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Bonecka J, Turek B, Jankowski K, Borowska M, Jasiński T, Smyth G, Domino M. Relationship between Feline Knee Joint Osteoarthritis and Bone Mineral Density Quantified Using Computed Tomography and Computed Digital Absorptiometry. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2615. [PMID: 39272400 PMCID: PMC11394321 DOI: 10.3390/ani14172615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), including knee joint OA, is a common chronic condition in cats. In both cats and humans, knee joint OA is characterized radiographically by the presence of osteophytes, enthesiophytes, subchondral sclerosis, and joint space narrowing. However, only in humans have these radiographic signs been reported to increase bone mineral density (BMD). Therefore, this study aims to quantify the volumetric (vBMD) and relative (rBMD) BMD measures of the feline knee joint and compare BMD measures between various severities of OA to test the hypothesized OA-BMD relationship in the knee joint in cats. The 46 feline knee joints were imaged using computed tomography (CT) and conventional radiography supported by the computed digital absorptiometry (CDA) method to obtain vBMD and rBMD, respectively. Both BMD measures were assessed in three regions of interest (ROIs): the distal femur (ROI 1), patella (ROI 2), and proximal tibia (ROI 3). In all locations, vBMD and rBMD showed moderate (ROI 2: r = 0.67, p < 0.0001) to strong (ROI 1: ρ = 0.96, p < 0.0001; ROI 3: r = 0.89, p < 0.0001) positive correlations. Due to differences (p < 0.0001) in the width of the distal femur (17.9 ± 1.21 mm), patella (8.2 ± 0.82 mm), and proximal tibia (19.3 ± 1.16 mm), the rBMD was corrected (corr rBMD) using the thickness coefficient of 0.46 ± 0.04 for ROI 2 and 1.08 ± 0.03 for ROI 3. Regardless of the quantification method used, BMD measures increased linearly from a normal knee joint to severe OA, with differences in BMD between normal and mild to severe knee joint OA. The OA-BMD relationship in the feline knee joint can be preliminarily confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bonecka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bernard Turek
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jankowski
- Institute of Mechanics and Printing, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Borowska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Białystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jasiński
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Graham Smyth
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University School of Medicine, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Małgorzata Domino
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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Bonecka J, Turek B, Jankowski K, Borowska M, Jasiński T, Skierbiszewska K, Domino M. Selection of X-ray Tube Settings for Relative Bone Density Quantification in the Knee Joint of Cats Using Computed Digital Absorptiometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5774. [PMID: 39275686 PMCID: PMC11398042 DOI: 10.3390/s24175774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) varies with aging and both systemic and local diseases; however, such evidence is lacking in feline medicine. This may be due to the need for general anesthesia in cats for direct BMD measurements using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or quantitative computed tomography (QCT). In this study, computed digital absorptiometry (CDA), an indirect relative BMD-measuring method, was optimized to select an X-ray tube setting for the quantitative assessment of the feline knee joint. The knee joints of nine cats were radiographically imaged and processed using the CDA method with an aluminum density standard and five X-ray tube settings (from 50 to 80 kV; between 1.2 and 12 mAs). The reference attenuation of the X-ray beam for ten steps (S1-S10) of the density standard was recorded in Hounsfield units (HU), compared between X-ray tube settings, and used to determine the ranges of relative density applied for radiograph decomposition. The relative density decreased (p < 0.0001) with an increase in kV and dispersed with an increase in mAs. Then, the percentage of color pixels (%color pixels), representing ranges of relative density, was compared among S1-S10 and used for the recognition of background artifacts. The %color pixels was the highest for low steps and the lowest for high steps (p < 0.0001), regardless of X-ray tube settings. The X-ray tube setting was considered the most beneficial when it effectively covered the lowest possible HU ranges without inducing background artifacts. In conclusion, for further clinical application of the CDA method for quantitative research on knee joint OA in cats, 60 kV and 1.2 mAs settings are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bonecka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bernard Turek
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jankowski
- Institute of Mechanics and Printing, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Borowska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Białystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jasiński
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skierbiszewska
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Domino
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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Easson M, Wong S, Moody M, Schmidt TA, Deymier A. Physiochemical effects of acid exposure on bone composition and function. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106304. [PMID: 38096610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Bone is primarily composed of collagen and apatite, two materials which exhibit a high sensitivity to pH dysregulation. As a result, acid exposure of bone, both clinically and in the laboratory is expected to cause compositional and mechanical changes to the tissue. Clinically, Metabolic acidosis (MA), a condition characterized by a reduced physiological pH, has been shown to have negative implications on bone health, including a decrease in bone mineral density and volume as well as increased fracture risk. The addition of bone-like apatite to ionic solutions such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and media has been shown to acidify the solution leading to bone acid exposure. Therefore, is it essential to understand how reduced pH physiochemically affects bone composition and in turn its mechanical properties. This study investigates the specific changes in bone due to physiochemical dissolution in acid. Excised murine bones were placed in PBS solutions at different pHs: a homeostatic pH level (pH 7.4), an acidosis equivalent (pH 7.0), and an extreme acidic solution (pH 5.5). After 5 days, the bones were removed from the solutions and characterized to determine compositional and material changes. We found that bones, without cells, were able to regulate pH via buffering, leading to a decrease in bone mineral content and an increase in collagen denaturation. Both of these compositional changes contributed to an increase in bone toughness by creating a more ductile bone surface and preventing crack propagation. Therefore, we conclude that the skeletal systems' physiochemical response to acid exposure includes multifaceted and spatially variable compositional changes that affect bone mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Easson
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Wong
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Mikayla Moody
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Alix Deymier
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Bijsmans ES, Quéau Y, Feugier A, Biourge VC. The effect of urine acidification on calcium oxalate relative supersaturation in cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105:579-586. [PMID: 33550588 PMCID: PMC9291291 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an apparent reciprocal relationship between magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP, struvite) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis incidence rate in cats. The number of struvite uroliths submitted for analysis over the past 35 years has been decreasing, with an increase in CaOx urolith submissions. Commercial diets aimed to dissolve struvite uroliths are typically acidified, and it has been suggested that dietary acidification increases urinary calcium excretion and the risk of CaOx crystallization. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of urine acidification on the relative supersaturation (RSS) of CaOx in cats, as a representation of crystallization risk. Four diets were extruded to contain identical nutrient contents, but with gradual acidification (0, 0.6, 1.3 and 1.9% sodium bisulphate substituted sodium chloride in diets A, B, C and D respectively). Thirteen adult cats were fed each diet sequentially for a minimum of 10 days. Average urine pH was 6.4, 6.2, 6.0 and 5.9 on diets A, B, C and D respectively (p < 0.0001). Struvite RSS decreased on diets inducing more acidic urine pH (p < 0.0001). Urinary calcium excretion and concentration increased with diets inducing lower urine pH (p < 0.0001), but oxalate excretion and concentration decreased (p < 0.001). CaOx RSS was not different between diets (p = 0.63). These results suggest that a lower diet base excess and resulting urine pH to support struvite dissolution do not increase the risk for CaOx crystallization in the range of urine pH representative of most commercial feline diets. Long-term studies are needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yann Quéau
- Royal Canin Research & Development Center, Aimargues, France
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Effects of acidosis on the structure, composition, and function of adult murine femurs. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:484-496. [PMID: 33242638 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Physiologic pH is maintained in a narrow range through multiple systemic buffering systems. Metabolic Acidosis (MA) is an acid-base disorder clinically characterized by a decrease in systemic pH and bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels. Acidosis affects millions annually, resulting in decreased bone mineral density and bone volume and an increased rate of fracture. We developed an adult murine model of diet-induced metabolic acidosis via graded NH4Cl administration that successfully decreased systemic pH over a 14 day period to elucidate the effects of acidosis on the skeletal system. Blood gas analyses measured an increase in blood calcium and sodium levels indicating a skeletal response to 14 days of acidosis. MA also significantly decreased femur ultimate strength, likely due to modifications in bone morphology as determined from decreased microcomputed tomography values of centroid distance and area moment of inertia. These structural changes may be caused by aberrant remodeling based on histological data evidencing altered OCL activity in acidosis. Additionally, we found that acidosis significantly decreased bone CO3 content in a site-specific manner similar to the bone phenotype observed in human MA. We determined that MA decreased bone strength thus increasing fracture risk, which is likely caused by alterations in bone shape and compounded by changes in bone composition. Additionally, we suggest the temporal regulation of cell-mediated remodeling in MA is more complex than current literature suggests. We conclude that our model reliably induces MA and has deleterious effects on skeletal form and function, presenting similarly to the MA bone phenotype in humans.
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Abstract
Dietary management of urolithiasis in dogs and cats is designed to dissolve calculi when possible and/or reduce the risk of recurrence. The diet must reduce urine relative supersaturation for the particular salt in order to prevent crystallization. To decrease urinary concentrations of crystal precursors, increasing water intake is essential regardless of the stone type. Altering the amounts of dietary precursors of the stone and controlling urine pH is mostly effective for struvite, urate, xanthine, and cystine, but still subject to controversy for calcium oxalate. The investigation of underlying metabolic disorders and close monitoring of animals at risk is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Queau
- Research & Development Center, Royal Canin, 650 avenue de la Petite Camargue, Aimargues 30470, France.
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Finch NC. Hypercalcaemia in cats: The complexities of calcium regulation and associated clinical challenges. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:387-99. [PMID: 27143041 PMCID: PMC11132202 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16643248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Calcium is essential for many normal physiological processes within the body. Aberrations in calcium homeostasis leading to hypercalcaemia can result in clinical signs such as polyuriav and polydipsia, lethargy and weakness due to depressed excitability of muscle and nervous tissue, and gastrointestinal (GI) signs due to effects on GI smooth muscle. Hypercalcaemia in cats is mostly idiopathic, with chronic kidney disease and neoplasia also being common causes. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Hypercalcaemia can be a diagnostic challenge and a good understanding of the regulation of calcium homeostasis can aid in interpreting results of diagnostic tests. Furthermore, the management approach may depend on the underlying cause of hypercalcaemia, and also its severity and chronicity. AUDIENCE This review offers a comprehensive discussion of the regulation of calcium homeostasis, with a focus on the normal response to hypercalcaemia. It also discusses the diagnostic approach to, and management of, hypercalcaemia in cats, as well as specific aetiologies. This is relevant to all clinicians working with feline patients. EVIDENCE BASE The review draws evidence from peer-reviewed publications and also the author's own clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Finch
- Bristol Renal, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
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Safety and efficacy of Amoklor (ammonium chloride) as a zootechnical additive for ruminants, cats and dogs. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Pineda C, Aguilera-Tejero E, Raya AI, Montes de Oca A, Rodriguez M, Lopez I. Effects of two calculolytic diets on parameters of feline mineral metabolism. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:499-504. [PMID: 26011562 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the influence of two feline calculolytic diets on selected parameters of mineral metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two dry commercial diets designed for struvite urolith dissolution were evaluated in 14 cats. The study was designed as a two-sequence, four-period crossover protocol with a baseline period, two 60-day "run-in" periods in which calculolytic diets (Diet 1 and Diet 2) were fed and one 30-day "wash-out" period. Data are expressed as median (range). RESULTS Feeding the calculolytic diets for two months did not alter plasma concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and parathyroid hormone. A significant (P < 0.05 in each case) decline in calcitriol was observed after administering both diets from 236.4 (122.4-429.6) to 170.4 (108.0-394.3) pmol/L (Diet 1) and from 278.4 (153.6-492.0) to 177.1 (87.6-392.4) pmol/L (Diet 2). Cats fed Diet 1 showed a significant increase in urine calcium concentration (from 0.3 (0.2-0.5) to 0.4 (0.3-0.7) mmol/L). Magnesium concentration in urine was significantly increased with both diets, from 1.4 (0.1-1.7) to 1.5 (1.3-2.4) mmol/L (Diet 1) and from 1.1 (0.4-1.9) to 2.0 (0.1-3.1) mmol/L (Diet 2). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Both diets resulted in an increased urinary concentration of magnesium, through different mechanisms: urine acidification (Diet 1) and increased sodium load (Diet 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pineda
- Department of Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - E Aguilera-Tejero
- Department of Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - A I Raya
- Department of Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - A Montes de Oca
- Department of Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - M Rodriguez
- Instituto Maimonides para la Investigacion Biomedica (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofia, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - I Lopez
- Department of Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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Kato K, Matsushita M. Proton concentrations can be a major contributor to the modification of osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation, working independently of extracellular bicarbonate ions. J Bone Miner Metab 2014; 32:17-28. [PMID: 23857552 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-013-0462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We established a system to separately analyze the role of protons and bicarbonate ions in vitro in which the pH of the medium was controlled by HEPES at various concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) in the absence of carbon dioxide (CO2). Using this system, we demonstrated that acidosis promoted osteoclast formation independently of extracellular NaHCO3 in a short-term culture. Protons and bicarbonate ions acted on osteoclast differentiation with opposite effects, the former positively and the latter negatively. The HEPES-based system maintained pH in the absence of extracellular NaHCO3 without CO2. Therefore, we could demonstrate that osteoblast differentiation was promoted at higher pH in a long-term culture system without NaHCO3 in which ALP activity and nodule mineralization were enhanced. This finding indicates that protons negatively control osteoblast differentiation independently of extracellular bicarbonate ions. However, the difference in the concentration of NaHCO3 did not have any influence on nodule mineralization. The opposite effects of protons, the promotion of osteoclast formation and the inhibition of osteoblast differentiation, were suppressed in the presence of 5 mM N-acetyl cysteine, a reagent activating the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), implying that ROS act on both systems, the promotion of large osteoclast formation and the deterioration of osteoblast formation under acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Kato
- Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan,
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Cheon H, Choi W, Lee Y, Lee D, Kim J, Kang JH, Na K, Chang J, Chang D. Assessment of trabecular bone mineral density using quantitative computed tomography in normal cats. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1461-7. [PMID: 22785567 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess age-related changes and anatomic variation in trabecular bone mineral density (tBMD) using quantitative computed tomography (QCT) in normal cats. Seventeen normal cats were included in this study and divided into the following 3 age groups:<6 months (n=4), 2-5 years (n=10) and >6 years (n=3). A computed tomographic scan of each vertebra from the 12th thoracic to the 7th lumbar spine and the pelvis was performed with a bone-density phantom (50, 100 and 150 mg/cm(3), calcium hydroxyapatite, CIRS phantom(®)). On the central transverse section, the elliptical region of interest (ROI) was drawn to measure the mean Hounsfield unit (HU) value. Those values were converted to equivalent tBMD (mg/cm(3)) by use of the bone-density phantom and linear regression analysis (r(2) >0.95). The mean tBMD value of the thoracic vertebrae (369.4 ± 31.8 mg/cm(3)) was significantly higher than that of the lumbar vertebrae (285 ± 58.1 mg/cm(3)). The maximum tBMD occurred at the T12, T13 and L1 levels in all age groups. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean tBMD value among the 3 age groups at the T12 (P<0.001), T13 (P<0.001) and L4 levels (P=0.013), respectively. The present study suggests that age-related changes and anatomic variation in tBMD values should be considered when assessing tBMD using QCT in cats with bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haengbok Cheon
- Laboratory of Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Oliveira D, Costa L, Teixeira M, Cardoso M, Costa F. Densitometria óssea em gatos hígidos por tomografia computadorizada quantitativa. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estabeleceram-se valores de média radiodensidade do osso trabecular das vértebras lombares de 16 gatos adultos, hígidos, por meio da tomografia computadorizada quantitativa (TCQ). O valor médio de radiodensidade do osso trabecular da segunda vértebra lombar foi de 436,1±42,1 unidades Hounsfield, com distribuição não homogênea da radiodensidade no corpo vertebral.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - F.S Costa
- Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná
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13
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of ammonium chloride for bovines, sheep, dogs and cats. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Lekcharoensuk C, Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Pusoonthornthum R, Kirk CA, Ulrich LK, Koehler LA, Carpenter KA, Swanson LL. Associations between dry dietary factors and canine calcium oxalate uroliths. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:330-7. [PMID: 11911566 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors in dry diets associated with the occurrence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths in dogs. ANIMALS 600 dogs with CaOx uroliths and 898 dogs without urinary tract diseases. PROCEDURE Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed. RESULTS Compared with diets with the highest concentrations of sodium, dry diets with the lowest concentrations of sodium, phosphorus, calcium, chloride, protein, magnesium, or potassium were linearly associated with increased risk of CaOx urolith formation. Significant nonlinear associations between increased occurrence of CaOx uroliths and urine acidifying potential and low moisture content were observed. Significant nonlinear associations between decreased occurrence of CaOx uroliths and carbohydrate and fiber contents were observed. A significant association between the occurrence of CaOx uroliths and dietary fat was not observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that dry diets formulated to contain high concentrations of protein, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride may minimize formation of CaOx uroliths. In addition, comparison of risk and protective factors of various diet ingredients fed to dogs with CaOx uroliths suggests that although similar findings were observed in canned and dry formulations, in general, greater risk is associated with dry formulations. However, before these hypotheses about dietary modifications are adopted by food manufacturers, they must be investigated by use of appropriately designed clinical studies of dogs with CaOx urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalermpol Lekcharoensuk
- Minnesota Urolith Center, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA
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Lekcharoensuk C, Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Pusoonthornthum R, Kirk CA, Ulrich LK, Koehler LA, Carpenter KA, Swanson LL. Associations between dietary factors in canned food and formation of calcium oxalate uroliths in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:163-9. [PMID: 11843112 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify dietary factors in commercially available canned foods associated with the development of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths in dogs. ANIMALS 117 dogs with CaOx uroliths and 174 dogs without urinary tract disease. PROCEDURE Case dogs were those that developed CaOx uroliths submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center for quantitative analysis between 1990 and 1992 while fed a commercially available canned diet. Control dogs were those without urinary tract disease evaluated at the same veterinary hospital just prior to or immediately after each case dog. A content-validated multiple-choice questionnaire was mailed to each owner of case and control dogs with the permission of the primary care veterinarian. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions for each dietary component were performed to test the hypothesis that a given factor was associated with CaOx urolith formation. RESULTS Canned foods with the highest amount of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, or moisture were associated with a decreased risk of CaOx urolith formation, compared with diets with the lowest amounts. In contrast, canned diets with the highest amount of carbohydrate were associated with an increased risk of CaOx urolith formation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Feeding canned diets formulated to contain high amounts of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and moisture and a low amount of carbohydrate may minimize the risk of CaOx urolith formation in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalermpol Lekcharoensuk
- Minnesota Urolith Center, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA
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Lekcharoensuk C, Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Pusoonthornthum R, Kirk CA, Ulrich LK, Koehler LA, Carpenter KA, Swanson LL. Association between dietary factors and calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 219:1228-37. [PMID: 11697365 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.219.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify dietary factors associated with the increase in occurrence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths and the decrease in occurrence of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) uroliths in cats. DESIGN Case-control study. ANIMALS 173 cats with CaOx uroliths, 290 cats with MAP uroliths, and 827 cats without any urinary tract diseases. PROCEDURE Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed. RESULTS Cats fed diets low in sodium or potassium or formulated to maximize urine acidity had an increased risk of developing CaOx uroliths but a decreased risk of developing MAP uroliths. Additionally, compared with the lowest contents, diets with the highest moisture or protein contents and with moderate magnesium, phosphorus, or calcium contents were associated with decreased risk of CaOx urolith formation. In contrast, diets with moderate fat or carbohydrate contents were associated with increased risk of CaOx urolith formation. Diets with the highest magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, chloride, or fiber contents and moderate protein content were associated with increased risk of MAP urolith formation. On the other hand, diets with the highest fat content were associated with decreased risk of MAP urolith formation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that diets formulated to contain higher protein, sodium, potassium, moisture, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium contents and with decreased urine acidifying potential may minimize formation of CaOx uroliths in cats. Diets formulated to contain higher fat content and lower protein and potassium contents and with increased urine acidifying potential may minimize formation of MAP uroliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lekcharoensuk
- Minnesota Urolith Center, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA
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Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Thumchai R, Bartges JW, Sanderson SL, Ulrich LK, Koehler LA, Bird KA, Swanson LL. Diagnosis, medical treatment, and prognosis of feline urolithiasis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996; 26:589-627. [PMID: 9157656 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Radiographic or ultrasonographic evaluation of the urinary tract is required to consistently detect feline uroliths. Evaluation of clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings facilitate "guesstimation" of the mineral composition of uroliths. Therapy should not be initiated before appropriate samples have been collected for diagnosis. The objectives of medical management of uroliths are to arrest further growth and to promote urolith dissolution by correcting or controlling underlying abnormalities. For therapy to be effective, it must induce undersaturation of urine with calculogenic crystalloids by (1) increasing the solubility of crystalloids in urine, (2) increasing the volume of urine in which crystalloids are dissolved or suspended, and (3) reducing the quantity of calculogenic crystalloids in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Osborne
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA
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Cari AO, Jody PL, Rosama T, Lisa KU, Lori AK, Kathleen AB, Joseph WB. Feline Urolithiasis : Etiology and Pathophysiology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Davidsson T, Lindergård B, Obrant K, Månsson W. Long-term metabolic effects of urinary diversion on skeletal bone: histomorphometric and mineralogic analysis. Urology 1995; 46:328-33. [PMID: 7660507 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(99)80215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the long-term influence of different types of intestinal urinary diversion on skeletal bone and its mineral content. METHODS Densitometry was used to estimate bone mineral content, and bone biopsies were analyzed with histomorphometric technique. The study comprised 20 patients with conduit urinary diversion and 19 with cecal continent reservoir, all followed up for more than 5 years, with normal or near-normal renal function. RESULTS Bone mineral content did not differ significantly between the patients with cecal continent urinary reservoir and those with conduit diversion or between these groups and a reference group. At the cellular level, the histomorphometric analysis revealed no defective bone mineralization or increased bone resorption in either group of patients. The trabecular bone volume was greater than normal in the reservoir group, but not in the conduit group. The appositional rate was significantly below normal in both groups of patients, but did not differ between conduit and reservoir patients. CONCLUSIONS Subtle changes in electrolytes and acid-base homeostasis identified in adults with intestinal segments incorporated in the urinary tract and with largely normal renal function do not seem to influence bone mineralization in the long term. At the cellular level, a lower than normal appositional rate was found in the patients with conduit or continent urinary diversion. In the latter group, this finding, together with increased trabecular bone volume, may indicate a decrease of bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Davidsson
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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van Mosel M, Wouterse HS, van't Klooster AT. Effects of reducing dietary ([Na+ + K+]-[Cl- + SO4 =]) on bone in dairy cows at parturition. Res Vet Sci 1994; 56:270-6. [PMID: 8073176 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5288(94)90141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of feeding diets with different milliequivalents (mEq) of dietary ([Na+ + K+]-[Cl- + SO4 =]) to dairy cows during the last seven weeks of pregnancy on bone morphology at parturition were studied. Nine monozygotic twin pairs of pregnant cows (five pairs of parity 1 or 2 and four pairs of parity 3 or more) were allocated to two diets which were formulated to provide either -4 mEq (anion diet) or +572.5 mEq (cation diet) of ([Na+ + K+]-[Cl- + SO4 =]) kg-1 dietary dry matter. Bone biopsies were taken from the tuber coxae between three and eight hours after parturition. The plasma concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus, the total plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and the urinary hydroxyproline:creatinine ratio were not significantly affected by diet during the experimental period. In low parity (2 or less) cows the percentage trabecular bone volume, the percentage osteoclast surface and the mean number of osteoclasts per microscopic field (identified by Goldner staining) were lower on the anion diet than on the cation diet (P < 0.02). In the high parity cows, the percentage osteoid volume (P < 0.05) and the ratio of percentage osteoid volume to percentage osteoid surface (P < 0.001) were greater in the cows fed the anion diet than in the cows fed the cation diet. The results show that reducing the mEq of dietary ([Na+ + K+]-[Cl- + SO4 =]) to -4 mEq kg-1 dietary dry matter affected some of the parameters of bone formation but did not enhance bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Mosel
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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