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Li Z, Li Y, Liu C, Gu Y, Han G. Research progress of the mechanisms and applications of ginsenosides in promoting bone formation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155604. [PMID: 38614042 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone deficiency-related diseases caused by various factors have disrupted the normal function of the skeleton and imposed a heavy burden globally, urgently requiring potential new treatments. The multi-faceted role of compounds like ginsenosides and their interaction with the bone microenvironment, particularly osteoblasts can promote bone formation and exhibit anti-inflammatory, vascular remodeling, and antibacterial properties, holding potential value in the treatment of bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering. PURPOSE This review summarizes the interaction between ginsenosides and osteoblasts and the bone microenvironment in bone formation, including vascular remodeling and immune regulation, as well as their therapeutic potential and toxicity in the broad treatment applications of bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering, to provide novel insights and treatment strategies. METHODS The literature focusing on the mechanisms and applications of ginsenosides in promoting bone formation before March 2024 was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. Keywords such as "phytochemicals", "ginsenosides", "biomaterials", "bone", "diseases", "bone formation", "microenvironment", "bone tissue engineering", "rheumatoid arthritis", "periodontitis", "osteoarthritis", "osteoporosis", "fracture", "toxicology", "pharmacology", and combinations of these keywords were used. RESULTS Ginsenoside monomers regulate signaling pathways such as WNT/β-catenin, FGF, and BMP/TGF-β, stimulating osteoblast generation and differentiation. It exerts angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the bone surrounding microenvironment through signaling such as WNT/β-catenin, NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and Notch. It shows therapeutic effects and biological safety in the treatment of bone deficiency-related diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, periodontitis, osteoporosis, and fractures, and bone tissue engineering by promoting osteogenesis and improving the microenvironment of bone formation. CONCLUSION The functions of ginsenosides are diverse and promising in treating bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering. Moreover, potential exists in regulating the bone microenvironment, modifying biomaterials, and treating inflammatory-related bone diseases and dental material applications. However, the mechanisms and effects of some ginsenoside monomers are still unclear, and the lack of clinical research limits their clinical application. Further exploration and evaluation of the potential of ginsenosides in these areas are expected to provide more effective methods for treating bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Chaoran Liu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Yuqing Gu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Guanghong Han
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China.
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Qi Y, Xu C, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Cui C, Liu W. Wet environment-induced adhesion and softening of coenzyme-based polymer elastic patch for treating periodontitis. Bioact Mater 2024; 35:259-273. [PMID: 38356924 PMCID: PMC10864166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, a common chronic inflammatory disease caused by pathogenic bacteria, can be treated with diverse biomaterials by loading drugs, cytokines or proteins. However, these biomaterials often show unsatisfactory therapeutic efficiency due to their poor adhesion, short residence time in the wet and dynamic oral cavity and emerging drug resistance. Here we report a wet-responsive methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)-stabilized co-enzyme polymer poly(α-lipoic acid) (PolyLA)-based elastic patch with water-induced adhesion and softening features. In PolyLA-GelMA, the multiple covalent and hydrogen-bonding crosslinking between PolyLA and GelMA prevent PolyLA depolymerization and slow down the dissociation of PolyLA in water, allowing durable adhesion to oral periodontal tissue and continuous release of LA-based bioactive small molecule in periodontitis wound without resorting external drugs. Compared with the undifferentiated adhesion behavior of traditional adhesives, this wet-responsive patch demonstrates a favorable periodontal pocket insertion ability due to its non-adhesion and rigidity in dry environment. In vitro studies reveal that PolyLA-GelMA patch exhibits satisfactory wet tissue adhesion, antibacterial, blood compatibility and ROS scavenging abilities. In the model of rat periodontitis, the PolyLA-GelMA patch inhibits alveolar bone resorption and accelerates the periodontitis healing by regulating the inflammatory microenvironment. This biomacromolecule-stabilized coenzyme polymer patch provides a new option to promote periodontitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chenyu Xu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Zhuodan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ziyang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Chunyan Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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Abtahi S, Chen X, Shahabi S, Nasiri N. Resorbable Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration: Critical Features, Potentials, and Limitations. ACS MATERIALS AU 2023; 3:394-417. [PMID: 38089090 PMCID: PMC10510521 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Lack of horizontal and vertical bone at the site of an implant can lead to significant clinical problems that need to be addressed before implant treatment can take place. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a commonly used surgical procedure that employs a barrier membrane to encourage the growth of new bone tissue in areas where bone has been lost due to injury or disease. It is a promising approach to achieve desired repair in bone tissue and is widely accepted and used in approximately 40% of patients with bone defects. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive examination of recent advances in resorbable membranes for GBR including natural materials such as chitosan, collagen, silk fibroin, along with synthetic materials such as polyglycolic acid (PGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and their copolymers. In addition, the properties of these materials including foreign body reaction, mechanical stability, antibacterial property, and growth factor delivery performance will be compared and discussed. Finally, future directions for resorbable membrane development and potential clinical applications will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abtahi
- NanoTech
Laboratory, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
- Department
of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Xiaohu Chen
- NanoTech
Laboratory, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Sima Shahabi
- Department
of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Noushin Nasiri
- NanoTech
Laboratory, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
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4
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Mahmoud AH, Han Y, Dal-Fabbro R, Daghrery A, Xu J, Kaigler D, Bhaduri SB, Malda J, Bottino MC. Nanoscale β-TCP-Laden GelMA/PCL Composite Membrane for Guided Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:32121-32135. [PMID: 37364054 PMCID: PMC10982892 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Major advances in the field of periodontal tissue engineering have favored the fabrication of biodegradable membranes with tunable physical and biological properties for guided bone regeneration (GBR). Herein, we engineered innovative nanoscale beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)-laden gelatin methacryloyl/polycaprolactone (GelMA/PCL-TCP) photocrosslinkable composite fibrous membranes via electrospinning. Chemo-morphological findings showed that the composite microfibers had a uniform porous network and β-TCP particles successfully integrated within the fibers. Compared with pure PCL and GelMA/PCL, GelMA/PCL-TCP membranes led to increased cell attachment, proliferation, mineralization, and osteogenic gene expression in alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (aBMSCs). Moreover, our GelMA/PCL-TCP membrane was able to promote robust bone regeneration in rat calvarial critical-size defects, showing remarkable osteogenesis compared to PCL and GelMA/PCL groups. Altogether, the GelMA/PCL-TCP composite fibrous membrane promoted osteogenic differentiation of aBMSCs in vitro and pronounced bone formation in vivo. Our data confirmed that the electrospun GelMA/PCL-TCP composite has a strong potential as a promising membrane for guided bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel H Mahmoud
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 999077 Hong Kong, China
| | - Renan Dal-Fabbro
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Arwa Daghrery
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jinping Xu
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Darnell Kaigler
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sarit B Bhaduri
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
- EEC Division, Directorate of Engineering, The National Science Foundation, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, United States
| | - Jos Malda
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TC Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Ut Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C Bottino
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Avery D, Morandini L, Celt N, Bergey L, Simmons J, Martin RK, Donahue HJ, Olivares-Navarrete R. Immune cell response to orthopedic and craniofacial biomaterials depends on biomaterial composition. Acta Biomater 2023; 161:285-297. [PMID: 36905954 PMCID: PMC10269274 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Materials for craniofacial and orthopedic implants are commonly selected based on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The biocompatibility of these materials is typically assessed in vitro using cell lines, but little is known about the response of immune cells to these materials. This study aimed to evaluate the inflammatory and immune cell response to four common orthopedic materials [pure titanium (Ti), titanium alloy (TiAlV), 316L stainless steel (SS), polyetheretherketone (PEEK)]. Following implantation into mice, we found high recruitment of neutrophils, pro-inflammatory macrophages, and CD4+ T cells in response to PEEK and SS implants. Neutrophils produced higher levels of neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, and neutrophil extracellular traps in vitro in response to PEEK and SS than neutrophils on Ti or TiAlV. Macrophages co-cultured on PEEK, SS, or TiAlV increased polarization of T cells towards Th1/Th17 subsets and decreased Th2/Treg polarization compared to Ti substrates. Although SS and PEEK are considered biocompatible materials, both induce a more robust inflammatory response than Ti or Ti alloy characterized by high infiltration of neutrophils and T cells, which may cause fibrous encapsulation of these materials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Materials for craniofacial and orthopedic implants are commonly selected based on their mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the immune cell response to four common orthopedic and craniofacial biomaterials: pure titanium, titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy, 316L stainless steel, and PEEK. Our results demonstrate that while the biomaterials tested have been shown to be biocompatible and clinically successful, the inflammatory response is largely driven by chemical composition of the biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Avery
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Lais Morandini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Natalie Celt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Leah Bergey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jamelle Simmons
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Rebecca K Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Rene Olivares-Navarrete
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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6
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Zhang C, Zeng C, Wang Z, Zeng T, Wang Y. Optimization of stress distribution of bone-implant interface (BII). BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 147:213342. [PMID: 36841109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have found that the threshold of occlusal force tolerated by titanium-based implants is significantly lower than that of natural teeth due to differences in biomechanical mechanisms. Therefore, implants are considered to be susceptible to occlusal trauma. In clinical practice, many implants have shown satisfactory biocompatibility, but the balance between biomechanics and biofunction remains a huge clinical challenge. This paper comprehensively analyzes and summarizes various stress distribution optimization methods to explore strategies for improving the resistance of the implants to adverse stress. Improving stress resistance reduces occlusal trauma and shortens the gap between implants and natural teeth in occlusal function. The study found that: 1) specific implant-abutment connection design can change the force transfer efficiency and force conduction direction of the load at the BII; 2) reasonable implant surface structure and morphological character design can promote osseointegration, maintain alveolar bone height, and reduce the maximum effective stress at the BII; and 3) the elastic modulus of implants matched to surrounding bone tissue can reduce the stress shielding, resulting in a more uniform stress distribution at the BII. This study concluded that the core BII stress distribution optimization lies in increasing the stress distribution area and reducing the local stress peak value at the BII. This improves the biomechanical adaptability of the implants, increasing their long-term survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, No. 72 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, No. 72 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, No. 64 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, No. 72 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, No. 72 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, No. 64 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhefu Wang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, No. 72 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, No. 72 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, No. 64 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, No. 72 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, No. 72 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, No. 64 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, No. 72 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, No. 72 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, No. 64 Xiangya Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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7
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Liu X, Huang H, Zhang J, Sun T, Zhang W, Li Z. Recent Advance of Strontium Functionalized in Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040414. [PMID: 37106601 PMCID: PMC10136039 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone defect disease causes damage to people’s lives and property, and how to effectively promote bone regeneration is still a big clinical challenge. Most of the current repair methods focus on filling the defects, which has a poor effect on bone regeneration. Therefore, how to effectively promote bone regeneration while repairing the defects at the same time has become a challenge for clinicians and researchers. Strontium (Sr) is a trace element required by the human body, which mainly exists in human bones. Due to its unique dual properties of promoting the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclast activity, it has attracted extensive research on bone defect repair in recent years. With the deep development of research, the mechanisms of Sr in the process of bone regeneration in the human body have been clarified, and the effects of Sr on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and the inflammatory microenvironment in the process of bone regeneration have been widely recognized. Based on the development of technology such as bioengineering, it is possible that Sr can be better loaded onto biomaterials. Even though the clinical application of Sr is currently limited and relevant clinical research still needs to be developed, Sr-composited bone tissue engineering biomaterials have achieved satisfactory results in vitro and in vivo studies. The Sr compound together with biomaterials to promote bone regeneration will be a development direction in the future. This review will present a brief overview of the relevant mechanisms of Sr in the process of bone regeneration and the related latest studies of Sr combined with biomaterials. The aim of this paper is to highlight the potential prospects of Sr functionalized in biomaterials.
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Erezuma I, Lukin I, Desimone M, Zhang YS, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Orive G. Progress in self-healing hydrogels and their applications in bone tissue engineering. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 146:213274. [PMID: 36640523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is constantly seeking novel treatments to address bone injuries in all their varieties. It is necessary to find new ways to create structures that perfectly emulate the native tissue. Self-healing hydrogels have been a breakthrough in this regard, as they are able to reconstitute their links after they have been partially broken. Among the most outstanding biomaterials when it comes to developing these hydrogels for BTE, those polymers of natural origin (e.g., gelatin, alginate) stand out, although synthetics such as PEG or nanomaterials like laponite are also key for this purpose. Self-healing hydrogels have proven to be efficient in healing bone, but have also played a key role as delivery-platforms for drugs or other biological agents. Moreover, some researchers have identified novel uses for these gels as bone fixators or implant coatings. Here, we review the progress of self-healing hydrogels, which hold great promise in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsasne Erezuma
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Izeia Lukin
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Martin Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria 01007, Spain; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
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9
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Ren J, Fok MR, Zhang Y, Han B, Lin Y. The role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as adjuncts to periodontal treatment and in periodontal regeneration. J Transl Med 2023; 21:149. [PMID: 36829232 PMCID: PMC9960225 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is the sixth most prevalent chronic disease globally and places significant burdens on societies and economies worldwide. Behavioral modification, risk factor control, coupled with cause-related therapy have been the "gold standard" treatment for managing periodontitis. Given that host inflammatory and immunological responses play critical roles in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and impact treatment responses, several adjunctive strategies aimed at modulating host responses and improving the results of periodontal therapy and maintenance have been proposed. Of the many pharmacological host modulators, we focused on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), due to their long history and extensive use in relieving inflammation and pain and reducing platelet aggregation. NSAIDs have been routinely indicated for treating rheumatic fever and osteoarthritis and utilized for the prevention of cardiovascular events. Although several efforts have been made to incorporate NSAIDs into the treatment of periodontitis, their effects on periodontal health remain poorly characterized, and concerns over the risk-benefit ratio were also raised. Moreover, there is emerging evidence highlighting the potential of NSAIDs, especially aspirin, for use in periodontal regeneration. This review summarizes and discusses the use of NSAIDs in various aspects of periodontal therapy and regeneration, demonstrating that the benefits of NSAIDs as adjuncts to conventional periodontal therapy remain controversial. More recent evidence suggests a promising role for NSAIDs in periodontal tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhan Ren
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Division of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Melissa Rachel Fok
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Division of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Orthodontics, Cranial-Facial Growth and Development Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Orthodontics, Cranial-Facial Growth and Development Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yifan Lin
- Division of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Wang Z, Zhang J, Hu J, Yang G. Gene-activated titanium implants for gene delivery to enhance osseointegration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 143:213176. [PMID: 36327825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Osseointegration is the direct and intimate contact between mineralized tissue and titanium implant at the bone-implant interface. Early establishment and stable maintenance of osseointegration is the key to long-term implant success. However, in patients with compromised conditions such as osteoporosis and patients beginning early load-bearing activities such as walking, lower osseointegration around titanium implants is often observed, which might result in implant early failure. Gene-activated implants show an exciting prospect of combining gene delivery and biomedical implants to solve the problems of poor osseointegration formation, overcoming the shortcomings of protein therapy, including rapid degradation and overdose adverse effects. The conception of gene-activated titanium implants is based on "gene-activated matrix" (GAM), which means scaffolds using non-viral vectors for in situ gene delivery to achieve a long-term and efficient transfection of target cells. Current preclinical studies in animal models have shown that plasmid DNA (pDNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small interference RNA (siRNA) functionalized titanium implants can enhance osseointegration with safety and efficiency, leading to the expectation of applying this technique in dental and orthopedic clinical scenarios. This review aims to comprehensively summarize fabrication strategies, current applications, and futural outlooks of gene-activated implants, emphasizing nucleic acid targets, non-viral vectors, implant surface modification techniques, nucleic acid/vector complexes loading strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikang Wang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jinxing Hu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Guoli Yang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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11
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Hr R, Jagwani S, Shenoy PA, Jadhav K, Shaikh S, Mutalik SP, Mullick P, Mutalik S, Jalalpure S, Sikarwar MS, Dhamecha D. Thermoreversible gel of green tea extract: Formulation and evaluation for the management of periodontitis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Yao D, Lv Y. A cell-free difunctional demineralized bone matrix scaffold enhances the recruitment and osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells by promoting inflammation resolution. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 139:213036. [PMID: 35905556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dialogue between host macrophages (Mφs) and endogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promotes M2 Mφs polarization to resolve early-stage inflammation, thereby effectively guiding in situ bone regeneration. Once inflammation is unresolved/incontrollable, it will induce the impediment of MSCs homing at bone defect site, implying the seasonable resolution of inflammation in balancing bone homeostasis. Repeatedly, evidence elucidated that specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) could conduce to proper resolve inflammation and promote the repairing of bone defect. A difunctional demineralized bone matrix (DBM) scaffold co-modified by maresin 1 (MaR1) and aptamer 19S (Apt19S) was fabricated to facilitate the osteogenesis of MSCs. To confirm the osteogenesis and immunomodulatory role of the difunctional DBM scaffold, the proliferation, recruitment, and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and the Mφs M2 subtype polarization were evaluated in vitro. Then, the DBM scaffolds were implanted into mice model with critical size calvarial defect to evaluate bone repair efficiency. Finally, the specific resolution mechanism in Mφs cultured on the difunctional DBM scaffold was further in-depth investigated. This difunctional DBM scaffold exhibited an enhanced function on the recruitment, proliferation, migration, osteogenesis of MSCs and the resolution of inflammation, finally improved bone-scaffold integration. At the same time, MaR1 modified on the difunctional DBM scaffold increased the biosynthesis of 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) and 12S-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (12S-HETE), and also directly stimulated lipid droplets (LDs) biogenesis in Mφs, which suggested that MaR1 regulated Mφ lipid metabolism at bone repair site. Findings based on this synergy strategy demonstrated that Mφ lipid metabolism was essential in bone homeostasis, which might provide a theoretical direction for the treatment-associated application of MaR1 in inflammatory bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Yao
- Mechanobiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Yonggang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China.
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13
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You J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y. Strontium Functionalized in Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Prominent Role in Osteoimmunomodulation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:928799. [PMID: 35875505 PMCID: PMC9298737 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.928799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of bone tissue engineering bio-scaffold materials by adding metallic ions to improve bone healing have been extensively explored in the past decades. Strontium a non-radioactive element, as an essential osteophilic trace element for the human body, has received widespread attention in the medical field due to its superior biological properties of inhibiting bone resorption and promoting osteogenesis. As the concept of osteoimmunology developed, the design of orthopedic biomaterials has gradually shifted from “immune-friendly” to “immunomodulatory” with the aim of promoting bone healing by modulating the immune microenvironment through implanted biomaterials. The process of bone healing can be regarded as an immune-induced procedure in which immune cells can target the effector cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, osteocytes, and osteoprogenitor cells through paracrine mechanisms, affecting pathological alveolar bone resorption and physiological bone regeneration. As a kind of crucial immune cell, macrophages play a critical role in the early period of wound repair and host defense after biomaterial implantation. Despite Sr-doped biomaterials being increasingly investigated, how extracellular Sr2+ guides the organism toward favorable osteogenesis by modulating macrophages in the bone tissue microenvironment has rarely been studied. This review focuses on recent knowledge that the trace element Sr regulates bone regeneration mechanisms through the regulation of macrophage polarization, which is significant for the future development of Sr-doped bone repair materials. We will also summarize the primary mechanism of Sr2+ in bone, including calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and osteogenesis-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian You
- Department of Oral Implantology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yidi Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Department of Oral Implantology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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14
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Chu C, Qu Y, Man Y. Use of reactive soft tissue for primary wound closure during immediate implant placement: a two-year retrospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2022; 51:1085-1092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Zhong Z, Wu X, Wang Y, Li M, Li Y, Liu X, Zhang X, Lan Z, Wang J, Du Y, Zhang S. Zn/Sr dual ions-collagen co-assembly hydroxyapatite enhances bone regeneration through procedural osteo-immunomodulation and osteogenesis. Bioact Mater 2021; 10:195-206. [PMID: 34901539 PMCID: PMC8636740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune microenvironment induced by biomaterials played vital roles in bone regeneration. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and its ion-substituted derivates represent a large class of core inorganic materials for bone tissue engineering. Although ion substitution was proved to be a potent way to grant HA more biological functions, few studies focused on the immunomodulatory properties of ion-doped HA. Herein, to explore the potential osteoimmunomodulatory effects of ion-doped HA, zinc and strontium co-assembled into HA through a collagen template biomimetic way (ZnSr-Col-HA) was successfully achieved. It was found that ZnSr-Col-HA could induce a favorable osteo-immune microenvironment by stimulating macrophages. Furthermore, ZnSr-Col-HA demonstrated a procedural promoting effect on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro. Specifically, the osteo-immune microenvironment acted as a dominant factor in promoting osteogenic gene expressions at the early stage through OSM signal pathway. Whereas the direct stimulating effects on BMSCs by Zn2+/Sr2+ were more effectively at the later stage with Nfatc1/Maf and Wnt signals activated. In vivo study confirmed strong promoting effects of ZnSr-Col-HA on critical-sized cranial defect repair. The current study indicated that such a combined biomaterial design philosophy of dual ion-doping and biomimetic molecular co-assembly to endow HA applicable osteoimmunomodulatory characteristics might bring up a new cutting-edge concept for bone regeneration study. Zn/Sr dual ions-collagen co-assembly hydroxyapatite (ZnSr-Col-HA) was achieved via a molecular template biomimetic way. A procedural promoting effect of ZnSr-Col-HA on osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was firstly found. A novel material design philosophy was proposed for dual ions-doped biomimetic HA with osteoimmunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhong
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mengdie Li
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yan Li
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - XuLong Liu
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ziyang Lan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jianglin Wang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yingying Du
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shengmin Zhang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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16
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Xu S, Xie X, Li C, Liu Z, Zuo D. Micromolar sodium fluoride promotes osteo/odontogenic differentiation in dental pulp stem cells by inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 131:105265. [PMID: 34601318 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sodium fluoride (NaF) plays an important role in preventing dental caries. However, the regulatory effect of NaF on the committed differentiation of DPSCs is not fully understood. In this study, we characterized the impact of micromolar levels of NaF on the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs. DESIGN DPSCs were isolated from healthy human third molars and were cultured in conditioned media with different concentrations of NaF. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) combined with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis was used to assess the pathways regulated by NaF. Alkaline phosphatase activity, Alizarin red staining, Western blotting, and real-time qRT-PCR were used to determine the osteo/odontogenic differentiation in DPSCs treated with NaF. RESULTS NaF significantly promoted the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs at micromolar levels. Furthermore, RNA-seq and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the PI3K/AKT pathway was involved in the pro-osteoclastogenesis effect of NaF. Western blotting analysis exhibited that the phosphorylation of AKT was decreased in NaF-treated DPSCs. Chemical inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway abrogated the NaF-promoted DPSCs osteo/odontogenic differentiation. CONCLUSION Micromolar NaF can promote the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway. DATA AVAILABILITY The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaimei Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xinghuan Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Changzhou Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhongjun Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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17
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Rung S, Zhao X, Chu C, Yang R, Qu Y, Man Y. Application of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) Modified 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropylcarbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxy-succinimide (EDC/NHS) Cross-Linked Collagen Membrane to Promote Macrophage Adhesion. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164660. [PMID: 34443183 PMCID: PMC8398046 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The chemically cross-linking 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropylcarbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxy-succinimide (EDC/NHS) collagen membrane endows such natural polymers with promising mechanical properties. Nevertheless, it is inadequate to advance the modulation of foreign body response (FBR) after implantation or guidance of tissue regeneration. In previous research, macrophages have a strong regulatory effect on regeneration, and such enhanced membranes underwent the modification with Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) could adjust the recruitment and phenotypes of macrophages. Accordingly, we develop EGCG-EDC/NHS membranes, prepared with physical immersion, while focusing on the surface morphology through SEM, the biological activity of collagen was determined by FTIR, the activity and adhesion of cell culture in vitro, angiogenesis and monocyte/macrophage recruitment after subcutaneous implantation in vivo, are characterized. It could be concluded that it is hopeful EGCG-EDC/NHS collagen membrane can be used in implant dentistry for it not only retains the advantages of the collagen membrane itself, but also improves cell viability, adhesion, vascularization, and immunoregulation tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengan Rung
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.R.); (X.Z.); (C.C.); (R.Y.)
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.R.); (X.Z.); (C.C.); (R.Y.)
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chenyu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.R.); (X.Z.); (C.C.); (R.Y.)
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Renli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.R.); (X.Z.); (C.C.); (R.Y.)
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yili Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.R.); (X.Z.); (C.C.); (R.Y.)
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yi Man
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.R.); (X.Z.); (C.C.); (R.Y.)
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (Y.M.)
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