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Zhu Y, Li Y, Cao Z, Xue J, Wang X, Hu T, Han B, Guo Y. Mechanically strained osteocyte-derived exosomes contained miR-3110-5p and miR-3058-3p and promoted osteoblastic differentiation. Biomed Eng Online 2024; 23:44. [PMID: 38705993 PMCID: PMC11070085 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-024-01237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteocytes are critical mechanosensory cells in bone, and mechanically stimulated osteocytes produce exosomes that can induce osteogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important constituents of exosomes, and some miRNAs in osteocytes regulate osteogenic differentiation; previous studies have indicated that some differentially expressed miRNAs in mechanically strained osteocytes likely influence osteoblastic differentiation. Therefore, screening and selection of miRNAs that regulate osteogenic differentiation in exosomes of mechanically stimulated osteocytes are important. RESULTS A mechanical tensile strain of 2500 με at 0.5 Hz 1 h per day for 3 days, elevated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity of MLO-Y4 osteocytes, and promoted osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Fourteen miRNAs differentially expressed only in MLO-Y4 osteocytes which were stimulated with mechanical tensile strain, were screened, and the miRNAs related to osteogenesis were identified. Four differentially expressed miRNAs (miR-1930-3p, miR-3110-5p, miR-3090-3p, and miR-3058-3p) were found only in mechanically strained osteocytes, and the four miRNAs, eight targeted mRNAs which were differentially expressed only in mechanically strained osteoblasts, were also identified. In addition, the mechanically strained osteocyte-derived exosomes promoted the osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro, the exosomes were internalized by osteoblasts, and the up-regulated miR-3110-5p and miR-3058-3p in mechanically strained osteocytes, were both increased in the exosomes, which was verified via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). CONCLUSIONS In osteocytes, a mechanical tensile strain of 2500 με at 0.5 Hz induced the fourteen differentially expressed miRNAs which probably were in exosomes of osteocytes and involved in osteogenesis. The mechanically strained osteocyte-derived exosomes which contained increased miR-3110-5p and miR-3058-3p (two of the 14 miRNAs), promoted osteoblastic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwen Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Guilin Medical University), No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Guilin Medical University), No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jindong Xue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Guilin Medical University), No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
- Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Guilin Medical University), No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
- Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Guilin Medical University), No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Baek A, Baek D, Cho Y, Jo S, Kim J, Hong Y, Cho S, Kim SH, Cho SR. 3'-Sialyllactose alleviates bone loss by regulating bone homeostasis. Commun Biol 2024; 7:110. [PMID: 38243116 PMCID: PMC10798968 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease that results in an increased risk of fractures. However, there is no definitive cure, warranting the development of potential therapeutic agents. 3'-Sialyllactose (3'-SL) in human milk regulates many biological functions. However, its effect on bone metabolism remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of 3'-SL on bone homeostasis. Treatment of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) with 3'-SL enhanced osteogenic differentiation and inhibited adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. RNA sequencing showed that 3'-SL enhanced laminin subunit gamma-2 expression and promoted osteogenic differentiation via the phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway. Furthermore, 3'-SL inhibited the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand-induced osteoclast differentiation of bone marrow-derived macrophages through the nuclear factor κB and mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathway, ameliorated osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice, and positively regulated bone remodeling. Our findings suggest 3'-SL as a potential drug for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahreum Baek
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dawoon Baek
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhee Cho
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmoon Jo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoontaik Hong
- AAVATAR Therapeutics, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Cho
- AAVATAR Therapeutics, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kim MJ, Piao M, Li Y, Lee SH, Lee KY. Deubiquitinase USP17 Regulates Osteoblast Differentiation by Increasing Osterix Protein Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15257. [PMID: 37894935 PMCID: PMC10607737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are essential for bone remodeling by regulating the differentiation of osteoblast and osteoclast. USP17 encodes for a deubiquitinating enzyme, specifically known as ubiquitin-specific protease 17, which plays a critical role in regulating protein stability and cellular signaling pathways. However, the role of USP17 during osteoblast differentiation has not been elusive. In this study, we initially investigated whether USP17 could regulate the differentiation of osteoblasts. Moreover, USP17 overexpression experiments were conducted to assess the impact on osteoblast differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4). The positive effect was confirmed through alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and activity studies since ALP is a representative marker of osteoblast differentiation. To confirm this effect, Usp17 knockdown was performed, and its impact on BMP4-induced osteoblast differentiation was examined. As expected, knockdown of Usp17 led to the suppression of both ALP expression and activity. Mechanistically, it was observed that USP17 interacted with Osterix (Osx), which is a key transcription factor involved in osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, overexpression of USP17 led to an increase in Osx protein levels. Thus, to investigate whether this effect was due to the intrinsic function of USP17 in deubiquitination, protein stabilization experiments and ubiquitination analysis were conducted. An increase in Osx protein levels was attributed to an enhancement in protein stabilization via USP17-mediated deubiquitination. In conclusion, USP17 participates in the deubiquitination of Osx, contributing to its protein stabilization, and ultimately promoting the differentiation of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sung Ho Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (M.J.K.); (M.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kwang Youl Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (M.J.K.); (M.P.); (Y.L.)
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Lin YC, Zheng G, Liu HT, Wang P, Yuan WQ, Zhang YH, Peng XS, Li GJ, Wu YF, Shen HY. USP7 promotes the osteoclast differentiation of CD14+ human peripheral blood monocytes in osteoporosis via HMGB1 deubiquitination. J Orthop Translat 2023; 40:80-91. [PMID: 37333461 PMCID: PMC10275958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation is an essential pathological process in osteoporosis. As an important deubiquitinase enzyme, ubiquitin-specific peptidase 7 (USP7) participates in various disease processes through posttranslational modification. However, the mechanism by which USP7 regulates osteoporosis remains unknown. Herein, we aimed to investigate whether USP7 regulates abnormal osteoclast differentiation in osteoporosis. Methods The gene expression profiles of blood monocytes were preprocessed to analyze the differential expression of USP genes. CD14+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from whole blood collected from osteoporosis patients (OPs) and healthy donors (HDs), and the expression pattern of USP7 during the differentiation of CD14+ PBMCs into osteoclasts was detected by western blotting. The role of USP7 in the osteoclast differentiation of PBMCs treated with USP7 siRNA or exogenous rUSP7 was further investigated by the F-actin assay, TRAP staining and western blotting. Moreover, the interaction between high-mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) and USP7 was investigated by coimmunoprecipitation, and the regulation of the USP7-HMGB1 axis in osteoclast differentiation was further verified. Osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice was then studied using the USP7-specific inhibitor P5091 to identify the role of USP7 in osteoporosis. Results The bioinformatic analyses and CD14+ PBMCs from osteoporosis patients confirmed that the upregulation of USP7 was associated with osteoporosis. USP7 positively regulates the osteoclast differentiation of CD14+ PBMCs in vitro. Mechanistically, USP7 promoted osteoclast formation by binding to and deubiquitination of HMGB1. In vivo, P5091 effectively attenuates bone loss in OVX mice. Conclusion We demonstrate that USP7 promotes the differentiation of CD14+ PBMCs into osteoclasts via HMGB1 deubiquitination and that inhibition of USP7 effectively attenuates bone loss in osteoporosis in vivo.The translational potential of this article:The study reveals novel insights into the role of USP7 in the progression of osteoporosis and provides a new therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cong Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Guan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Hua-Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Wei-Quan Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Yun-Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Shuai Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Guo-Jian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Yan-Feng Wu
- Center for Biotherapy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Hui-Yong Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025# Shennan Road, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
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Luo W, Zhang G, Wang Z, Wu Y, Xiong Y. Ubiquitin-specific proteases: Vital regulatory molecules in bone and bone-related diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110075. [PMID: 36989900 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization of bone structure and function involves multiple cell-to-cell and molecular interactions, in which the regulatory functions of post-translational modifications such as ubiquitination and deubiquitination shouldn't be underestimated. As the largest family of deubiquitinating enzymes, the ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) participate in the development of bone homeostasis and bone-related diseases through multiple classical osteogenic and osteolytic signaling pathways, such as BMP/TGF-β pathway, NF-κB/p65 pathway, EGFR-MAPK pathway and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Meanwhile, USPs may also broadly regulate regulate hormone expression level, cell proliferation and differentiation, and may further influence bone homeostasis from gene fusion and nuclear translocation of transcription factors. The number of patients with bone-related diseases is currently enormous, making exploration of their pathogenesis and targeted therapy a hot topic. Pathological increases in the levels of inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β and TNF-α lead to inflammatory bone diseases such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. While impaired body metabolism greatly increases the probability of osteoporosis. Abnormal physiological activity of bone-associated cells results in a variety of bone tumors. The regulatory role of USPs in bone-related disease has received particular attention from academics in recent studies. In this review, we focuse on the roles and mechanisms of USPs in bone homeostasis and bone-related diseases, with the expectation of informing targeted therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Li H, Li X, Kong Y, Sun W. Ubiquitin-specific protease 34 in macrophages limits CD8 T cell-mediated onset of vitiligo in mice. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152383. [PMID: 37043976 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
As an autoimmune disorder, vitiligo is characterized by depigmented skin macules. CD8+T cells and macrophages enrichment promote the onset of vitiligo, while the role of macrophages to CD8+T is not well deciphered. To develop a mouse model of vitiligo with prominent epidermal depigmentation, Krt14-Kitl* transgenic mice containing an elevated number of melanocytes in the epidermis with membrane-bound Kit ligand (Kitl*) were adoptively transferred with premelanosome protein (PMEL) CD8+ T cells. On the other hand, Krt14-Kitl* mice were mated with ubiquitin-specific protease 34 (USP34)MKO mice to decipher the role of USP34 in vitiligo. Vitiligo scores and PMEL CD8+ T cell enrichment were detected with flow cytometry. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or mice bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), CpG, or co-incubated with KU-55933, an ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) inhibitor. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), Ccl5, and interleukin (Il)-12α expression was assayed with real-time PCR, and p-IKKα/β was assayed with Western blots. USP34 was up-regulated in the PBMCs of vitiligo patients and LPS-stimulated BMDMs. USP34 deficiency did not affect the differentiation of CD11b+F4/80+ macrophages in the bone marrow. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated the interaction between USP34 and ATM. USP34 deficiency or KU-55933 administration promoted the induction of Ccl2, Ccl5, Il12α, and p-IKKα/β in LPS or CpG stimulated BMDMs; KU-55933 administration could not affect the expression of the above molecules in USP34 deficient BMDMs. It further revealed that USP34 deficiency promoted the development of vitiligo with increased PMEL CD8+ T cell enrichment, which was not affected by KU-55933 administration. USP34 deficiency in macrophages promotes the onset of vitiligo with increased PMEL CD8+ T cell enrichment, and USP34/ATM complex can be considered as a therapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe West Road, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe West Road, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinghui Kong
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe West Road, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiguo Sun
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 1 Huanghe West Road, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
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Ge X, Zhou Z, Yang S, Ye W, Wang Z, Wang J, Xiao C, Cui M, Zhou J, Zhu Y, Wang R, Gao Y, Wang H, Tang P, Zhou X, Wang C, Cai W. Exosomal USP13 derived from microvascular endothelial cells regulates immune microenvironment and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury by stabilizing IκBα. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:55. [PMID: 36915206 PMCID: PMC10012460 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in irreversible sensory and motor disability with no effective treatment currently. After SCI, infiltrated macrophages accumulate in epicenter through destructed blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB). Further, great majority of macrophages are preferentially polarized to M1 phenotype, with only a few transient M2 phenotype. The purpose of this study was to explore roles of vascular endothelial cells in microglia/macrophages polarization and the underlying mechanism. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to pretreat BV2 microglia and RAW264.7 macrophages followed by administration of conditioned medium from microvascular endothelial cell line bEnd.3 cells (ECM). Analyses were then performed to determine the effects of exosomes on microglia/macrophages polarization and mitochondrial function. The findings demonstrated that administration of ECM shifted microglia/macrophages towards M2 polarization, ameliorated mitochondrial impairment, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in vitro. Notably, administration of GW4869, an exosomal secretion inhibitor, significantly reversed these observed benefits. Further results revealed that exosomes derived from bEnd.3 cells (Exos) promote motor rehabilitation and M2 polarization of microglia/macrophages in vivo. Ubiquitin-specific protease 13 (USP13) was shown to be significantly enriched in BV2 microglia treated with Exos. USP13 binds to, deubiquitinates and stabilizes the NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα), thus regulating microglia/macrophages polarization. Administration of the selective IκBα inhibitor betulinic acid (BA) inhibited the beneficial effect of Exos in vivo. These findings uncovered the potential mechanism underlying the communications between vascular endothelial cells and microglia/macrophages after SCI. In addition, this study indicates exosomes might be a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Ge
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siting Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wu Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuanghui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenyu Xiao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiawen Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yufeng Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rixiao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haofan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengyu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Ce Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Weihua Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Li Y, Cao S, Li Q, Li H, Yu L, Shao B, Yuan Q, Zou S, Zhou C. Engineered Plant Virus Complexes with a RANK Motif Modulator and Bone Targeting for Osteoporosis Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11485-11495. [PMID: 36821292 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by excessive osteoclastic bone resorption and impaired osteoblastic bone formation. Traditional delivery of antiresorptive drugs lacks a specific biodistribution in the body and may cause adverse effects to the patients. In this study, the peptide BTRM is first synthesized consisting of the bone-targeting peptide Asp8 (BT) and the peptide derived from the amino acid sequences of RANK Motif2/3 (RM), two cytoplasmic RANK motifs (PVQEET560-565 and PVQEQG604-609) that have been reported to play an important role in osteoclastogenesis. Then, BTRM is conjugated on the plant virus-like nanoparticles (VNPs) obtained from cowpea chlorotic mottle viruses (CCMVs), forming the engineered plant viruses BTRM-VNPs. In vitro experiments demonstrate that BTRM-VNPs can effectively and safely inhibit osteoclast differentiation and function. Moreover, after injection into ovariectomized mice, BTRM-VNPs show excellent capability to target bone tissue and improve osteoporotic bone loss. Collectively, the findings may provide a novel and promising strategy in the treatment of osteoporotic defects via targeting bone tissue and regulating the function of RANK Motif2/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Leixiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
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Shen J, Lin X, Dai F, Chen G, Lin H, Fang B, Liu H. Ubiquitin-specific peptidases: Players in bone metabolism. Cell Prolif 2023:e13444. [PMID: 36883930 PMCID: PMC10392067 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an ageing-related disease, that has become a major public health problem and its pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Substantial evidence suggests a strong link between overall age-related disease progression and epigenetic modifications throughout the life cycle. As an important epigenetic modification, ubiquitination is extensively involved in various physiological processes, and its role in bone metabolism has attracted increasing attention. Ubiquitination can be reversed by deubiquitinases, which counteract protein ubiquitination degradation. As the largest and most structurally diverse cysteinase family of deubiquitinating enzymes, ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), comprising the largest and most structurally diverse cysteine kinase family of deubiquitinating enzymes, have been found to be important players in maintaining the balance between bone formation and resorption. The aim of this review is to explore recent findings highlighting the regulatory functions of USPs in bone metabolism and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms governing their actions during bone loss. An in-deep understanding of USPs-mediated regulation of bone formation and bone resorption will provide a scientific rationale for the discovery and development of novel USP-targeted therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Xiaoning Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Feifei Dai
- School of Medicine, Putian Universtiy, Putian, China
| | - Guoli Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Haibin Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Bangjiang Fang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
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10
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Li Y, Liu L, Li Y, Song W, Shao B, Li H, Lin W, Li Q, Shuai X, Bai M, Zhao B, Guo Y, Yuan Q, Wang Y. Alpha-ketoglutarate promotes alveolar bone regeneration by modulating M2 macrophage polarization. Bone Rep 2023; 18:101671. [PMID: 37007218 PMCID: PMC10064115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG) is an essential metabolite that plays a crucial role in skeletal homeostasis. Here we aim to investigate the effect of αKG on alveolar socket healing and reveal the underlying mechanism in the view of macrophage polarization. Methods In a murine model pretreated with or without αKG, mandibular first molars were extracted. Mandibular tissues were harvested for microCT and histological analyses. Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate macrophage polarization during healing process. Macrophages with αKG/vehicle supplementation in vitro were proceeded to quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry to further elucidate the mechanism. Results MicroCT and histological analyses showed accelerated healing and enhanced bone regeneration of extraction sockets in experimental group. αKG increased new bone volume in alveolar sockets and promoted the activity of both osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. αKG administration reduced M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages in an early phase and promoted anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization in a later phase. Consistently, the expressions of M2 marker genes were augmented in αKG group, while M1 marker genes were downregulated. Flow cytometry revealed the increased ratio of M2/M1 macrophages in cells treated with αKG. Conclusions αKG accelerates the healing process of extraction sockets via orchestrating macrophage activation, with promising therapeutic potential in oral clinics.
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11
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Feng M, Liu L, Qu Z, Zhang B, Wang Y, Yan L, Kong L. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of MTA1 enhanced RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells partly via increasing ROS activities. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:701-713. [PMID: 36786127 PMCID: PMC9983315 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1), belonging to metastasis-associated proteins (MTA) family, which are integral parts of nucleosome remodelling and histone deacetylation (NuRD) complexes. However, the effect of MTA1 on osteoclastogenesis is unknown. Currently, the regulation of MTA1 in osteoclastogenesis was reported for the first time. MTA1 knockout cells (KO) were established by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. RAW264.7 cells with WT and KO group were stimulated independently by RANKL to differentiate into mature osteoclasts. Further, western blotting and quantitative qRT-PCR were used to explore the effect of MTA1 on the expression of osteoclast-associated genes (including CTSK, MMP9, c-Fos and NFATc1) during osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, the effects of MTA1 on the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in osteoclastogenesis was determined by 2', 7' -dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining. Nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was assessed by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. Our results indicated that the MTA1 deletion group could differentiate into osteoclasts with larger volume and more TRAP positive. In addition, compared with WT group, KO group cells generated more actin rings. Mechanistically, the loss of MTA1 increased the expression of osteoclast-specific markers, including c-Fos, NFATc1, CTSK and MMP-9. Furthermore, the results of qRT-PCR and western blotting showed that MTA1 deficiency reduced basal Nrf2 expression and inhibited Nrf2-mediated expression of related antioxidant enzymes. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that MTA1 deficiency inhibited Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Taken together, the above increased basal and RANKL-induced intracellular ROS levels, leading to enhanced osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Feng
- Department of Spine SurgeryXi'an Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Critical Care MedicineXi'an Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiao Tong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zechao Qu
- Department of Spine SurgeryXi'an Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Spine SurgeryXi'an Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Department of EmergencyXi'an Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Spine SurgeryXi'an Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Lingbo Kong
- Department of Spine SurgeryXi'an Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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12
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Zhao B, Zhang Y, Xu J, Li Y, Yuan Q, Zhou C. Periplaneta Americana extract inhibits osteoclastic differentiation in vitro. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13341. [PMID: 36210640 PMCID: PMC9890529 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periplaneta americana extract (PAE) is proven to be promising in treating fever, wound healing, liver fibrosis, and cardiovascular disease. However, the role of PAE in skeletal disorders remains unclear. This study investigated whether PAE regulates osteoclastic differentiation in vitro via the culture using RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs). MATERIALS AND METHODS RAW264.7 cells and BMDMs were cultured and induced for osteoclastic differentiation supplementing with different concentrations of PAE (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/mL). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect the cytotoxicity and cell proliferation. TRAP staining, actin ring staining, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and bone resorption activity test were performed to detect osteoclastic differentiation. RT-qPCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to assay the expression and secretion of inflammatory factors. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and western blot analysis were carried out to uncover the underlying mechanism. RESULTS CCK-8 results showed that 10 mg/mL and a lower concentration of PAE did not affect cell proliferation. RT-qPCR analysis verified that PAE down-regulated the osteoclastic genes Nfatc1, Ctsk, and Acp5 in macrophages. Moreover, PAE restrained the differentiation, formation, and function of osteoclasts. Besides, RT-qPCR and ELISA assays showed that PAE decreased inflammatory genes expression and reduced the secretion of inflammatory factors, including IL1β, IL6, and TNFα. Subsequent RNA-seq analysis identified possible genes and signaling pathways of PAE-mediated osteoclastogenesis suppression. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that PAE has inhibitive effects on osteoclastogenesis and may be a potential therapeutic alternative for bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
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13
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Sun J, Cai G, Shen J, Cheng P, Zhang J, Jiang D, Xu X, Lu F, Chen L, Chen H. AS-605240 Blunts Osteoporosis by Inhibition of Bone Resorption. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:1275-1288. [PMID: 37138583 PMCID: PMC10150757 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s403231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease. Osteoclasts are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. AS-605240 (AS) is a small molecule PI3K-γ inhibitor and is less toxic compared to pan-PI3K inhibitors. AS also exerts multiple biological effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and myocardial remodeling promotion. However, the involvement of AS in the differentiation and functions of osteoclasts and the effect of AS in treating patients with osteoporosis is still unclear. Purpose This study aimed to investigate if AS inhibits the differentiation of osteoclasts and resorption of the bones induced by M-CSF and RANKL. Next, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of AS on bone loss in ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis mice models. Methods We stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages with an osteoclast differentiation medium containing different AS concentrations for 6 days or 5μM AS at different times. Next, we performed tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, bone resorption assay, F-actin ring fluorescence, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and Western blotting (WB). Next, MC3T3-E1s (pre-osteoblast cells) were differentiated to osteoblast by stimulating the cells with varying AS concentrations. Next, we performed alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, RT-qPCR, and WB on these cells. We established an OVX-induced osteoporosis mice model and treated the mice with 20mg/kg of AS. Finally, we extracted the femurs and performed micro-CT scanning, H&E, and TRAP staining. Results AS inhibits the formation of osteoclasts and resorption of bone triggered by RANKL by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, AS enhances the differentiation of osteoblasts and inhibits bone loss due to OVX in vivo. Conclusion AS inhibits osteoclast production and enhances osteoblast differentiation in mice, thus providing a new therapeutic approach for treating patients with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Bone Development and Metabolism Research Center of Taizhou Hospital, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoping Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Bone Development and Metabolism Research Center of Taizhou Hospital, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Bone Development and Metabolism Research Center of Taizhou Hospital, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pu Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Bone Development and Metabolism Research Center of Taizhou Hospital, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiapeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Bone Development and Metabolism Research Center of Taizhou Hospital, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dengteng Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Bone Development and Metabolism Research Center of Taizhou Hospital, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianquan Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Bone Development and Metabolism Research Center of Taizhou Hospital, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangying Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Bone Development and Metabolism Research Center of Taizhou Hospital, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Bone Development and Metabolism Research Center of Taizhou Hospital, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixiao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Bone Development and Metabolism Research Center of Taizhou Hospital, Linhai, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Haixiao Chen; Lihua Chen, Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, N.150 Ximen Road of Linhai City, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 15268400288, +86 13757624851, Email ;
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14
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Zhang X, Xiong Q, Lin W, Wang Q, Zhang D, Xu R, Zhou X, Zhang S, Peng L, Yuan Q. Schwann Cells Contribute to Alveolar Bone Regeneration by Promoting Cell Proliferation. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:119-130. [PMID: 36331097 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The plasticity of Schwann cells (SCs) following nerve injury is a critical feature in the regeneration of peripheral nerves as well as surrounding tissues. Here, we show a pivotal role of Schwann cell-derived cells in alveolar bone regeneration through the specific ablation of proteolipid protein 1 (Plp)-expressing cells and the transplantation of teased nerve fibers and associated cells. With inducible Plp specific genetic tracing, we observe that Plp+ cells migrate into wounded alveolar defect and dedifferentiate into repair SCs. Notably, these cells barely transdifferentiate into osteogenic cell lineage in both SCs tracing model and transplant model, but secret factors to enhance the proliferation of alveolar skeletal stem cells (aSSCs). As to the mechanism, this effect is associated with the upregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) signaling and the downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) pathway. Collectively, our data demonstrate that SCs dedifferentiate after neighboring alveolar bone injury and contribute to bone regeneration mainly by a paracrine function. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuchan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoshi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Niu Q, Gao J, Wang L, Liu J, Zhang L. Regulation of differentiation and generation of osteoclasts in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1034050. [PMID: 36466887 PMCID: PMC9716075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which affects nearly 1% of the world's population, is a debilitating autoimmune disease. Bone erosion caused by periarticular osteopenia and synovial pannus formation is the most destructive pathological changes of RA, also leads to joint deformity and loss of function,and ultimately affects the quality of life of patients. Osteoclasts (OCs) are the only known bone resorption cells and their abnormal differentiation and production play an important role in the occurrence and development of RA bone destruction; this remains the main culprit behind RA. METHOD Based on the latest published literature and research progress at home and abroad, this paper reviews the abnormal regulation mechanism of OC generation and differentiation in RA and the possible targeted therapy. RESULT OC-mediated bone destruction is achieved through the regulation of a variety of cytokines and cell-to-cell interactions, including gene transcription, epigenetics and environmental factors. At present, most methods for the treatment of RA are based on the regulation of inflammation, the inhibition of bone injury and joint deformities remains unexplored. DISCUSSION This article will review the mechanism of abnormal differentiation of OC in RA, and summarise the current treatment oftargeting cytokines in the process of OC generation and differentiation to reduce bone destruction in patients with RA, which isexpected to become a valuable treatment choice to inhibit bone destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Niu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinfang Gao
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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16
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Qi G, Jiang Z, Lu W, Li D, Chen W, Yang X, Ding L, Yuan H. Berbamine inhibits RANKL- and M-CSF-mediated osteoclastogenesis and alleviates ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1032866. [PMID: 36408260 PMCID: PMC9666778 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1032866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common public health problem characterized by decreased bone mass, increased bone brittleness and damage to the bone microstructure. Excessive bone resorption by osteoclasts is the main target of the currently used drugs or treatment for osteoporosis. Effective antiresorptive drugs without side effects following long-term administration have become a major focus of anti-osteoporotic drugs. In the present study, we investigated the effect of berbamine, a small molecule natural product from Berberis amurensis Rupr, a traditional Chinese medicine, on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and ovariectomy-induced bone loss in vivo. The results demonstrated that berbamine at a safe and effective dose inhibited osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption function in vitro by suppressing the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. In addition, berbamine protected against osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption function without affecting osteogenesis in the ovariectomy mouse model. These findings revealed that berbamine has a protective role against osteoporosis and may represent a novel promising treatment strategy for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengxin Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Defang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibing Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuying Yang
- Department of Radiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengfeng Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
The tissue-resident skeletal stem cells (SSCs), which are self-renewal and multipotent, continuously provide cells (including chondrocytes, bone cells, marrow adipocytes, and stromal cells) for the development and homeostasis of the skeletal system. In recent decade, utilizing fluorescence-activated cell sorting, lineage tracing, and single-cell sequencing, studies have identified various types of SSCs, plotted the lineage commitment trajectory, and partially revealed their properties under physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we retrospect to SSCs identification and functional studies. We discuss the principles and approaches to identify bona fide SSCs, highlighting pioneering findings that plot the lineage atlas of SSCs. The roles of SSCs and progenitors in long bone, craniofacial tissues, and periosteum are systematically discussed. We further focus on disputes and challenges in SSC research.
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Chen Y, Li Q, Liu Y, Chen X, Jiang S, Lin W, Zhang Y, Liu R, Shao B, Chen C, Yuan Q, Zhou C. AFF4 regulates cellular adipogenic differentiation via targeting autophagy. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010425. [PMID: 36149892 PMCID: PMC9534390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional elongation is a universal and critical step during gene expression. The super elongation complex (SEC) regulates the rapid transcriptional induction by mobilizing paused RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Dysregulation of SEC is closely associated with human diseases. However, the physiological role of SEC during development and homeostasis remains largely unexplored. Here we studied the function of SEC in adipogenesis by manipulating an essential scaffold protein AF4/FMR2 family member 4 (AFF4), which assembles and stabilizes SEC. Knockdown of AFF4 in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes inhibits cellular adipogenic differentiation. Overexpression of AFF4 enhances adipogenesis and ectopic adipose tissue formation. We further generate Fabp4-cre driven adipose-specific Aff4 knockout mice and find that AFF4 deficiency impedes adipocyte development and white fat depot formation. Mechanistically, we discover AFF4 regulates autophagy during adipogenesis. AFF4 directly binds to autophagy-related protein ATG5 and ATG16L1, and promotes their transcription. Depleting ATG5 or ATG16L1 abrogates adipogenesis in AFF4-overepressing cells, while overexpression of ATG5 and ATG16L1 rescues the impaired adipogenesis in Aff4-knockout cells. Collectively, our results unveil the functional importance of AFF4 in regulating autophagy and adipogenic differentiation, which broaden our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis. Obesity is a major health problem jeopardizing millions of individuals worldwide. From a pathological perspective, obesity occurs in the process of white adipose tissue expanding its mass through the enlargement of adipocyte size or advanced differentiation of adipocyte precursors to mature adipocytes. Studies have documented the dysregulated adipocyte metabolism of adipose tissue and associated disorders. However, our understanding of adipocyte development in which mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) commit their fate and preadipocytes undergo differentiation and maturation is scarce. Here, we identify the super elongation complex (SEC) scaffold protein AFF4 as an essential regulator of adipogenesis. We reveal that AFF4 promotes adipocyte formation by regulating the cellular autophagic process. AFF4 directly regulates the transcription of the autophagy-related protein ATG5 and ATG16L1, which are essential for autophagosome formation. This finding further elucidates the physiological role of SEC during tissue development, besides its recognized role in cancer occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelan Chen
- Department of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: ;
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Liu H, Gu R, Huang Q, Liu Y, Liu C, Liao S, Feng W, Xie T, Zhao J, Xu J, Liu Q, Zhan X. Isoliensinine Suppresses Osteoclast Formation Through NF-κB Signaling Pathways and Relieves Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:870553. [PMID: 35935862 PMCID: PMC9353689 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.870553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is among the major contributors of pathologic fracture in postmenopausal women, which is caused by the bone metabolic disorder owing to the over-activation of osteoclasts. Inhibition of osteoclast differentiation and maturation has become a mainstream research interest in the prevention of osteoporosis. Isoliensinine (Iso) is a dibenzyl isoquinoline alkaloid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. However, whether it can be used as a potential treatment for osteoporosis remains undiscovered. Here, we investigated whether Iso might suppress the differentiation of osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo to play an anti-osteoporosis role. Our results showed that Iso inhibits the formation of mature multinuclear osteoclasts induced by RANKL, the bone resorption, and the osteoclast-specific genes expression by blocking the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, and the effect was in a dosage-dependent way. Furthermore, we investigated the therapeutic effect of Iso on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. We found that Iso attenuated bone loss in the OVX mice and significantly promoted BS, Conn. DN, Tb.Th, TB.N, and BV/TV Index. All in all, Iso showed a prominent effect of osteoclast inhibition, with great promise for treating osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijiang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopedic Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ronghe Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shijie Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenyu Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tianyu Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopedic Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jiake Xu, ; Qian Liu, ; Xinli Zhan,
| | - Qian Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopedic Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Jiake Xu, ; Qian Liu, ; Xinli Zhan,
| | - Xinli Zhan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopedic Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Jiake Xu, ; Qian Liu, ; Xinli Zhan,
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20
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Qiu J, Jiang T, Yang G, Gong Y, Zhang W, Zheng X, Chen H, Hong Z. Neratinib Exerts Dual Effects on Cartilage Degradation and Osteoclast Production in Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting the Activation of the MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115155. [PMID: 35820500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease caused by the progressive destruction of cartilage and subchondral bone. [1] Studies have shown that by inhibiting the degradation of cartilage cells and the loss of subchondral bone, OA can be prevented and treated. Neratinib, as a small molecule compound with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties, is a very effective inhibitor of IL-1β-induced chondrocyte inflammation and anabolic metabolism. By investigating the effect of neratinib in ATDC5 chondrocytes, the study finds that neratinib reduces inflammation by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, and at the same time reduces pyrolysis (indicated by the results of reverse transcription quantitative PCR and western blotting). For anabolic metabolism, after high-density cell culture, IL-1β-induced catalytic changes and degradation of the extracellular matrix were evaluated by toluidine blue staining. Since osteoclasts are key participants in the process of subchondral bone remodeling in OA, we also studied the effect of neratinib on the maturation of osteoclasts. The results showed that neratinib also acts as an anti-osteoclast agent in vitro. By inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, it reduces the expression of osteoclast-related genes, thereby inhibiting RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. The results of in vivo animal experiments supported the conclusions from the experiments in vitro. Neratinib inhibited both the destruction of medial meniscus induced cartilage degradation and osteoclast formation, which proves that neratinib has a dual effect, protecting cartilage and inhibiting osteoclast formation. These results indicate that neratinib can be a brand-new latent strategy for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Qiu
- Orthopedic Department, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China; Enze Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Orthopedic Department, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China; Enze Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Guangyong Yang
- Orthopedic Department, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China; Enze Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Yuhang Gong
- Orthopedic Department, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China; Enze Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Weikang Zhang
- Orthopedic Department, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China; Enze Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Xiaohang Zheng
- Orthopedic Department, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China; Enze Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Haixiao Chen
- Orthopedic Department, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China; Enze Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China.
| | - Zhenghua Hong
- Orthopedic Department, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China; Enze Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China.
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21
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Xu G, Su H, Lu L, Liu X, Zhao L, Tang B, Ming Z. Structural insights into the catalytic mechanism and ubiquitin recognition of USP34. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167634. [PMID: 35588869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination, an important posttranslational modification, participates in virtually all aspects of cellular functions and is reversed by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). Ubiquitin-specific protease 34 (USP34) plays an essential role in cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and osteogenesis. Despite its functional importance, how USP34 recognizes ubiquitin and catalyzes deubiquitination remains structurally uncharacterized. Here, we report the crystal structures of the USP34 catalytic domain in free state and after binding with ubiquitin. In the free state, USP34 adopts an inactive conformation, which contains a misaligned catalytic histidine in the triad. Comparison of USP34 structures before and after ubiquitin binding reveals a structural basis for ubiquitin recognition and elucidates a mechanism by which the catalytic triad is realigned. Transition from an open inactive state to a relatively closed active state is coupled to a process by which the "fingertips" of USP34 intimately grip ubiquitin, and this has not been reported before. Our structural and biochemical analyses provide important insights into the catalytic mechanism and ubiquitin recognition of USP34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Huizhao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Lining Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenhua Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China.
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22
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Liu C, Xiong Q, Li Q, Lin W, Jiang S, Zhang D, Wang Y, Duan X, Gong P, Kang N. CHD7 regulates bone-fat balance by suppressing PPAR-γ signaling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1989. [PMID: 35418650 PMCID: PMC9007978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 7 (CHD7), an ATP-dependent eukaryotic chromatin remodeling enzyme, is essential for the development of organs. The mutation of CHD7 is the main cause of CHARGE syndrome, but its function and mechanism in skeletal system remain unclear. Here, we show conditional knockout of Chd7 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and preosteoblasts leads to a pathological phenotype manifested as low bone mass and severely high marrow adiposity. Mechanistically, we identify enhancement of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling in Chd7-deficient MSCs. Loss of Chd7 reduces the restriction of PPAR-γ and then PPAR-γ associates with trimethylated histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3), which subsequently activates the transcription of downstream adipogenic genes and disrupts the balance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Our data illustrate the pathological manifestations of Chd7 mutation in MSCs and reveal an epigenetic mechanism in skeletal health and diseases. CHD7 is chromatin remodeler and mutations of CHD7 are the main cause of CHARGE syndrome. Here the authors show that conditional knockout of Chd7 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and pre-osteoblasts leads to a skeletal system development disorder in mice and upregulated PPAR signaling, disrupting the balance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caojie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Qiuchan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Qiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Weimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Danting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Ning Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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23
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Xu J, Li L, Ren J, Zhong X, Xie C, Zheng A, Abudukadier A, Tuerxun M, Zhang S, Tang L, Hairoula D, Zou X. Whole-Exome Sequencing Implicates the USP34 rs777591A > G Intron Variant in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a Kashi Cohort. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:792027. [PMID: 35198563 PMCID: PMC8859106 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.792027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors are important factors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) onset. Plenty of risk and new causative genes for COPD have been identified in patients of the Chinese Han population. In contrast, we know considerably little concerning the genetics in the Kashi COPD population (Uyghur). This study aims at clarifying the genetic maps regarding COPD susceptibility in Kashi (China). Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was used to analyze three Uyghur families with COPD in Kashi (eight patients and one healthy control). Sanger sequencing was also used to verify the WES results in 541 unrelated Uyghur COPD patients and 534 Uyghur healthy controls. WES showed 72 single nucleotide variants (SNVs), two deletions, and small insertions (InDels), 26 copy number variants (CNVs), and 34 structural variants (SVs), including g.71230620T > A (rs12449210T > A, NC_000,016.10) in the HYDIN axonemal central pair apparatus protein (HYDIN) gene and g.61190482A > G (rs777591A > G, NC_000002.12) in the ubiquitin-specific protease 34 (USP34) gene. After Sanger sequencing, we found that rs777591“AA” under different genetic models except for the dominant model (adjusted OR = 0.8559, 95%CI 0.6568–1.115, p > .05), could significantly reduce COPD risk, but rs12449210T > A was not related to COPD. In stratified analysis of smoking status, rs777591“AA” reduced COPD risk significantly among the nonsmoker group. Protein and mRNA expression of USP34 in cigarette smoke extract-treated BEAS-2b cells increased significantly compared with those in the control group. Our findings associate the USP34 rs777591“AA” genotype as a protector factor in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Xu
- Department of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Kashi, Kashi, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Kashi, Kashi, China
| | - Xuemei Zhong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Kashi, Kashi, China
| | - Chengxin Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Kashi, Kashi, China
| | - Aifang Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Kashi, Kashi, China
| | - Ayiguzali Abudukadier
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Kashi, Kashi, China
| | - Maimaitiaili Tuerxun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Kashi, Kashi, China
| | - Sujie Zhang
- Department of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Lifeng Tang
- Department of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Kashi, Kashi, China
| | - Dilare Hairoula
- Department of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Kashi, Kashi, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zou
- Department of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Kashi, Kashi, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoguang Zou,
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24
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The osteoprotective role of USP26 in coordinating bone formation and resorption. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1123-1136. [PMID: 35091692 PMCID: PMC9177963 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is maintained through a balance of bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) are involved in regulating bone metabolism by preserving bone formation or antagonizing bone resorption. However, the specific USPs that maintain bone homeostasis by orchestrating bone formation and bone resorption simultaneously are poorly understood. Here, we identified USP26 as a previously unknown regulator of bone homeostasis that coordinates bone formation and resorption. Mechanistically, USP26 stabilizes β-catenin to promote the osteogenic activity of mesenchymal cells (MSCs) and impairs the osteoclastic differentiation of bone myelomonocytes (BMMs) by stabilizing inhibitors of NF-κBα (IκBα). Gain-of-function experiments revealed that Usp26 supplementation significantly increased bone regeneration in bone defects in aged mice and decreased bone loss resulting from ovariectomy. Taken together, these data show the osteoprotective effect of USP26 via the coordination of bone formation and resorption, suggesting that USP26 represents a potential therapeutic target for osteoporosis.
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25
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Li X, Zhang Z, Guo Z, Zhao L, Liu Y, Ma X, He Q. Macrophage immunomodulatory activity of Acanthopanax senticousus polysaccharide nanoemulsion via activation of P65/JNK/ikkαsignaling pathway and regulation of Th1/Th2 Cytokines. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12575. [PMID: 35036126 PMCID: PMC8711278 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsions (NE) are used widely in pharmaceutical drug formulations and vaccine preparation, and Acanthopanax senticousus polysaccharide (ASPS) is a natural bioactive compound with immunostimulatory activity. Therefore, NE-loaded ASPS is expected to provide immunological enhancement for effective treatment. In the present study, Acanthopanax senticousus polysaccharide (ASPS was encapsulated into nanoemulsions, the resultant ASPS-NE were coated with a negative charge, and the immune enhancement mechanism of these ASPS-NE formulations was analyzed. The immunosuppressive animal models (70 ICR mice, male) for the study were established using cyclophosphamide. In addition, the activation of splenocyte proliferation, phagocytosis of the macrophages, the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+, the concentrations of the cytokines in serum, Western blot analysis was used for the analysis of the P65/JNK/ikk α signaling pathway in the peritoneal macrophage s. The results revealed that the ASPS-NE could stimulated the proliferation of splenocytes and enhance immunity. The ASPS-NE induced the expression of different cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-6), could activate the expressions of P65, JNK, and ikkα, and regulated the Th1/Th2 cytokines. These findings demonstrated the potential of ASPS-NE formulations for drug delivery and to induce potent and sustained immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Medicinal Engineering Department of Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Research Center for the inheritance and innovation of Chinese veterinary medicine classic prescriptions, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenhuan Guo
- Medicinal Engineering Department of Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China.,Research Center for the inheritance and innovation of Chinese veterinary medicine classic prescriptions, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Medicinal Engineering Department of Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China.,Research Center for the inheritance and innovation of Chinese veterinary medicine classic prescriptions, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yonglu Liu
- Medicinal Engineering Department of Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China.,Research Center for the inheritance and innovation of Chinese veterinary medicine classic prescriptions, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xia Ma
- Medicinal Engineering Department of Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China.,Research Center for the inheritance and innovation of Chinese veterinary medicine classic prescriptions, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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26
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Jiang S, Lin W, Wu Y, Li Q, Guo Y, Liu W, Yuan Q. DNA demethylase ALKBH1 promotes adipogenic differentiation via regulation of HIF-1 signaling. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101499. [PMID: 34922943 PMCID: PMC8760519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA 6-adenine methylation (6mA), as a novel adenine modification existing in eukaryotes, shows essential functions in embryogenesis and mitochondrial transcriptions. ALKBH1 is a demethylase of 6mA and plays critical roles in osteogenesis, tumorigenesis, and adaptation to stress. However, the integrated biological functions of ALKBH1 still require further exploration. Here, we demonstrate that knockdown of ALKBH1 inhibits adipogenic differentiation in both human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, while overexpression of ALKBH1 leads to increased adipogenesis. Using a combination of RNA-seq and N6-mA-DNA-IP-seq analyses, we identify hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling as a crucial downstream target of ALKBH1 activity. Depletion of ALKBH1 leads to hypermethylation of both HIF-1α and its downstream target GYS1. Simultaneous overexpression of HIF-1α and GYS1 restores the adipogenic commitment of ALKBH1-deficient cells. Taken together, our data indicate that ALKBH1 is indispensable for adipogenic differentiation, revealing a novel epigenetic mechanism that regulates adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunshu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weiqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, #14 Third Section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China.
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27
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Xian Y, Su Y, Liang J, Long F, Feng X, Xiao Y, Lian H, Xu J, Zhao J, Liu Q, Song F. Oroxylin A reduces osteoclast formation and bone resorption via suppressing RANKL-induced ROS and NFATc1 activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114761. [PMID: 34492273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Excessive bone erosion by osteoclasts is associated with osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periprosthetic osteolysis. Targeting osteoclasts may serve as an effective treatment for osteolytic diseases. Although drugs are currently available for the treatment of these diseases, exploring potential anti-osteoclast natural compounds with safe and effective treatment remains needed. Oroxylin A (OA), a natural flavonoid isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has numerous beneficial pharmacological characteristics, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. However, its effects and mechanisms on osteoclast formation and bone resorption have not yet been clarified. Our research showed that OA attenuated the formation and function of osteoclast induced by RANKL in a time- and concentration-dependent manner without any cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, OA suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels through the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. Moreover, OA inhibited the activity of NFATc1, the master transcriptional regulator of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. OA exhibited protective effects in mouse models of post-ovariectomy (OVX)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bone loss, in accordance with its in vitro anti-osteoclastogenic effect. Collectively, our findings highlight the potential of OA as a pharmacological agent for the prevention of osteoclast-mediated osteolytic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansi Xian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuangang Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiamin Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoliang Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Medical College of Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Haoyu Lian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Orthopaedic Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Fangming Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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28
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Hariri H, St-Arnaud R. Expression and Role of Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidases in Osteoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147746. [PMID: 34299363 PMCID: PMC8304380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates biological processes in normal and diseased states. Recent investigations have focused on ubiquitin-dependent modifications and their impacts on cellular function, commitment, and differentiation. Ubiquitination is reversed by deubiquitinases, including ubiquitin-specific peptidases (USPs), whose roles have been widely investigated. In this review, we explore recent findings highlighting the regulatory functions of USPs in osteoblasts and providing insight into the molecular mechanisms governing their actions during bone formation. We also give a brief overview of our work on USP53, a target of PTH in osteoblasts and a regulator of mesenchymal cell lineage fate decisions. Emerging evidence addresses questions pertaining to the complex layers of regulation exerted by USPs on osteoblast signaling. We provide a short overview of our and others' understanding of how USPs modulate osteoblastogenesis. However, further studies using knockout mouse models are needed to fully understand the mechanisms underpinning USPs actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadla Hariri
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada;
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - René St-Arnaud
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada;
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +514-282-7155; Fax: +514-842-5581
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29
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Lin W, Li Q, Zhang D, Zhang X, Qi X, Wang Q, Chen Y, Liu C, Li H, Zhang S, Wang Y, Shao B, Zhang L, Yuan Q. Mapping the immune microenvironment for mandibular alveolar bone homeostasis at single-cell resolution. Bone Res 2021; 9:17. [PMID: 33723232 PMCID: PMC7960742 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar bone is the thickened ridge of jaw bone that supports teeth. It is subject to constant occlusal force and pathogens invasion, and is therefore under active bone remodeling and immunomodulation. Alveolar bone holds a distinct niche from long bone considering their different developmental origin and postnatal remodeling pattern. However, a systematic explanation of alveolar bone at single-cell level is still lacking. Here, we construct a single-cell atlas of mouse mandibular alveolar bone through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). A more active immune microenvironment is identified in alveolar bone, with a higher proportion of mature immune cells than in long bone. Among all immune cell populations, the monocyte/macrophage subpopulation most actively interacts with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) subpopulation. Alveolar bone monocytes/macrophages express a higher level of Oncostatin M (Osm) compared to long bone, which promotes osteogenic differentiation and inhibits adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. In summary, our study reveals a unique immune microenvironment of alveolar bone, which may provide a more precise immune-modulatory target for therapeutic treatment of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingying Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caojie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Center of Precision Medicine, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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30
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USP34 regulates tooth root morphogenesis by stabilizing NFIC. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:7. [PMID: 33686052 PMCID: PMC7940473 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth root morphogenesis involves two biological processes, root elongation and dentinogenesis, which are guaranteed by downgrowth of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS) and normal odontoblast differentiation. Ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation has been reported to precisely regulate various physiological processes, while its role in tooth development is still elusive. Here we show ubiquitin-specific protease 34 (USP34) plays a pivotal role in root formation. Deletion of Usp34 in dental mesenchymal cells leads to short root anomaly, characterized by truncated roots and thin root dentin. The USP34-deficient dental pulp cells (DPCs) exhibit decreased odontogenic differentiation with downregulation of nuclear factor I/C (NFIC). Overexpression of NFIC partially restores the impaired odontogenic potential of DPCs. These findings indicate that USP34-dependent deubiquitination is critical for root morphogenesis by stabilizing NFIC.
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31
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Sheng R, Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang J, Zhang S, Li Q, Zhang D, Qi X, Xiao Q, Jiang S, Yuan Q. METTL3-Mediated m 6 A mRNA Methylation Modulates Tooth Root Formation by Affecting NFIC Translation. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:412-423. [PMID: 32936965 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6 A), as a eukaryotic mRNA modification catalyzed by methyltransferase METTL3, is involved in various processes of development or diseases via regulating RNA metabolism. However, the effect of METTL3-mediated m6 A modification in tooth development has remained elusive. Here we show that METTL3 is prevalently expressed in odontoblasts, dental pulp cells, dental follicle cells, and epithelial cells in Hertwig's epithelial root sheath during tooth root formation. Depletion of METTL3 in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) impairs proliferation, migration, and odontogenic differentiation. Furthermore, conditional knockout of Mettl3 in Osterix-expressing cells leads to short molar roots and thinner root dentin featured by decreased secretion of pre-dentin matrix and formation of the odontoblast process. Mechanistically, loss of METTL3 cripples the translational efficiency of the key root-forming regulator nuclear factor I-C (NFIC). The odontogenic capacity of METTL3-silenced hDPCs is partially rescued via overexpressing NFIC. Our findings suggest that m6 A methyltransferase METTL3 is crucial for tooth root development, uncovering a novel epigenetic mechanism in tooth root formation. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunshu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingying Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingyue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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32
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Alpha-ketoglutarate ameliorates age-related osteoporosis via regulating histone methylations. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5596. [PMID: 33154378 PMCID: PMC7645772 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related osteoporosis is characterized by the deterioration in bone volume and strength, partly due to the dysfunction of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) during aging. Alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG) is an essential intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Studies have revealed that αKG extends the lifespan of worms and maintains the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Here, we show that the administration of αKG increases the bone mass of aged mice, attenuates age-related bone loss, and accelerates bone regeneration of aged rodents. αKG ameliorates the senescence-associated (SA) phenotypes of bone marrow MSCs derived from aged mice, as well as promoting their proliferation, colony formation, migration, and osteogenic potential. Mechanistically, αKG decreases the accumulations of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, and subsequently upregulates BMP signaling and Nanog expression. Collectively, our findings illuminate the role of αKG in rejuvenating MSCs and ameliorating age-related osteoporosis, with a promising therapeutic potential in age-related diseases. α-ketoglutarate is an intermediate of the Krebs Cycle that was recently reported to extend lifespan in C.Elegans. Here, the authors show that administration of α-ketoglutarate to mice reduces age-related bone loss, by ameliorating senescence of bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells.
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33
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CHD7 Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Follicle Cells via PTH1R Signaling. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8882857. [PMID: 33014071 PMCID: PMC7525296 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8882857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 7 (CHD7) is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzyme, functioning as chromatin reader to conduct epigenetic modification. Its effect on osteogenic differentiation of human dental follicle cells (hDFCs) remains unclear. Here, we show the CHD7 expression increases with osteogenic differentiation. The knockdown of CHD7 impairs the osteogenic ability of hDFCs, characterized by reduced alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization, and the decreased expression of osteogenesis-related genes. Conversely, the CHD7 overexpression enhances the osteogenic differentiation of hDFCs. Mechanically, RNA-seq analyses revealed the downregulated enrichment of PTH (parathyroid hormone)/PTH1R (parathyroid hormone receptor-1) signaling pathway after CHD7 knockdown. We found the expression of PTH1R positively correlates with CHD7. Importantly, the overexpression of PTH1R in CHD7-knockdown hDFCs partially rescued the impaired osteogenic differentiation. Our research demonstrates that CHD7 regulates the osteogenic differentiation of hDFCs by regulating the transcription of PTH1R.
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34
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Zhang D, Zhang S, Wang J, Li Q, Xue H, Sheng R, Xiong Q, Qi X, Wen J, Fan Y, Zhou B, Yuan Q. LepR-Expressing Stem Cells Are Essential for Alveolar Bone Regeneration. J Dent Res 2020; 99:1279-1286. [PMID: 32585118 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520932834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells play a critical role in bone regeneration. Multiple populations of skeletal stem cells have been identified in long bone, while their identity and functions in alveolar bone remain unclear. Here, we identified a quiescent leptin receptor–expressing (LepR+) cell population that contributed to intramembranous bone formation. Interestingly, these LepR+ cells became activated in response to tooth extraction and generated the majority of the newly formed bone in extraction sockets. In addition, genetic ablation of LepR+ cells attenuated extraction socket healing. The parabiosis experiments revealed that the LepR+ cells in the healing sockets were derived from resident tissue rather than peripheral blood circulation. Further studies on the mechanism suggested that these LepR+ cells were responsive to parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH/PTH1R) signaling. Collectively, we demonstrate that LepR+ cells, a postnatal skeletal stem cell population, are essential for alveolar bone regeneration of extraction sockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - S. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Periodontology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Q. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - H. Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - R. Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Q. Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X. Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J. Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y. Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - B.O. Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Q. Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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35
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Lin W, Sheng R, Wu Y, Xu R, Zhou C, Yuan Q. AFF1 inhibits adipogenic differentiation via targeting TGM2 transcription. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12831. [PMID: 32441391 PMCID: PMC7309944 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AF4/FMR2 family member 1 (AFF1), known as a central scaffolding protein of super elongation complex (SEC), regulates gene transcription. We previously reported that AFF1 inhibited osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (hMSCs). However, its role in adipogenic differentiation has not been elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS hMSCs and 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were cultured and induced for adipogenic differentiation. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were applied to deplete AFF1 while lentiviruses expressing HA-Aff1 were used for overexpression. Oil Red O staining, triglyceride (TAG) quantification, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence staining, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis and ChIP-qPCR were performed. To evaluate the adipogenesis in vivo, BALB/c nude mice were subcutaneously injected with Aff1-overexpressed 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. RESULTS AFF1 depletion leads to an enhanced adipogenesis in both hMSCs and 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Overexpression of Aff1 in 3T3-L1 cells results in the reduction of adipogenic differentiation and less adipose tissue formation in vivo. Mechanistically, AFF1 binds to the promoter region of Tgm2 gene and regulates its transcription. Overexpression of Tgm2 largely rescues adipogenic differentiation of Aff1-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that AFF1 inhibits adipogenic differentiation by regulating the transcription of TGM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunshu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoshi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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