosion testing of acetabular modular tapers for total hip replacements: A comparison of two designs. J Orthop Res 2023. [PMID: 36606423 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetabular components (DePuy Pinnacle (A) and Stryker Trident (B), Ti-6Al-4V shells and CoCrMo liners) with varying geometries were assembled under a 4 kN seating load. Liner-displacement was recorded. Cyclic compression to 4 kN, R = 0.01, 9 Hz was applied for three million cycles to evaluate fretting corrosion currents (n = 5). Fretting currents, load-displacement, ion dissolution, and disassembly loads were used to compare device performance. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey post hoc comparisons (p < 0.05). Liner seating displacements were not significantly different between groups. Fretting currents averaged over the initial 10 h and over three million cycles were 0.17 μA (A) and 0.55 μA (B) and 0.05 μA (A) and 0.17 μA (B), respectively (p = 0.19). No variation in ion averages between A and B (0.23 and 0.45 ppm for Ti [p = 0.21], 0.63 and 0.85 ppm for Co [p = 0.47]) existed. Average push-out forces, -2.41 (A) and -2.42 kN (B), were not significantly different (p = 0.97). SEM and EDS showed some titanium and metal oxide transfer from the shell to the liner in both designs. Overall, both implant designs exhibited very minor MACC in these experiments. This study demonstrates quantitative measures of in vitro fretting corrosion over the course of three million cycles and the minimal degree of acetabular taper damage. Clinical Significance: Retrieval studies show dual mobility acetabular shell-liner tapers with metal-on-metal contacts are susceptible to fretting corrosion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annsley Mace
- Clemson University - MUSC Bioengineering Program, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Charley M Goodwin
- Clemson University - MUSC Bioengineering Program, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jeremy L Gilbert
- Clemson University - MUSC Bioengineering Program, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Mace A, Gilbert JL. A mass balance analysis of the tribocorrosion process of titanium alloys using a single micro-asperity: Voltage and solution effects on plastic deformation, oxide repassivation, and ion dissolution. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105531. [PMID: 36308875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Within modular taper junctions of total hip implants (THA), nominally "smooth" metallic surfaces contain multiple micro-asperities that slide, are plastically deformed, have their oxide film surfaces disrupted and corrode during the fretting corrosion processes. In this work, a mass/volume balance approach is developed and used to assess the contribution of individual components of wear and corrosion to the entirety of the single-asperity tribocorrosion process for the popular THA alloy, Ti-6Al-4V. This analysis measures the total volume change (trough) in the surface due to low cycle single asperity fretting corrosion and compares it to the measured pileup volume which is comprised of plastic deformation, metal particles and oxide particles, plus the fretting current and the concentration of solution-bound species. A simple 17 μm spherical geometry diamond asperity was used and the trough volume, pileup volume, fretting currents and ion concentrations were measured to assess their contribution to the fretting corrosion process. The effects fretting in or out of solution (phosphate buffered saline), and the role of electrode potential, e.g., freely corroding or forced potential (-1.0 V, 0 V, and +1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl) were investigated. Under constant 30 mN loading, 100 cycles duration, 3 Hz cyclic frequency and 80 μm sliding amplitude, the volume abraded, fretting currents, ion release, and pileup volume were all recorded. Damage was analyzed and quantified using digital optical microscopy (DOM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results were analyzed with ANOVA statistics (α = 0.05). The extent of wear damage (asperity trough volume) is as follows: air = Ecorr, air > -1.0 V = 0 V = +1.0 V. As the amount of pileup volume decreased between conditions, visible oxide generation increased, with V > 0 V having more oxide debris generation and air fretting resulting in the least oxide (and most plastic deformation). Ions in solution were not significant, accounting for less than 1% of the damage. Volume analysis showed trough volumes and pileup volumes were very close to one another and were dominated by plastic deformation. Synergy between wear and corrosion were not observed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annsley Mace
- Clemson University, MUSC Bioengineering Program, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jeremy L Gilbert
- Clemson University, MUSC Bioengineering Program, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Kurtz MA, Khullar P, Gilbert JL. Cathodic activation and inflammatory species are critical to simulating in vivo Ti-6Al-4V selective dissolution. Acta Biomater 2022; 149:399-409. [PMID: 35842034 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In vivo retrievals of metallic orthopedic implants have shown selective dissolution of Ti-6Al-4V, where the vanadium-rich β phase preferentially corrodes from the surface. This damage, typically observed in crevices, is not directly caused by wear mechanics and the underlying electrochemical mechanism remains poorly understood. Previous studies show that fretting corrosion can cause negative potential drops, resulting in a decrease in surface oxide passivation resistance and the electrochemical generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at metallic surfaces. In this study, we combine cathodic activation and hydrogen peroxide to induce selective dissolution in vitro. After a 600 s -1 V hold and 4 h recovery in 20 °C 1 M H2O2 solution, the Ti-6Al-4V β phase was preferentially dissolved. An initial activation threshold of -0.5 V induced a significant increase in β dissolution (p = 0.000). Above this threshold, little selective dissolution occurred. In an Arrhenius-like fashion, decreasing solution concentration to 0.1 M required 72 h to generate β dissolution instead of 4 h at 1 M. Heating 0.1 M solution to body temperature (37 °C) resulted in a decrease in the time needed to replicate a similar level of β dissolution (>90%). Electrochemical impedance shows that both cathodic activation and inflammatory species are necessary to induce selective dissolution, where the combinatorial effect causes a significant drop in oxide passivation resistance from 106 to 102 (p = 0.000). STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Though hip arthroplasties are considered a successful procedure, revision rates of 2-4% result in tens of thousands of additional surgeries within the United States, subjecting patients to increased risk of complications. Corrosion is associated with implant failure and retrieval studies show that titanium and its alloys can severely corrode in vivo in ways not yet duplicated in vitro. Here, we reproduce selective dissolution of Ti-6Al-4V β phase simulating key characteristics of in vivo degradation observed in orthopedic retrievals. We establish both cathodically activated corrosion, a relatively unexplored concept, and the presence of inflammatory species as prerequisites, furthering our understanding of this clinically relevant damage mode. We introduce an Arrhenius-based approach to assess the concentration-temperature-time interactions present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kurtz
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States; The Clemson University-Medical University of South Carolina Bioengineering Program, 68 President Street, BE 325, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Piyush Khullar
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States; The Clemson University-Medical University of South Carolina Bioengineering Program, 68 President Street, BE 325, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Jeremy L Gilbert
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States; The Clemson University-Medical University of South Carolina Bioengineering Program, 68 President Street, BE 325, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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Improved Tribocorrosion Behavior Obtained by In-Situ Precipitation of Ti2C in Ti-Nb Alloy. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12060908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel in-situ Ti-based matrix composites (TMCs) were developed through the reactive hot pressing of Ti + NbC powder blends. Due to the chemical reaction that occurred in the solid-state during processing, the produced samples were composed of an Nb-rich β-Ti phase that formed a metallic matrix along with Ti2C as a reinforcing phase. By employing different proportions of Ti:NbC, the phase composition of the alloys was designed to contain different ratios of α-Ti and β-Ti. The present work investigated the corrosion and tribocorrosion behavior of the composites, compared to unreinforced Ti, in a phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) at body temperature. Corrosion tests included potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Tribocorrosion tests were carried out using a ball-on-plate tribometer with sliding performed at open circuit potential (OCP) and under anodic potentiostatic conditions. Results showed that the stabilization of the β phase in the matrix led to a decrease in the hardness. However, the formation of the in-situ reinforcing phase significantly improved the tribocorrosion behavior of the composites due to a load-carrying effect, lowering the corrosion tendency and kinetics under sliding. Furthermore, localized corrosion was not observed at the interface between the reinforcing phase and the matrix.
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Long-term fretting corrosion performance of modular head-neck junctions with self-reinforced composite gaskets from PEEK and UHMWPE. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 129:105149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Smith SM, Gilbert JL. Interfacial compliance, energy dissipation, frequency effects, and long-term fretting corrosion performance of Ti-6Al-4V/CoCrMo interfaces. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:409-423. [PMID: 34402604 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fretting corrosion in modular orthopedic implants is a well-documented process that may be associated with adverse local tissue reactions, pain, and revisions. Engineering modular junction interfaces to withstand applied fretting motion without surface abrasion could prevent implant degradation and surface damage. Previous work on geometrically modified Ti-6Al-4V/CoCrMo interfaces with increased compliance showed reduced fretting currents and surface damage during short term, variable-load in vitro testing. This study assesses the same interfaces under long-term conditions using an in vitro pin-on-disk fretting corrosion test apparatus. Preliminary variable-load frequency testing of typical control pin geometries showed a frequency-dependent current response, with underlying contact conditions of metal-metal interfaces that remained unchanged. One-million-cycle testing showed diminished fretting currents in all groups by 5 × 105 cycles, but consistently lower currents in the high-compliance group. Corresponding fretting currents and work of fretting measurements of high-compliance pins confirmed that minimal fretting was experienced at the interface, with elastic bending of the pin accounting for almost all applied displacement. Debris generated during testing were composed of titanium and chromium oxides, small amounts of cobalt and molybdenum oxides, and sodium and phosphate originating from the surrounding test solution. Post-test analyses of sample surfaces revealed substantially more surface damage on CoCrMo disks than Ti-6Al-4V pins, thought to be a result of adhesive wear of mixed oxide debris on the pin and abrasion of the disk by the oxide debris layer. Surface damage to high-compliance pins suggests some abrasion is unavoidable with geometric modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Smith
- Clemson-MUSC Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University and the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jeremy L Gilbert
- Clemson-MUSC Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University and the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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