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Hussain MS, Shaikh NK, Agrawal M, Tufail M, Bisht AS, Khurana N, Kumar R. Osteomyelitis and non-coding RNAS: A new dimension in disease understanding. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155186. [PMID: 38350169 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Osteomyelitis, a debilitating bone infection, presents considerable clinical challenges due to its intricate etiology and limited treatment options. Despite strides in surgical and chemotherapeutic interventions, the treatment landscape for osteomyelitis remains unsatisfactory. Recent attention has focused on the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the pathogenesis and progression of osteomyelitis. This review consolidates current knowledge on the involvement of distinct classes of ncRNAs, including microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs, in the context of osteomyelitis. Emerging evidence from various studies underscores the potential of ncRNAs in orchestrating gene expression and influencing the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, pivotal processes in bone formation. The review initiates by elucidating the regulatory functions of ncRNAs in fundamental cellular processes such as inflammation, immune response, and bone remodeling, pivotal in osteomyelitis pathology. It delves into the intricate network of interactions between ncRNAs and their target genes, illuminating how dysregulation contributes to the establishment and persistence of osteomyelitic infections. Understanding their regulatory roles may pave the way for targeted diagnostic tools and innovative therapeutic interventions, promising a paradigm shift in the clinical approach to this challenging condition. Additionally, we delve into the promising therapeutic applications of these molecules, envisioning novel diagnostic and treatment approaches to enhance the management of this challenging bone infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Nusrat K Shaikh
- Department of Quality Assurance, Smt. N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, Ahmedabad, 382210 Gujarat, India
| | - Mohit Agrawal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical & Allied Sciences, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram 122103, India
| | - Muhammad Tufail
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Ajay Singh Bisht
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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2
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Ball JR, Shelby T, Hernandez F, Mayfield CK, Lieberman JR. Delivery of Growth Factors to Enhance Bone Repair. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1252. [PMID: 38002376 PMCID: PMC10669014 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of critical-sized bone defects caused by nonunion, trauma, infection, malignancy, pseudoarthrosis, and osteolysis poses complex reconstruction challenges for orthopedic surgeons. Current treatment modalities, including autograft, allograft, and distraction osteogenesis, are insufficient for the diverse range of pathology encountered in clinical practice, with significant complications associated with each. Therefore, there is significant interest in the development of delivery vehicles for growth factors to aid in bone repair in these settings. This article reviews innovative strategies for the management of critical-sized bone loss, including novel scaffolds designed for controlled release of rhBMP, bioengineered extracellular vesicles for delivery of intracellular signaling molecules, and advances in regional gene therapy for sustained signaling strategies. Improvement in the delivery of growth factors to areas of significant bone loss has the potential to revolutionize current treatment for this complex clinical challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R. Ball
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1500 San Pablo St., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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3
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Galitsyna EV, Buianova AA, Kozhukhov VI, Domogatsky SP, Bukharova TB, Goldshtein DV. Cytocompatibility and Osteoinductive Properties of Collagen-Fibronectin Hydrogel Impregnated with siRNA Targeting Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β: In Vitro Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2363. [PMID: 37760805 PMCID: PMC10525875 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed an osteoplastic material based on collagen-fibronectin hydrogel impregnated with siRNA molecules targeting glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), which inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. The hydrogel impregnated with polyplexes containing siRNA GSK3β and polyethylenimine has been shown to have no cytotoxic effect: there was no statistically significant change in the cell's viability after 7 days of incubation in its presence compared to the control group. On days 2 and 7, an increase in the level of expression of markers of osteogenic differentiation was observed, which confirms the osteoinductive qualities of the material. It has been demonstrated that the hydrogel maintains cell adhesion. Our results obtained in vitro indicate cytocompatibility and osteoinductive properties of collagen-fibronectin hydrogel impregnated with siRNA GSK3β molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Galitsyna
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye Str., 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vadim I. Kozhukhov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey P. Domogatsky
- Federal State Budgetary Institution, National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana B. Bukharova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye Str., 115522 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Vorrius B, Qiao Z, Ge J, Chen Q. Smart Strategies to Overcome Drug Delivery Challenges in the Musculoskeletal System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:967. [PMID: 37513879 PMCID: PMC10383421 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system (MSKS) is composed of specialized connective tissues including bone, muscle, cartilage, tendon, ligament, and their subtypes. The primary function of the MSKS is to provide protection, structure, mobility, and mechanical properties to the body. In the process of fulfilling these functions, the MSKS is subject to wear and tear during aging and after injury and requires subsequent repair. MSKS diseases are a growing burden due to the increasing population age. The World Health Organization estimates that 1.71 billon people suffer from MSKS diseases worldwide. MSKS diseases usually involve various dysfunctions in bones, muscles, and joints, which often result in pain, disability, and a decrease in quality of life. The most common MSKS diseases are osteoporosis (loss of bone), osteoarthritis (loss of cartilage), and sarcopenia (loss of skeletal muscle). Because of the disease burden and the need for treatment, regenerative drug therapies for MSKS disorders are increasingly in demand. However, the difficulty of effective drug delivery in the MSKS has become a bottleneck for developing MSKS therapeutics. The abundance of extracellular matrix and its small pore size in the MSKS present a formidable barrier to drug delivery. Differences of vascularity among various MSKS tissues pose complications for drug delivery. Novel strategies are necessary to achieve successful drug delivery in different tissues composing the MSKS. Those considerations include the route of administration, mechanics of surrounding fluids, and biomolecular interactions, such as the size and charge of the particles and targeting motifs. This review focuses on recent advances in challenges to deliver drugs to each tissue of the MSKS, current strategies of drug delivery, and future ideas of how to overcome drug delivery challenges in the MSKS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qian Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (B.V.); (Z.Q.); (J.G.)
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5
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Mishra A, Kumar R, Mishra SN, Vijayaraghavalu S, Tiwari NK, Shukla GC, Gurusamy N, Kumar M. Differential Expression of Non-Coding RNAs in Stem Cell Development and Therapeutics of Bone Disorders. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081159. [PMID: 37190068 PMCID: PMC10137108 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells' self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation are regulated by a complex network consisting of signaling factors, chromatin regulators, transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Diverse role of ncRNAs in stem cell development and maintenance of bone homeostasis have been discovered recently. The ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs, micro RNAs, circular RNAs, small interfering RNA, Piwi-interacting RNAs, etc., are not translated into proteins but act as essential epigenetic regulators in stem cells' self-renewal and differentiation. Different signaling pathways are monitored efficiently by the differential expression of ncRNAs, which function as regulatory elements in determining the fate of stem cells. In addition, several species of ncRNAs could serve as potential molecular biomarkers in early diagnosis of bone diseases, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and bone cancers, ultimately leading to the development of new therapeutic strategies. This review aims to explore the specific roles of ncRNAs and their effective molecular mechanisms in the growth and development of stem cells, and in the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast activities. Furthermore, we focus on and explore the association of altered ncRNA expression with stem cells and bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Rishabh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Satya Narayan Mishra
- Maa Gayatri College of Pharmacy, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Prayagraj 211009, India
| | | | - Neeraj Kumar Tiwari
- Department of IT-Satellite Centre, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Girish C Shukla
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Narasimman Gurusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Munish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
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Damiati LA, El-Messeiry S. An Overview of RNA-Based Scaffolds for Osteogenesis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:682581. [PMID: 34169095 PMCID: PMC8217814 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.682581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering provides new hope for the combination of cells, scaffolds, and bifactors for bone osteogenesis. This is achieved by mimicking the bone's natural behavior in recruiting the cell's molecular machinery for our use. Many researchers have focused on developing an ideal scaffold with specific features, such as good cellular adhesion, cell proliferation, differentiation, host integration, and load bearing. Various types of coating materials (organic and non-organic) have been used to enhance bone osteogenesis. In the last few years, RNA-mediated gene therapy has captured attention as a new tool for bone regeneration. In this review, we discuss the use of RNA molecules in coating and delivery, including messenger RNA (mRNA), RNA interference (RNAi), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) on different types of scaffolds (such as polymers, ceramics, and metals) in osteogenesis research. In addition, the effect of using gene-editing tools-particularly CRISPR systems-to guide RNA scaffolds in bone regeneration is also discussed. Given existing knowledge about various RNAs coating/expression may help to understand the process of bone formation on the scaffolds during osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila A. Damiati
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah El-Messeiry
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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7
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Elangovan S, Gajendrareddy P, Ravindran S, Salem AK. Emerging local delivery strategies to enhance bone regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:062001. [PMID: 32647095 PMCID: PMC10148649 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aba446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In orthopedics and dentistry there is an increasing need for novel biomaterials and clinical strategies to achieve predictable bone regeneration. These novel molecular strategies have the potential to eliminate the limitations of currently available approaches. Specifically, they have the potential to reduce or eliminate the need to harvest autogenous bone, and the overall complexity of the clinical procedures. In this review, emerging tissue engineering strategies that have been, or are currently being, developed based on the current understanding of bone biology, development and wound healing will be discussed. In particular, protein/peptide based approaches, DNA/RNA therapeutics, cell therapy, and the use of exosomes will be briefly covered. The review ends with a summary of the current status of these approaches, their clinical translational potentials and their challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Elangovan
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States of America
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8
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MicroRNA-218 competes with differentiation media in the induction of osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell by regulating β-catenin inhibitors. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8451-8463. [PMID: 33051753 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, a systemic skeletal disorder specified by low bone mass, is associated with bone fragility and the raised risk of fractures. Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been directly demonstrated as a prominent biological event in the prevention of osteoporosis. Recently, critical roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) were further revealed in Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation and thereby contributing to the development and maintenance of the human skeleton. In this study, we investigated whether miR-218 can significantly promote the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in conditional media by regulating β-catenin signaling inhibitors. The pre-miRNA nucleotide sequence of miR-218 was cloned into the pEGP-miR vector. Next, human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) were isolated, characterized, and transfected using pEGP-miR-218.Subsequently, the osteogenic potential of AD-MSCs was investigated in different treated groups using alkaline phosphatase (ALP)activity, calcium mineral deposition, and the expression of osteogenesis-related genes. Finally, negative regulators of Wnt signaling targeted by miR-218 were bioinformatically predicted. Our results indicated a significant increase in the ALP activity, mineralization, and osteogenesis-related genes expression in the AD-MSCs transfected with pEGP-miR-218. Also, the bioinformatic surveys and gene expression results showed that adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3-β) were downregulated in the transfected AD-MSCs in both differential and conditional media. This study provided evidence that miR-218 can promote osteogenic differentiation of AD-MSCs even in conditional media. Therefore, our findings suggest miR-218 as a putative novel therapeutic candidate in the context of osteoporosis and other bone metabolism-related diseases.
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9
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Wan J, Ma T, Jin Y, Qiu S. The effects of morin on bone regeneration to accelerate healing in bone defects in mice. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2020; 34:2058738420962909. [PMID: 33035102 PMCID: PMC7550952 DOI: 10.1177/2058738420962909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoring bone defects are the major challenge facing clinical trial therapy, particularly skull related problems. Morin, a naturally occurring compound, has pro-osteogenesis. This research focuses on assessing the role of morin for its pro-osteogenesis activities. We utilized in vivo and in vitro models to investigate the molecular-level mechanisms of morin's osteoblastic biological activity. The effectiveness of morin on pro-osteogenesis (100 mg/kg/day) was assessed by monitoring modifications in the bone histomorphometry score, the development of immature osteoblasts from mesenchymal stems cells and improvements in the expression of pro-osteogenic cytokines in skull defected (SD) mice. Quantitative-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence were studied to investigate the signaling pathways. Morin has a substantial in vivo pro-osteogenesis effect which can facilitate the development of osteoblasts, the production of osteoblast related marker genes, and in vitro protein markers for osteoblasts. From a molecular biology standpoint, morin contributes to the development of osteoblasts and stimulation of the Wnt pathway with the activation and translocation of β-catenin nuclei. Our findings from the study revealed that morin may be a beneficial substitute for helping regenerate bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wan
- Department of Orthopaedics, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University For Nationalities), Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University For Nationalities), Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yun Jin
- Department of orthopaedic trauma, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Shaodong Qiu
- Department of orthopaedic trauma, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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10
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RNA-based therapy for osteogenesis. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Jiang L, Liu Z, Cui Y, Shao Y, Tao Y, Mei L. Apigenin from daily vegetable celery can accelerate bone defects healing. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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12
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Dang M, Saunders L, Niu X, Fan Y, Ma PX. Biomimetic delivery of signals for bone tissue engineering. Bone Res 2018; 6:25. [PMID: 30181921 PMCID: PMC6115422 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-018-0025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is an exciting approach to directly repair bone defects or engineer bone tissue for transplantation. Biomaterials play a pivotal role in providing a template and extracellular environment to support regenerative cells and promote tissue regeneration. A variety of signaling cues have been identified to regulate cellular activity, tissue development, and the healing process. Numerous studies and trials have shown the promise of tissue engineering, but successful translations of bone tissue engineering research into clinical applications have been limited, due in part to a lack of optimal delivery systems for these signals. Biomedical engineers are therefore highly motivated to develop biomimetic drug delivery systems, which benefit from mimicking signaling molecule release or presentation by the native extracellular matrix during development or the natural healing process. Engineered biomimetic drug delivery systems aim to provide control over the location, timing, and release kinetics of the signal molecules according to the drug's physiochemical properties and specific biological mechanisms. This article reviews biomimetic strategies in signaling delivery for bone tissue engineering, with a focus on delivery systems rather than specific molecules. Both fundamental considerations and specific design strategies are discussed with examples of recent research progress, demonstrating the significance and potential of biomimetic delivery systems for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Dang
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Laura Saunders
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Xufeng Niu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Peter X. Ma
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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13
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Shi R, Huang Y, Ma C, Wu C, Tian W. Current advances for bone regeneration based on tissue engineering strategies. Front Med 2018; 13:160-188. [PMID: 30047029 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a rapidly developing strategy for repairing critical-sized bone defects to address the unmet need for bone augmentation and skeletal repair. Effective therapies for bone regeneration primarily require the coordinated combination of innovative scaffolds, seed cells, and biological factors. However, current techniques in bone tissue engineering have not yet reached valid translation into clinical applications because of several limitations, such as weaker osteogenic differentiation, inadequate vascularization of scaffolds, and inefficient growth factor delivery. Therefore, further standardized protocols and innovative measures are required to overcome these shortcomings and facilitate the clinical application of these techniques to enhance bone regeneration. Given the deficiency of comprehensive studies in the development in BTE, our review systematically introduces the new types of biomimetic and bifunctional scaffolds. We describe the cell sources, biology of seed cells, growth factors, vascular development, and the interactions of relevant molecules. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and perspectives that may propel the direction of future clinical delivery in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shi
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Yuelong Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery of Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Chengai Wu
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China. .,Department of Spine Surgery of Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, 100035, China.
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14
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Alzahrani MM, Makhdom AM, Rauch F, Lauzier D, Kotsiopriftis M, Ghadakzadeh S, Hamdy RC. Assessment of the effect of systemic delivery of sclerostin antibodies on Wnt signaling in distraction osteogenesis. J Bone Miner Metab 2018. [PMID: 28647818 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sclerostin is a known inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway which is involved in osteogenesis and, when inactivated, stimulates bone formation. To our knowledge, this effect has not been studied in the context of distraction osteogenesis (DO). Tibial DO was conducted on a total of 24 wild-type mice, which were then divided into 2 groups-a saline injection group (control) and an anti-sclerostin (Scl-Ab) injection group (treatment). The mice in the treatment group received 100 mg/kg intravenous injections of the antibody weekly until killing. The 12 mice in each group were subdivided into four time points according to post-osteotomy time of killing-11 days (mid-distraction), 17 days (late distraction), 34 days (mid-consolidation) and 51 days (late consolidation), with 3 mice per subgroup. After killing, the tibia specimens were collected for immunohistochemical analysis. Our results show that the group injected with anti-sclerostin had an earlier peak (day 11) in the distraction phase of the osteogenic molecules involved in the Wnt signaling pathway in comparison to the placebo group. In addition, downregulation of the inhibitors of this pathway was noted in the treatment group when compared with the placebo group. Furthermore, LRP-5 showed a significant increase in expression in the treatment group. Sclerostin inhibition has a significant effect on the DO process through its effect on the Wnt pathway. This effect was evident through the decreased effect of sclerostin on LRP-5 and earlier upregulation of the osteogenic molecules involved in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Alzahrani
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asim M Makhdom
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Frank Rauch
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Dominique Lauzier
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Maria Kotsiopriftis
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Saber Ghadakzadeh
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Reggie C Hamdy
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal Children Hospital, McGill University, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 0A9, Canada
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15
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Song X, Wang X, Ma Y, Liang Z, Yang Z, Cao H. Site-Specific Modification Using the 2'-Methoxyethyl Group Improves the Specificity and Activity of siRNAs. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 9:242-250. [PMID: 29246303 PMCID: PMC5675723 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress has been made toward small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapy for human disorders, but rationally optimizing siRNAs for high specificity and potent silencing remains a challenge. In this study, we explored the effect of chemical modification at the cleavage site of siRNAs. We found that modifications at positions 9 and 10 markedly reduced the silencing potency of the unmodified strand of siRNAs but were well tolerated by the modified strand. Intriguingly, addition of the 2′-methoxyethyl (MOE) group at the cleavage site improved both the specificity and silencing activity of siRNAs by facilitating the oriented RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) loading of the modified strand. Furthermore, we combined MOE modifications at positions 9 and 10 of one strand together with 2′-O-methylation (OMe) at position 14 of the other strand and found a synergistic effect that improved the specificity of siRNAs. The surprisingly beneficial effect of the combined modification was validated using siRNA-targeting endogenous gene intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1). We found that the combined modifications eliminated its off-target effects. In conclusion, we established effective strategies to optimize siRNAs using site-specific MOE modifications. The findings may allow the creation of superior siRNAs for therapy in terms of activity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Song
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zicai Liang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Huiqing Cao
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Controlled and sustained delivery of siRNA/NPs from hydrogels expedites bone fracture healing. Biomaterials 2017; 139:127-138. [PMID: 28601703 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite great potential, delivery remains as the most significant barrier to the widespread use of siRNA therapeutics. siRNA has delivery limitations due to susceptibility to RNase degradation, low cellular uptake, and poor tissue-specific localization. Here, we report the development of a hybrid nanoparticle (NP)/hydrogel system that overcomes these challenges. Hydrogels provide localized and sustained delivery via controlled release of entrapped siRNA/NP complexes while NPs protect and enable efficient cytosolic accumulation of siRNA. To demonstrate therapeutic efficacy, regenerative siRNA against WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Wwp1) complexed with NP were entrapped within poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogels and implanted at sites of murine mid-diaphyseal femur fractures. Results showed localization of hydrogels and controlled release of siRNA/NPs at fractures for 28 days, a timeframe over which fracture healing occurs. siRNA/NP sustained delivery from hydrogels resulted in significant Wwp1 silencing at fracture callus compared to untreated controls. Fractures treated with siRNA/NP hydrogels exhibited accelerated bone formation and significantly increased biomechanical strength. This NP/hydrogel siRNA delivery system has outstanding therapeutic promise to augment fracture healing. Owing to the structural similarities of siRNA, the development of the hydrogel platform for in vivo siRNA delivery has myriad therapeutic possibilities in orthopaedics and beyond.
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Ghadakzadeh S, Mekhail M, Aoude A, Tabrizian M, Hamdy RC. Small Players Ruling the Hard Game: siRNA in Bone Regeneration. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1481. [PMID: 27377771 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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