1
|
Lin J, Huang C, Diao W, Liu H, Lu H, Huang S, Wang J. CPE correlates with poor prognosis in gastric cancer by promoting tumourigenesis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29901. [PMID: 38694095 PMCID: PMC11058891 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims To investigate the potential functions and mechanisms of tumourigenesis in carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and its prognostic value in gastric cancer, and to develop a predictive model for prognosis based on CPE. Results Transcriptome level variation and the prognostic value of CPE in different types of cancers were investigated using bioinformatics analyses. The association between CPE and clinicopathological characteristics was specifically explored in gastric cancer. Elevated CPE expression was associated with poor survival and recurrence prognosis and was found in cases with a later clinical stage of gastric cancer. The CPE was considered an independent prognostic factor, as assessed using Cox regression analysis. The prognostic value of CPE was further verified through immunohistochemistry and haematoxylin staining. Enrichment analysis provided a preliminary confirmation of the potential functions and mechanisms of CPE. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed a significant correlation between CPE and macrophage infiltration. Eventually, a prognosis prediction nomogram model based on CPE was developed. Conclusion CPE was identified as an independent biomarker associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer. This suggests that CPE overexpression promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the activation of the Erk/Wnt pathways, leading to proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Targeted therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer may benefit from these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chengzhi Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Ganzhou Hospital (Ganzhou Municipal Hospital), Ganzhou, 341000, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenfei Diao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, China
| | - Haoming Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hesong Lu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China
| | - Shengchao Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Junjiang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiao L, Yang X, Sharma VK, Abebe D, Loh YP. Hippocampal delivery of neurotrophic factor-α1/carboxypeptidase E gene prevents neurodegeneration, amyloidosis, memory loss in Alzheimer's Disease male mice. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3332-3342. [PMID: 37369719 PMCID: PMC10618095 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease characterized by tau hyperphosphorylation, Aβ1-42 aggregation and cognitive dysfunction. Therapeutic agents directed at mitigating tau aggregation and clearing Aβ1-42, and delivery of growth factor genes (BDNF, FGF2), have ameliorated cognitive deficits, but these approaches did not prevent or stop AD progression. Here we report that viral-(AAV) delivery of Neurotrophic Factor-α1/Carboxypeptidase E (NF-α1/CPE) gene in hippocampus at an early age prevented later development of cognitive deficits as assessed by Morris water maze and novel object recognition assays, neurodegeneration, and tau hyperphosphorylation in male 3xTg-AD mice. Additionally, amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression was reduced to near non-AD levels, and insoluble Aβ1-42 was reduced significantly. Pro-survival proteins: mitochondrial Bcl2 and Serpina3g were increased; and mitophagy inhibitor Plin4 and pro-inflammatory protein Card14 were decreased in AAV-NF-α1/CPE treated versus untreated AD mice. Thus NF-α1/CPE gene therapy targets many regulatory components to prevent cognitive deficits in 3xTg-AD mice and has implications as a new therapy to prevent AD progression by promoting cell survival, inhibiting APP overexpression and tau hyperphosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiao
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, 20892, USA
| | - Xuyu Yang
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, 20892, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar Sharma
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Abebe
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, 20892, USA
| | - Y Peng Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hareendran S, Yang X, Sharma VK, Loh YP. Carboxypeptidase E and its splice variants: Key regulators of growth and metastasis in multiple cancer types. Cancer Lett 2022; 548:215882. [PMID: 35988818 PMCID: PMC9532369 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms driving tumor growth and metastasis are complex, and involve the recruitment of many genes working in concert with each other. The tumor is characterized by the expression of specific sets of genes depending on its environment. Here we review the role of the carboxypeptidase E (CPE) gene which has been shown to be important in driving growth, survival and metastasis in many cancer types. CPE was first discovered as a prohormone processing enzyme, enriched in endocrine tumors, and later found to be expressed and secreted from many epithelial-derived tumors and cancer cell lines. Numerous studies have shown that besides wild-type CPE, a N-terminal truncated splice variant form of CPE (CPE-ΔN) has been cloned and found to be highly expressed in malignant tumors and cell lines derived from prostate, breast, liver and lung cancers and gliomas. The mechanisms of action of CPE and the splice variant in promoting tumor growth and metastasis in different cancer types are discussed. Mechanistically, secreted CPE activates the Erk/wnt pathways, while CPE-ΔN interacts with HDACs in a protein complex in the nucleus, to recruit various cell cycle genes and metastatic genes, respectively. Clinical studies suggest that CPE and CPE-ΔN mRNA and protein are potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for multiple cancer types, assayed using solid tumors and secreted serum exosomes. CPE has been shown to be a therapeutic target for multiple cancer types. CPE/CPE-ΔN siRNA transported via exosomes and taken up by recipient high metastatic cancer cells, suppressed growth and proliferation of these cells. Thus future studies, delivering CPE/CPE-ΔN siRNA, perhaps via exosomes, to the tumor could be a novel treatment approach to suppress tumor growth and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Hareendran
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, 20892, USA
| | - Xuyu Yang
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, 20892, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar Sharma
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, 20892, USA
| | - Y Peng Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shaw TM, Zhang W, McCoy SS, Pagenkopf A, Carp DM, Garg S, Parker MH, Qiu X, Scofield RH, Galipeau J, Liang Y. X-linked genes exhibit miR6891-5p-regulated skewing in Sjögren's syndrome. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1253-1265. [PMID: 35538149 PMCID: PMC9420820 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Many autoimmune diseases exhibit a strikingly increased prevalence in females, with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) being the most female-predominant example. However, the molecular basis underlying the female-bias in pSS remains elusive. To address this knowledge gap, we performed genome-wide, allele-specific profiling of minor salivary gland-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from pSS patients and control subjects, and detected major differences in the regulation of X-linked genes. In control female MSCs, X-linked genes were expressed from both paternal and maternal X chromosomes with a median paternal ratio of ~ 0.5. However, in pSS female MSCs, X-linked genes exhibited preferential expression from one of the two X chromosomes. Concomitantly, pSS MSCs showed decrease in XIST levels and reorganization of H3K27me3+ foci in the nucleus. Moreover, the HLA-locus-expressed miRNA miR6891-5p was decreased in pSS MSCs. miR6891-5p inhibition in control MSCs caused XIST dysregulation, ectopic silencing, and allelic skewing. Allelic skewing was accompanied by the mislocation of protein products encoded by the skewed genes, which was recapitulated by XIST and miR6891-5p disruption in control MSCs. Our data reveal X skewing as a molecular hallmark of pSS and highlight the importance of restoring X-chromosomal allelic balance for pSS treatment. KEY MESSAGES: X-linked genes exhibit skewing in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). X skewing in pSS associates with alterations in H3K27me3 deposition. pSS MSCs show decreased levels of miR6891-5p, a HLA-expressed miRNA. miR6891-5p inhibition causes H3K27me3 dysregulation and allelic skewing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teressa M Shaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Present address: Bristol Myers Squibb, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara S McCoy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam Pagenkopf
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Diana M Carp
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shivani Garg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maxwell H Parker
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xueer Qiu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Robert H Scofield
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jacques Galipeau
- Department of Medicine, Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, WI, Madison, USA
| | - Yun Liang
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fricker LD, Lemos Duarte M, Jeltyi A, Lueptow L, Fakira AK, Tashima AK, Hochgeschwender U, Wetsel WC, Devi LA. Mice heterozygous for a null mutation of Cpe show reduced expression of carboxypeptidase E mRNA and enzyme activity but normal physiology, behavior, and levels of neuropeptides. Brain Res 2022; 1789:147951. [PMID: 35618016 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) is an essential enzyme that contributes to the biosynthesis of the vast majority of neuropeptides and peptide hormones. There are several reports claiming that small decreases in CPE activity cause physiological changes in animals and/or cultured cells, but these studies did not provide evidence that neuropeptide levels were affected by decreased CPE activity. In the present study, we tested if CPE is a rate-limiting enzyme in neuropeptide production using CpeNeo mice, which contain a neomycin cassette within the Cpe gene that eliminates enzyme expression. Homozygous CpeNeo/Neo mice show defects found in Cpefat/fat and/or Cpe global knockout (KO) mice, including greatly decreased levels of most neuropeptides, severely impaired fertility, depressive-like behavior, adult-onset obesity, and anxiety-like behavior. Removal of the neomycin cassette with Flp recombinase under a germline promoter restored expression of CPE activity and resulted in normal behavioral and physiological properties, including levels of neuropeptides. Mice heterozygous for the CpeNeo allele have greatly reduced levels of Cpe mRNA and CPE-like enzymatic activity. Despite the decreased levels of Cpe expression, heterozygous CpeNeo mice are behaviorally and physiologically identical to wild-type mice, with normal levels of most neuropeptides. These results indicate that CPE is not a rate-limiting enzyme in the production of most neuropeptides, casting doubt upon studies claiming small decreases in CPE activity contribute to obesity or other physiological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd D Fricker
- Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.
| | - Mariana Lemos Duarte
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, 10029.
| | - Andrei Jeltyi
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, 10029.
| | - Lindsay Lueptow
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, 10029.
| | - Amanda K Fakira
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, 10029.
| | - Alexandre K Tashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 04023-901, Brazil.
| | | | - William C Wetsel
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neurobiology, and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710.
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, 10029.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma VK, Yang X, Kim SK, Mafi A, Saiz-Sanchez D, Villanueva-Anguita P, Xiao L, Inoue A, Goddard WA, Loh YP. Novel interaction between neurotrophic factor-α1/carboxypeptidase E and serotonin receptor, 5-HTR1E, protects human neurons against oxidative/neuroexcitotoxic stress via β-arrestin/ERK signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:24. [PMID: 34966948 PMCID: PMC8732845 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protecting neurons from death during oxidative and neuroexcitotoxic stress is key for preventing cognitive dysfunction. We uncovered a novel neuroprotective mechanism involving interaction between neurotrophic factor-α1 (NF-α1/carboxypeptidase E, CPE) and human 5-HTR1E, a G protein-coupled serotonin receptor with no previously known neurological function. Co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays confirmed interaction between NFα1/CPE and 5-HTR1E and 125I NF-α1/CPE-binding studies demonstrated saturable, high-affinity binding to 5-HTR1E in stably transfected HEK293 cells (Kd = 13.82 nM). Treatment of 5-HTR1E stable cells with NF-α1/CPE increased pERK 1/2 and pCREB levels which prevented a decrease in pro-survival protein, BCL2, during H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Cell survival assay in β-arrestin Knockout HEK293 cells showed that the NF-α1/CPE-5-HTR1E-mediated protection against oxidative stress was β-arrestin-dependent. Molecular dynamics studies revealed that NF-α1/CPE interacts with 5-HTR1E via 3 salt bridges, stabilized by several hydrogen bonds, independent of the serotonin pocket. Furthermore, after phosphorylating the C-terminal tail and intracellular loop 3 (ICL3) of NF-α1/CPE-5-HTR1E, it recruited β-arrestin1 by forming numerous salt bridges and hydrogen bonds to ICL2 and ICL3, leading to activation of β-arrestin1. Immunofluorescence studies showed 5-HTR1E and NF-α1/CPE are highly expressed and co-localized on cell surface of human hippocampal neurons. Importantly, knock-down of 5-HTR1E in human primary neurons diminished the NF-α1/CPE-mediated protection of these neurons against oxidative stress and glutamate neurotoxicity-induced cell death. Thus, NF-α1/CPE uniquely interacts with serotonin receptor 5-HTR1E to activate the β-arrestin/ERK/CREB/BCL2 pathway to mediate stress-induced neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Sharma
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 49, Convent Drive, Bldg 49, Rm 6A-10, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xuyu Yang
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 49, Convent Drive, Bldg 49, Rm 6A-10, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasedena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Amirhossein Mafi
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasedena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Daniel Saiz-Sanchez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Medical School, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Patricia Villanueva-Anguita
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Medical School, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lan Xiao
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 49, Convent Drive, Bldg 49, Rm 6A-10, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasedena, CA, 91125, USA.
| | - Y Peng Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 49, Convent Drive, Bldg 49, Rm 6A-10, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lou H, Loh YP. Silencing of Carboxypeptidase E expression inhibits proliferation and invasion of Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells. F1000Res 2021; 10:489. [PMID: 35528956 PMCID: PMC9069412 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53737.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading cause of cancer-related death globally. The molecular basis of this disease is complex and not fully understood. Previous studies have indicated that carboxypeptidase E (CPE) plays a role in promoting tumorigenesis in many cancer types. Here we have investigated the effect of carboxypeptidase E (CPE), including its isoform, in regulating the proliferation, migration and invasion of Panc-1 cells, a pancreatic cell line. Methods: Panc-1 cells were transfected with CPE siRNA which targets both CPE-wild type and its isoform, or scrambled siRNA, for 24 h and then assayed for proliferation by the MTT and colony formation assays, and migration and invasion by wound healing and matrigel assays, respectively. Results: CPE siRNA treatment of Panc-1 cells down-regulated the expression of CPE mRNA by 94.8%. Silencing of CPE mRNA expression resulted in a significant decrease in proliferation as revealed by the MTT assay and a 62.8% decrease in colony formation. Western blot analysis of expression of Cyclin D1 in Panc-1 cells treated with CPE siRNA showed a decrease of 32.5% compared to scr siRNA treated cells, indicating that CPE regulates proliferation through modulating this cell cycle protein. Additionally, suppression of CPE expression in Panc-1 cells significantly decreased migration and invasion. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that CPE may play an important role in regulating cell proliferation, migration and invasion to promote pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lou
- Section Cellular Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Y Peng Loh
- Section Cellular Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lou H, Loh YP. Silencing of Carboxypeptidase E expression inhibits proliferation and invasion of Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells. F1000Res 2021; 10:489. [PMID: 35528956 PMCID: PMC9069412 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53737.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading cause of cancer-related death globally. The molecular basis of this disease is complex and not fully understood. Previous studies have indicated that carboxypeptidase E (CPE) plays a role in promoting tumorigenesis in many cancer types. Here we have investigated the effect of carboxypeptidase E (CPE), including its isoform, in regulating the proliferation, migration and invasion of Panc-1 cells, a pancreatic cell line. Methods: Panc-1 cells were transfected with CPE siRNA which targets both CPE-wild type and its isoform, or scrambled siRNA, for 24 h and then assayed for proliferation by the MTT and colony formation assays, and migration and invasion by wound healing and matrigel assays, respectively. Results: CPE siRNA treatment of Panc-1 cells down-regulated the expression of CPE mRNA by 94.8%. Silencing of CPE mRNA expression resulted in a significant decrease in proliferation as revealed by the MTT assay and a 62.8% decrease in colony formation. Western blot analysis of expression of Cyclin D1 in Panc-1 cells treated with CPE siRNA showed a decrease of 32.5% compared to scr siRNA treated cells, indicating that CPE regulates proliferation through modulating this cell cycle protein. Additionally, suppression of CPE expression in Panc-1 cells significantly decreased migration and invasion. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that CPE may play an important role in regulating cell proliferation, migration and invasion to promote pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lou
- Section Cellular Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Y Peng Loh
- Section Cellular Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiao L, Sharma VK, Toulabi L, Yang X, Lee C, Abebe D, Peltekian A, Arnaoutova I, Lou H, Loh YP. Neurotrophic factor-α1, a novel tropin is critical for the prevention of stress-induced hippocampal CA3 cell death and cognitive dysfunction in mice: comparison to BDNF. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:24. [PMID: 33414376 PMCID: PMC7791060 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01112-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress leads to brain pathology including hippocampal degeneration, cognitive dysfunction, and potential mood disorders. Hippocampal CA3, a most stress-vulnerable region, consists of pyramidal neurons that regulate cognitive functions e.g. learning and memory. These CA3 neurons express high levels of the neuroprotective protein, neurotrophic factor-α1 (NF-α1), also known as carboxypeptidase E (CPE), and receive contacts from granule cell projections that release BDNF which has neuroprotective activity. Whether NF-α1-CPE and/or BDNF are critical in protecting these CA3 neurons against severe stress-induced cell death is unknown. Here we show that social combined with the physical stress of maternal separation, ear tagging, and tail snipping at weaning in 3-week-old mice lacking NF-α1-CPE, led to complete hippocampal CA3 degeneration, despite having BDNF and active phosphorylated TrkB receptor levels similar to WT animals. Mice administered TrkB inhibitor, ANA12 which blocked TrkB phosphorylation showed no degeneration of the CA3 neurons after the weaning stress paradigm. Furthermore, transgenic knock-in mice expressing CPE-E342Q, an enzymatically inactive form, replacing NF-α1-CPE, showed no CA3 degeneration and exhibited normal learning and memory after the weaning stress, unlike NF-α1-CPE-KO mice. Mechanistically, we showed that radio-labeled NF-α1-CPE bound HT22 hippocampal cells in a saturable manner and with high affinity (Kd = 4.37 nM). Subsequently, treatment of the HT22cpe-/- cells with NF-α1-CPE or CPE-E342Q equivalently activated ERK signaling and increased BCL2 expression to protect these neurons against H2O2-or glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. Our findings show that NF-α1-CPE is more critical compared to BDNF in protecting CA3 pyramidal neurons against stress-induced cell death and cognitive dysfunction, independent of its enzymatic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiao
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Vinay Kumar Sharma
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Leila Toulabi
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Xuyu Yang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Cheol Lee
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Daniel Abebe
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Areg Peltekian
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Irina Arnaoutova
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Hong Lou
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Y. Peng Loh
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| |
Collapse
|