1
|
Hartung N, Abrams SA, Huisinga W, Weisser K. Calcium kinetic rates in Caucasian males and females from birth to adulthood. Bone 2024; 189:117254. [PMID: 39260784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Calcium plays an important role in bone physiology and its kinetics change over lifetime. The analysis of calcium deposition and release through stable isotope techniques has guided recommendations on nutritional uptake for overall health. In addition, calcium kinetics have great relevance for toxicokinetic studies of bone-seeking elements (e.g, aluminium and lead) since these elements use common uptake and release pathways. While the impact of many factors on calcium kinetics have been investigated individually, a consolidated age- and sex-dependent kinetic description amenable for toxicokinetic modeling, however, is still lacking. Motivated by this need, we systematically reviewed the existing literature on calcium kinetics and assembled a large and consistent dataset. Then, building on the work of O'Flaherty in the 1990s, we formulated age- and sex-dependent functions describing calcium deposition, release, net retention, and mass. This description represents the current knowledge on calcium kinetics in a reference individual of Caucasians as most data was from this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hartung
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Steven A Abrams
- Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Wilhelm Huisinga
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karin Weisser
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 7, 63225 Langen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kravchik MV, Zolotenkova GV, Grusha YO, Pigolkin YI, Fettser EI, Zolotenkov DD, Gridina NV, Badyanova LV, Alexandrov AA, Novikov IA. Age-related changes in cationic compositions of human cranial base bone apatite measured by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) coupled with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Biometals 2022; 35:1077-1094. [PMID: 35922585 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common scientific methods to study the chemical composition of bone matter is energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). However, interpretation of the data obtained can be quite complicated and require a thorough understanding of bone structure. This is especially important when evaluating subtle changes of chemical composition, including the age-related ones. The aim of current study is to create a method of processing the obtained data that can be utilized in clinical medicine and use it to evaluate the age evolution of bone chemical composition. To achieve this goal, an elemental composition of 62 samples of cadaver compact bone, taken from the skull base (age: Me = 57.5; 21/91(min/max); Q1 = 39.5, Q3 = 73.75), was studied with EDS. We used the original method to estimate the amount of Mg2+ cations. We detected and confirmed an increase of Mg2+ cation formula amount in the bone apatite, which characterizes age-related resorption rate. Analysis of cation estimated ratio in a normative bone hydroxylapatite showed an increase of Mg2+ amount (R = 0.43, p = 0.0005). Also, Ca weight fraction was shown to decrease with age (R = - 0.43, p = 0.0005), which in turn confirmed the age-dependent bone decalcification. In addition, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were performed. EDS data confirmed the EPMA results (R = 0.76, p = 0.001). In conclusion, the proposed method can be used in forensic medicine and provide additional data to the known trends of decalcification and change of density and crystallinity of mineral bone matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Kravchik
- Scientific Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11A Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021.
| | - G V Zolotenkova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation, 119495
| | - Y O Grusha
- Scientific Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11A Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation, 119495
| | - Y I Pigolkin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation, 119495
| | - E I Fettser
- Scientific Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11A Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation, 119495
| | - D D Zolotenkov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation, 119495
| | - N V Gridina
- Design Information Technologies Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Odintsovo, Russian Federation, 143000
| | - L V Badyanova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| | - A A Alexandrov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| | - I A Novikov
- Scientific Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11A Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
de Knegt VE, Carlsen EM, Bech Jensen JE, Lade Rasmussen AM, Pryds O. DXA performance in a pediatric population: precision of body composition measurements in healthy term-born infants using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Clin Densitom 2015; 18:117-23. [PMID: 25439455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has been hailed as a golden standard for measuring body composition in adults but remains to be fully assessed for the infant population. A total of 64 newborn infants were allocated to 1 of 3 groups. All underwent 2 Hologic Discovery A DXA scans. Suboptimal scans were reconstructed, and an investigation into the success of adjustment was carried out. Depending on group, the factors of weight change and repositioning were investigated. Test-retest variation and coefficients of variation for DXA body composition estimates were calculated. Furthermore, the effects of flannel sheets and breast milk were investigated using a pediatric phantom. Reconstruction of suboptimal scans resulted in more accurate body weight estimates. Moderate weight change and repositioning had no significant effect on the variation between scans. No significant body composition changes occurred between scans. The test-retest variation varied between 6.3% and 11.8%. Flannel sheets and breast milk affected DXA results significantly. High precision of DXA measurements was obtained in our newborn population. Reconstructing scans is a viable way of correcting minor movement artifacts. Moderate weight changes and repositioning have no significant effect on DXA results, whereas flannel sheets and milk do.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ole Pryds
- Department of Paediatrics, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
New reference values for calcium. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2013; 63:186-92. [PMID: 24356454 DOI: 10.1159/000354482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The nutrition societies of Germany, Austria and Switzerland are the joint editors of the 'reference values for nutrient intake'. They have revised the reference values for the intake of calcium and published them in June 2013. The reference values for the calcium intake for infants are derived from the calcium content of breast milk. For infants from 4 to <12 months of age, the calcium intake from solid foods is included in addition to the calcium intake from breast milk. Thus, the reference values for infants are estimated values; they are 220 mg/day for infants to <4 months and 330 mg/day for infants from 4 to <12 months of age. As a parameter for determining the calcium requirement in children and adolescents, calcium retention is taken into account. The average requirement is calculated by the factorial method. A balanced calcium metabolism is calculated based upon calcium balance studies and used as a parameter for the determination of the calcium requirement in adults. On the basis of the average requirement, recommended calcium intake levels for children, adolescents and adults are derived. Depending on age, the recommended calcium intake ranges between 600 mg/day for children aged 1 to <4 years and 1,200 mg/day for adolescents aged 13 to <19 years; for adults, it is 1,000 mg/day.
Collapse
|
6
|
Diogenes MEL, Bezerra FF, Rezende EP, Taveira MF, Pinhal I, Donangelo CM. Effect of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy in Brazilian adolescent mothers: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:82-91. [PMID: 23719547 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.056275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy and lactation in adolescents with habitually low calcium intake may adversely affect maternal bone mass. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on bone mass during lactation in Brazilian adolescent mothers with low-calcium diets (∼600 mg/d). DESIGN Pregnant adolescents (14-19 y) randomly received daily calcium (600 mg) plus vitamin D3 (200 IU) (n = 30) or a placebo (n = 26) from 26 wk of pregnancy (baseline) until parturition. The bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), and bone mineral density (BMD) at the total body, lumbar spine, and hip (total and femoral neck) were evaluated by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 5 and 20 wk postpartum. Serum hormones and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured. Group comparisons were adjusted for significant covariates. RESULTS The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 59 nmol/L at baseline. In comparison with the placebo, 25(OH)D tended to be 14-15 nmol/L higher postpartum in the supplemented group (P = 0.08). Total body and hip BMC and BMD decreased over time (P ≤ 0.005) in both groups with a group × time interaction at the femoral neck (P < 0.04). Supplemented mothers had higher lumbar spine BA (6.7%; P = 0.002) and lumbar spine BMC (7.9%, P = 0.08) than did mothers who consumed the placebo at 5 wk postpartum. At 20 wk postpartum, differences between groups were more evident, with higher lumbar spine BMC (13.9%), lumbar spine BA (6.2%), and lumbar spine BMD (10.6%) in the supplemented group (P ≤ 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy of adolescents with low calcium intake results in higher lumbar spine bone mass and a reduced rate of femoral neck bone loss during lactation. Additional studies are required to determine whether bone effects are temporary or long-lasting. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01732328.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eduarda L Diogenes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional e de Alimentos, Instituto de Química and the Maternidade Escola, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malouf J, DiGregorio S, Del Rio L, Torres F, Marin AM, Farrerons J, Herrera S, Domingo P. Fat tissue measurements by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry: cross-calibration of 3 different fan-beam instruments. J Clin Densitom 2013; 16:212-22. [PMID: 22698632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of total tissue composition and, particularly, body fat measurements has become progressively important in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with different clinical conditions. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) fan-beam scanners are widely used to measure body composition, but the development of translational equations to be able to compare data of different scanning systems is necessary. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of agreement for regional measurements of body composition among the following 3 fan-beam DXA scanners: (1) Hologic Discovery (Hologic, Inc., Waltham, MA), (2) Lunar iDXA (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI), and (3) Lunar Prodigy Advance (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI). The study population consisted of 91 adult healthy volunteers (40 males and 51 females; mean age 48.5±14.4yr) who underwent DXA evaluation of the lumbar spine, hip, and whole body in each machine on the same day. Agreement among the 3 scanners was evaluated according to the Bland-Altman method and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient. Results showed a better agreement and concordance for the Lunar iDXA scanner than for any of them with the Hologic scanner. Differences were higher for any tissue or region than for the whole tissue mass. Translational equations were developed to ensure comparability of body composition measurements obtained with each of these 3 scanners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Malouf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mineral Metabolism Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zemel BS. Human biology at the interface of paediatrics: measuring bone mineral accretion during childhood. Ann Hum Biol 2012; 39:402-11. [PMID: 22834897 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2012.704071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professor Tanner established a paradigm for the study of growth and development that demands precise growth measurements, description of normal variability through development to adulthood, consideration of the effects of tempo and the study of factors that influence growth outcomes. The relatively new field of paediatric bone health assessment fits this paradigm and reflects the collaboration of human biologists and paediatricians in understanding the growth of the human skeleton. REVIEW This review describes the reasons for clinical assessment of bone density in children, the technological developments in bone health assessment in children, the development of reference curves and the effects of growth, body composition, pubertal timing, genetics and lifestyle on bone health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babette S Zemel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, room 1560, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hill KM, Braun MM, Egan KA, Martin BR, McCabe LD, Peacock M, McCabe GP, Weaver CM. Obesity augments calcium-induced increases in skeletal calcium retention in adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:2171-7. [PMID: 21490075 PMCID: PMC3135197 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Overweight adolescents have low bone mineral content for weight and are at increased risk for fractures. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine whether overweight and obesity influence the positive relationship between dietary calcium intake and skeletal calcium retention in adolescents. DESIGN Analysis of pooled data from calcium balance studies in adolescents. SETTING Participants each underwent a 3-wk calcium balance study in a controlled environment. PARTICIPANTS Participants included 280 White, Black, and Asian boys (n = 73) and girls (n = 207) ages 10-16 yr. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The relationship among body mass index (BMI), calcium intake, and calcium retention was modeled using linear regression. RESULTS Calcium intake, BMI, sex, race, and age explained 27.9% of the variation in calcium retention. At low calcium intakes, there was no effect of BMI on skeletal calcium retention, but at higher calcium intakes, BMI increased skeletal calcium retention. CONCLUSIONS Greater gains in calcium retention occur with increases in calcium intake in adolescents with higher BMI compared with those with lower BMI. Additional studies are needed to investigate whether increasing calcium intake reduces the increased risk of fracture associated with overweight and obesity in adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Hill
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abrams SA. Calcium absorption in infants and small children: methods of determination and recent findings. Nutrients 2010; 2:474-80. [PMID: 22254034 PMCID: PMC3257657 DOI: 10.3390/nu2040474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining calcium bioavailability is important in establishing dietary calcium requirements. In infants and small children, previously conducted mass balance studies have largely been replaced by stable isotope-based studies. The ability to assess calcium absorption using a relatively short 24-hour urine collection without the need for multiple blood samples or fecal collections is a major advantage to this technique. The results of these studies have demonstrated relatively small differences in calcium absorption efficiency between human milk and currently available cow milk-based infant formulas. In older children with a calcium intake typical of Western diets, calcium absorption is adequate to meet bone mineral accretion requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Abrams
- Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Adequate dietary intake during the growth period is critical for bone mineral accretion. In 1997, an adequate intake (AI) of 1300 mg/d Ca was set for North American adolescents aged 9-18 years based on best available data. We determined bone Ca accrual values from age 9 to 18 years taking into account sex and maturity. Furthermore, we used the accrual data to estimate adolescents' Ca requirements. Total body bone mineral content (TBBMC) of eighty-five boys and sixty-seven girls participating in the Saskatchewan Paediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study were used to determine annual TBBMC accumulation over the pubertal growth period. Using a similar factorial approach as the AI, we estimated Ca requirements of adolescent boys and girls for two age groups: 9-13 and 14-18 years. Between 9 and 18 years, boys accrued 198.8 (SD 74.5) g bone mineral content (BMC) per year, equivalent to 175.4 (SD 65.7) mg Ca per d with the maximum BMC accrual of 335.9 g from age 13 to 14 years. Girls had 138.1 (SD 64.2) g BMC per year, equalling121.8 (SD 56.6) mg Ca per d with the maximum annual BMC accrual of 266.0 g from age 12 to 13 years. Differences were observed between both sex and age groups with respect to Ca needs: boys and girls aged 9-13 years would require 1000-1100 mg/d Ca, and from age 14 to 18 years, the mean Ca requirements would be relatively stable at 1000 mg/d for girls but would rise to 1200 mg/d for boys.
Collapse
|
12
|
Vitamin D receptor gene FokI polymorphisms influence bone mass in adolescent football (soccer) players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:31-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
13
|
Richardson RB. Factors that elevate the internal radionuclide and chemical retention, dose and health risks to infants and children in a radiological-nuclear emergency. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2009; 134:167-180. [PMID: 19460847 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The factors that influence the dose and risk to vulnerable population groups from exposure and internal uptake of chemicals are examined and, in particular, the radionuclides released in chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive events. The paper seeks to identify the areas that would benefit from further research. The intake and body burdens of carbon and calcium were assessed as surrogates for contaminants that either act like or bind to hydrocarbons (e.g. tritium and (14)C) or bone-seeking radionuclides (e.g. (90)Sr and (239)Pu). The shortest turnover times for such materials in the whole body were evaluated for the newborn: 11 d and 0.5 y for carbon and calcium, respectively. However, their biokinetic behaviour is complicated by a particularly high percentage of the gut-absorbed dietary intake of carbon (approximately 16%) and calcium (approximately 100%) that is incorporated into the soft tissue and skeleton of the growing neonate. The International Commission on Radiological Protection dose coefficients (Sv Bq(-1)) were examined for 14 radionuclides, including 9 of concern because of their potential use in radiological dispersal devices. The dose coefficients for a 3-month-old are greater than those for adults (2-56 times more for ingestion and 2-12 times for inhalation). The age-dependent dose and exposure assessment of contaminant intakes would improve by accounting for gender and growth where it is currently neglected. Health risk is evaluated as the product of the exposure and hazard factors, the latter being about 10-fold greater in infants than in adults. The exposure factor is also approximately 10-fold higher for ingestion by infants than by adults, and unity for inhalation varying with the contaminant. Qualitative and quantitative physiological and epidemiological evidence supports infants being more vulnerable to cancer and neurological deficit than older children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Richardson
- Radiation Biology and Health Physics Branch, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Developmental origins of osteoporotic fracture. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009. [PMID: 19227545 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8749-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
|
15
|
Nichols BL. Establishment of the USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital in 1978. J Nutr 2009; 139:188-91. [PMID: 19056811 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.092627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Children's Nutrition Research Center (CNRC) is a unique cooperative venture among Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and the USDA/Agricultural Research Service. The CNRC is dedicated to defining the nutrient needs of children, from conception through adolescence, and the needs of pregnant women and nursing mothers. Scientific data from the Center enable healthcare providers and policy advisors to make dietary recommendations that improve the health of today's children and that of generations to come. CNRC research has already impacted feeding guidelines for normal U.S. children and all children of the world.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhu K, Greenfield H, Zhang Q, Du X, Ma G, Foo LH, Cowell CT, Fraser DR. Growth and bone mineral accretion during puberty in Chinese girls: a five-year longitudinal study. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:167-72. [PMID: 17907923 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.071006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There are few longitudinal data on bone development during puberty in children with low calcium intake. This 5-yr longitudinal study showed that, in Chinese girls, the mean apparent calcium retention efficiency during puberty was 40.9%, PHV occurred at 3-0 yr before menarche, and peak bone mineral accretion occurred 1 yr later than PHV. Chinese girls have high calcium retention efficiency during puberty. INTRODUCTION There are few longitudinal data on bone development during puberty in children with low dietary calcium intake. The aim of this study was to examine the rate of growth and bone mineral accretion and study the predictors of total body BMC during puberty in a 5-yr longitudinal study with Chinese girls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-two girls, 9.5-10.5 yr of age at baseline, from the unsupplemented control group of a school milk intervention trial were included in this analysis. Data on anthropometric measurements, total body BMC as assessed by DXA, and calcium intake as assessed by a 3-day food record were obtained at baseline and 1, 2, 4, and 5 yr. RESULTS The mean age of menarche was 12.1 +/- 1.0 yr. The mean annual rate of bone mineral accretion was 197.4 g/yr during the follow-up period, representing a calcium accretion rate of 162.3 mg/d. This calcium retention rate and the average dietary calcium intake of 444.1 mg/d gave an apparent calcium retention efficiency of 40.9%. Peak height velocity (PHV) occurred at 3-0 yr before menarche. Peak bone mineral accretion occurred 1 yr later than PHV. There was a decrease in size-corrected BMD in the year before menarche. In the linear mixed-effects model analysis containing body size and lifestyle factors, we found that height, body weight, and calcium intake were significant independent predictors of total body BMC. CONCLUSIONS Chinese girls with low habitual dietary calcium intake have high calcium retention efficiency during puberty. Because calcium intake is a significant predictor of total body BMC, increasing dietary calcium intake may have beneficial effects on bone mineral accretion in these girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bosscher D, Van Loo J, Franck A. Inulin and oligofructose as functional ingredients to improve bone mineralization. Int Dairy J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
18
|
Schulze KJ, Cutchins C, Rosenstein BJ, Germain-Lee EL, O'Brien KO. Calcium acquisition rates do not support age-appropriate gains in total body bone mineral content in prepuberty and late puberty in girls with cystic fibrosis. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17:731-40. [PMID: 16505982 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-005-0041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Few longitudinal data are available characterizing bone development in adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) although this is a critical time for bone mineralization. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were obtained at 1- to 4-year intervals in 18 prepubertal and pubertal girls (age 7-18 years) with CF to determine calcium (Ca) accretion rates and changes (Delta) in total body bone mineral content (TBBMC) and lumbar spine bone mineral density (LS BMD) Z-scores. Daily Ca acquisition rates were calculated assuming TBBMC was composed of 32.2% Ca. Bone Ca accretion averaged 82 mg/day (2.05 mmol/day) [(range:-38 to +197 mg/day (-0.95 to 4.9 mmol/day)] on approximately 1,200 mg/day (30 mmol/day) Ca intakes. Estimated mean peak Ca accretion was 160 mg/day (4 mmol/day) at age 13 years; losses of bone Ca occurred in late puberty. Gains in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) predicted Ca accretion (p<0.06). Body mass index (BMI) Z-score predicted LS BMD and TBBMC Z-score cross-sectionally but did not predict DeltaTBBMC Z-score. Changes in TBBMC Z-score paralleled Ca accretion rates with age. Bone Ca accretion in girls with CF fell below rates in healthy girls during prepuberty and late puberty despite Ca intakes approaching recommendations. IGF-1 and BMI Z-scores may identify children with CF at risk of compromised bone accretion, and more data are required to elucidate roles of lung function and glucocorticoid use in compromised bone health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Schulze
- Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2179, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abrams SA, Griffin IJ, Hawthorne KM, Chen Z, Gunn SK, Wilde M, Darlington G, Shypailo RJ, Ellis KJ. Vitamin D receptor Fok1 polymorphisms affect calcium absorption, kinetics, and bone mineralization rates during puberty. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:945-53. [PMID: 15883634 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.050114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Few studies of the VDR polymorphisms have looked at calcium metabolism or long-term effects. We measured bone mineralization and calcium metabolic parameters longitudinally in a group of 99 adolescents. We found a significant relationship between calcium absorption and skeletal calcium accretion and the Fok1, but not other VDR or related, genetic polymorphisms. It seems that the Fok1 polymorphism directly affects bone mineralization during pubertal growth through an effect on calcium absorption. INTRODUCTION There are few data regarding the relationship between genetic markers for low bone mass and changes in calcium metabolism in childhood or adolescence. We sought to identify the effects of polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) on calcium and bone mineral metabolism in a longitudinal study of pubertal adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adolescents (n = 99) received comprehensive stable isotope studies of calcium absorption, bone calcium kinetics, and bone mineralization. Studies were repeated 12 months later. Polymorphisms of putative genetic markers were determined and related to bone mineralization and calcium metabolic finding. Results were analyzed by ANOVA in which changes over time were determined using the initial value as a covariate. RESULTS Polymorphisms of the Fok1 gene of the VDR were significantly related to calcium absorption (p = 0.008) and whole body BMC (p = 0.03) and BMD (p = 0.006). The Fok1 effect on whole body BMD was significant for those with Ca intake >800 mg/day (p < 0.001), whereas for those with Ca intake < or = 800 mg/day, the Fok1 genotype did not have a significant effect on whole body BMD (p = 0.40). The Fok1 genotype was significantly related to the changes during the year in whole body calcium accretion, with the ff genotype having a 63 +/- 20 mg/day deficit compared with the FF genotype (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS The Fok1 polymorphism of the VDR receptor seems to directly affect bone mineral accretion during pubertal growth through an effect on calcium absorption. The relationship between different genetic polymorphisms and bone mineral metabolism may vary by life stage as well as diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Abrams
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Margulies L, Horlick M, Thornton JC, Wang J, Ioannidou E, Heymsfield SB. Reproducibility of pediatric whole body bone and body composition measures by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry using the GE Lunar Prodigy. J Clin Densitom 2005; 8:298-304. [PMID: 16055960 DOI: 10.1385/jcd:8:3:298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in pediatrics is increasing. It is safe, readily available, and easily performed, but there is little information on reproducibility. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reproducibility of whole body DXA scans in children. Total and regional bone mineral density, bone mineral content, nonbone, lean fat mass, and percent fat were measured twice by whole body DXA (GE Lunar Prodigy) in 49 subjects (5 to 17 yr). Within each subject, between subjects, and reading standard deviations for each body component were evaluated as well as intraclass correlations (IC) and coefficients of variation (CV). Total body measurements had better IC and CV than regional results from the whole body scan, with legs and arms better than trunk and spine. IC values were >or=0.989 for total body, >or=0.976 for legs and arms, and >or=0.875 for trunk and spine. CV values ranged 0.18 to 1.97% for total body, and 0.96 to 6.91% for regional measures. These values confirm that body composition and bone mass by DXA are highly reproducible among pediatric subjects. The results of this study can be used by clinicians and researchers for interpretation of longitudinal observations and for power calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Margulies
- Body Composition Unit, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, and Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Horlick M, Wang J, Pierson RN, Thornton JC. Prediction models for evaluation of total-body bone mass with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry among children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2004; 114:e337-45. [PMID: 15342895 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The performance of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in identifying children with decreased bone mass is increasing, but there is no consensus regarding how to interpret the results. The World Health Organization diagnostic categories for normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis, based on T scores, are not applicable to children and adolescents who have not yet reached peak bone mass. The pediatric reference standards provided by DXA manufacturers have been questioned. Bone mineral density determined with DXA is "areal" density (a 2-dimensional measurement of a 3-dimensional structure), and its misleading nature among growing and maturing children is well recognized. Few published pediatric reference values for bone mineral density measured with DXA include factors that are known to affect the results besides age and gender. Our objective was to develop an algorithm for the evaluation of bone mass among children that included known determinants of bone mass and of its measurement with DXA. METHODS Height, weight, pubertal status, and total-body bone mineral content, total-body bone area, and total-body bone mineral density measured with DXA were recorded for an ethnically diverse group of healthy pediatric subjects (n = 1218; age: 6-18 years). Prediction models for bone measurements were developed and validated with healthy pediatric subjects and then applied to children with medical disorders. RESULTS There was a significant gender effect, as well as an interaction between gender and ethnicity. Separate models were developed for log total-body bone mineral content, log total-body bone area, and 1/total-body bone mineral density for girls and boys. The variability explained for each measurement increased from level 1, including age and ethnicity (76-86%), to level 2, including age, ethnicity, height, and weight (84-97%), and to level 3, including age, ethnicity, height, weight, and bone area (89-99%). Pubertal stage was an additional significant predictor of bone measurements but increased the explained variability by only 0.1% with height and weight in the models. The values predicted with each model were not different from measured values for the validation group but were different for patients with medical disorders, with different patterns according to the diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS These models, including known determinants of bone mass and of bone measurements with DXA, provide an evaluation of pediatric bone mass that proceeds in steps from level 1 to level 3. The outcomes were different for patients at risk for compromised bone mass, compared with healthy children, with specific patterns for each medical disorder. We propose an algorithm for evaluation of bone measurements that follows levels 1 to 3. Our findings suggest that application of this algorithm to well-characterized groups of pediatric patients could identify disease-specific features of DXA results. We recommend this approach as a basis for consensus regarding the clinical evaluation of pediatric bone mass, and we suggest that it could lead to meaningful classification of pediatric bone disorders, investigation of pathophysiologic processes, and development of appropriate interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Horlick
- Body Composition Unit, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York 10025, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Increased longevity and improved medical management of children with chronic illnesses has led to a focus on the short- and long-term consequences of these conditions on bone health. Bone loss is influenced by diet, malabsorption, and disease-related imbalances in bone turnover. It may be exacerbated by common medications, especially corticosteroids. Assessment of bone mass and quality, calcium absorption, kinetically derived rates of bone turnover, and biochemical markers of bone turnover have increased our knowledge of the pathophysiology of bone loss in these children as well as provided insights into possible therapeutic interventions. Increased intake of calcium and vitamin D, while useful, is unlikely to prevent or resolve bone loss in many chronically ill children. Emphasis on combination of nutritional interventions with exercise and newer bone-sparing therapies may be necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Abrams
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schulze KJ, O'Brien KO, Germain-Lee EL, Booth SL, Leonard A, Rosenstein BJ. Calcium kinetics are altered in clinically stable girls with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:3385-91. [PMID: 15240619 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-031879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reduced bone mass in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) may result from alterations in calcium metabolism. Bone calcium deposition and resorption rates, calcium balance, and markers of bone turnover were assessed using stable isotopes of calcium in 22 prepubertal and pubertal girls with CF. Bone calcium deposition was associated with the availability of dietary calcium, total serum osteocalcin, and leptin concentrations. Reduced bone mass in individuals with CF may result from inadequate bone calcium (Ca) deposition, and excessive resorption, although these parameters have not been directly assessed in children with CF. We used stable Ca isotopes to measure rates of bone Ca deposition (Vo+), resorption, and retention in 22 clinically stable girls with CF (aged 7-18 yr). Rates of bone Ca deposition were determined by mathematically modeling the disappearance of iv Ca stable isotope ((42)Ca) for 6 d post dosing. Indirect markers of bone turnover and hormones associated with pubertal development were also assessed. Rates of bone Ca deposition and retention were highest during early puberty (Tanner stages 2 and 3). Calcium deposition rates in prepubertal (Tanner 1) and postmenarchal girls (Tanner stages 4 and 5) did not support substantial bone Ca retention. Net absorption of dietary Ca and serum osteocalcin and leptin concentrations were positively associated with Vo+. Time post menarche and serum leptin concentrations explained 91% of the variability in Vo+ (P = 0.0007). Serum total osteocalcin was low (10.9 +/- 5.4 ng/ml), and a substantial percentage of osteocalcin was undercarboxylated (54.3 +/- 11.8%). We concluded that increased calcium absorption and serum leptin concentrations were significantly associated with rates of bone Ca deposition, demonstrating an impact of nutritional status on this process. Rates of bone Ca deposition were lower than typically reported in healthy children, as were indirect markers of bone formation. These alterations in bone turnover contribute to reduced bone mass in girls with CF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Schulze
- Center for Human Nutrition, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
O'Brien KO, Nathanson MS, Mancini J, Witter FR. Calcium absorption is significantly higher in adolescents during pregnancy than in the early postpartum period. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 78:1188-93. [PMID: 14668282 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/78.6.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childbearing may limit skeletal consolidation and increase calcium demands in adolescents. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to characterize calcium absorption in pregnant and lactating adolescents. DESIGN Fractional calcium absorption was evaluated in 23 adolescents (mean +/- SD age: 16.5 +/- 1.4 y) during the third trimester of pregnancy (34.7 +/- 1.0 wk gestation) and again in 15 of these adolescents 31 +/- 8 d after delivery. Eight adolescents were breastfeeding their infants during the follow-up study. Fractional calcium absorption was determined by using oral ((46)Ca or (44)Ca) and intravenous ((42)Ca) stable calcium isotopes. Total-body and lumbar spine bone mineral density were measured in adolescents during the postpartum period by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Fractional calcium absorption was significantly greater during pregnancy than at 3-4 wk postpartum [0.526 +/- 0.152 (n = 23) compared with 0.297 +/- 0.108 (n = 15); P < 0.0001]. Lumbar spine z scores measured 19-44 d after delivery (n = 15) were significantly associated with calcium intake during pregnancy (y = -3.53 + 0.107x; R(2) = 0.355, P < 0.02) and were inversely related to fractional calcium absorption during pregnancy (y = 3.489 - 6.66x; R(2) = 0.52, P = 0.002). A total of 33% (5/15) of adolescents had lumbar spine z scores that met the definition of osteopenia (n = 3) or osteoporosis (n = 2) in the early postpartum period. CONCLUSIONS Calcium absorption in adolescents was significantly higher during the third trimester of pregnancy than in the early postpartum period, and higher calcium intakes during pregnancy appeared to be protective against loss of trabecular bone at the lumbar spine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly O O'Brien
- Center for Human Nutrition, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room 2041, Baltimore, MD 21205-2179, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Women lose bone during lactation, and this is an important mechanism to provide calcium for human milk. Bone loss during lactation occurs even in women with high calcium intakes. Lactation-induced bone loss is transient because bone density increases rapidly after weaning. Bone loss during lactation and recovery after weaning are related to ovarian function and the length of postpartum amenorrhea. The recovery of bone after weaning can occur with shortly spaced pregnancies. Women who have breastfed several infants do not have reduced bone density after menopause. Overall, the transient bone loss during lactation does not seem to increase a woman's risk of osteoporotic fracture in her elder years. Further research is needed on special subgroups of women, such as adolescents, women who are vitamin D deficient or have extremely low calcium intakes, and women who have simultaneously breastfed multiple infants to determine whether these women are able to regain sufficient bone mass after lactation to preserve their bone health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Kalkwarf
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schulze KJ, O'brien KO, Germain-Lee EL, Baer DJ, Leonard ALR, Rosenstein BJ. Endogenous fecal losses of calcium compromise calcium balance in pancreatic-insufficient girls with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2003; 143:765-71. [PMID: 14657825 DOI: 10.1067/s0022-3476(03)00539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone mineral density is compromised in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF); calcium is the major bone mineral. This study examined the impact of endogenous fecal calcium (V(endo)) losses on calcium balance in girls with CF. Study design V(endo) was measured in 12 girls with CF (aged 7-18 years): 7 younger, premenarcheal girls with compromised nutritional status; and 5 older, postmenarcheal girls with adequate nutritional status. V(endo) was measured as the amount of intravenously administered (42)Ca, a calcium stable isotope, in stool relative to urine over 6 days. V(endo) was compared between pre- and postmenarcheal girls by Student's t test. Actual calcium balance [absorbed calcium-(urinary calcium (V(u))+V(endo))] was compared with estimated balance (assuming V(endo)=1.6 mg/kg/day calcium) by paired t test. RESULTS V(endo) was 99.3+/-42.3 mg/day. By body weight, V(endo) was highest among premenarcheal girls (3.37+/-1.09 mg/kg/day), resulting in excess losses (>1.6 mg/kg/day) of 55.0+/-45.7 mg/day. Over 1 year, this represents 20.1+/-16.7 g of unattained bone calcium or 6.7+/-4.2% of the bone calcium content of these girls. CONCLUSIONS V(endo) is a significant source of calcium loss in individuals with CF and may limit calcium availability for bone mineral deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Schulze
- Center for Human Nutrition, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Schulze KJ, O'Brien KO, Germain-Lee EL, Baer DJ, Leonard A, Rosenstein BJ. Efficiency of calcium absorption is not compromised in clinically stable prepubertal and pubertal girls with cystic fibrosis. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78:110-6. [PMID: 12816779 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/78.1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced bone mass is common in both children and adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) and may be a consequence of inadequate calcium absorption. The effect of CF on intestinal calcium absorption and retention has not been described in children. OBJECTIVE Calcium absorption and urinary losses were characterized in clinically stable girls with CF consuming self-selected diets and following usual pancreatic enzyme regimens. DESIGN The percentage of calcium absorption was assessed in 23 girls (aged 7-18 y) with CF by using oral ((44)Ca) and intravenous ((42)Ca) stable isotopes. Girls were grouped according to Tanner stage of breast development. True calcium absorption (V(a)) was determined as the product of percentage calcium absorption and average 4-d daily calcium intake. Calcium balance was estimated by subtracting urinary calcium and estimated endogenous fecal losses from the measure of V(a). Analysis of variance was used to compare outcomes among pubertal groups, and regression analysis was used to describe the relations of percentage and total calcium absorption to calcium intake and of urinary calcium to sodium excretion. RESULTS Percentage calcium absorption was inversely related to calcium intake. Percentage absorption and V(a) were similar to values observed in healthy girls in other studies. Total calcium absorption and estimated calcium balance were significantly greater among girls in early puberty (Tanner stages 2-3) than in prepubertal or late-pubertal girls (P < 0.05). Urinary calcium was positively related to urinary sodium excretion (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION The efficiency of calcium absorption was not compromised in clinically stable girls with CF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Schulze
- Center of Human Nutrition, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality through its association with age-related fractures. Although most effort in fracture prevention has been directed at retarding the rate of age-related bone loss, and reducing the frequency and severity of trauma among elderly people, evidence is growing that peak bone mass is an important contributor to bone strength during later life. The normal patterns of skeletal growth have been well characterized in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. It has been confirmed that boys have higher bone mineral content, but not volumetric bone density, than girls. Furthermore, in both genders there is a dissociation between the peak velocities for height gain and bone mineral accrual. Puberty is the period during which volumetric density appears to increase in both axial and appendicular sites. Many factors influence the accumulation of bone mineral during childhood and adolescence, including heredity, gender, diet, physical activity, endocrine status and sporadic risk factors such as cigarette smoking. Measures for maximizing bone mineral acquisition, particularly through encouraging physical activity and adequate dietary calcium intake, are likely to affect the risk of fracture in later generations. In addition to these modifiable factors during childhood, evidence has also accrued that the risk of fracture might be programmed during intrauterine life. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a relationship between birthweight, weight in infancy and adult bone mass. This appears to be mediated through modulation of the set-point for basal activity of pituitary-dependent endocrine systems such as the hypothalamic - pitutiary - adrenal (HPA) and growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I (GH/IGF-I) axes. Maternal smoking, diet and physical activity levels appear to modulate bone mineral acquisition during intrauterine life; furthermore, both low birth size and poor childhood growth are directly linked to the later risk of hip fracture. The optimization of maternal nutrition and intrauterine growth should also be included within preventive strategies against osteoporotic fracture, albeit for future generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Javaid
- MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bailey DA, Martin AD, McKay HA, Whiting S, Mirwald R. Calcium accretion in girls and boys during puberty: a longitudinal analysis. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15:2245-50. [PMID: 11092406 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.11.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to estimate the magnitude and variability of peak calcium accretion rates in the skeletons of healthy white adolescents. Total-body bone mineral content (BMC) was measured annually on six occasions by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Hologic 2000, array mode), a BMC velocity curve was generated for each child by a cubic spline fit, and peak accretion rates were determined. Anthropometric measures were collected every 6 months and a 24-h dietary recall was recorded two to three times per year. Of the 113 boys and 115 girls initially enrolled in the study, 60 boys and 53 girls who had peak height velocity (PHV) and peak BMC velocity values were used in this longitudinal analysis. When the individual BMC velocity curves were aligned on the age of peak bone mineral velocity, the resulting mean peak bone mineral accrual rate was 407 g/year for boys (SD, 92 g/year; range, 226-651 g/year) and 322 g/year for girls (SD, 66 g/year; range, 194-520 g/year). Using 32.2% as the fraction of calcium in bone mineral, as determined by neutron activation analysis (Ellis et al., J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:843-848), these corresponded to peak calcium accretion rates of 359 mg/day for boys (81 mg/day; 199-574 mg/day) and 284 mg/day for girls (58 mg/day; 171-459 mg/day). These longitudinal results are 27-34% higher than our previous cross-sectional analysis in which we reported mean values of 282 mg/day for boys and 212 mg/day for girls (Martin et al., Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:611-615). Mean age of peak calcium accretion was 14.0 years for the boys (1.0 years; 12.0-15.9 years), and 12.5 years for the girls (0.9 years; 10.5-14.6 years). Dietary calcium intake, determined as the mean of all assessments up to the age of peak accretion was 1140 mg/day (SD, 392 mg/day) for boys and 1113 mg/day (SD, 378 mg/day) for girls. We estimate that 26% of adult calcium is laid down during the 2 adolescent years of peak skeletal growth. This period of rapid growth requires high accretion rates of calcium, achieved in part by increased retention efficiency of dietary calcium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Bailey
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
A discussion of observational and longitudinal studies examining the effect of early-life calcium intake on bone health is provided. A critical analysis of pediatric calcium supplementation trials is conducted by determining annualized percent changes in bone mineral density (BMD). The focus of the analysis is to identify consistent findings at specific bone sites, determine whether effects differed by the age of children studied, and establish the relationship between bone changes and baseline calcium intake. We found that increases in BMD owing to higher calcium intake among children appear to occur primarily in cortical bone sites, are most apparent among populations with low baseline calcium intakes, and do not seem to persist beyond the calcium supplementation period. Older (e.g., pubertal) children appear to have greater annual increases in lumbar BMD than younger (e.g., prepubertal) children. The annual percent increase in midradius BMD appears to be greater at higher intakes among the older children, but such a relationship is less apparent among the younger children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Wosje
- E.A. Martin Program in Human Nutrition, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Horlick M, Thornton J, Wang J, Levine LS, Fedun B, Pierson RN. Bone mineral in prepubertal children: gender and ethnicity. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15:1393-7. [PMID: 10893689 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.7.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports of gender and ethnic differences in bone mineral in prepubertal children have been inconsistent due to different methodologies, the problematic nature of bone density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) calculated as the ratio of bone mineral mass to projected bone area (BA), and the generally small study populations. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that gender and ethnic differences in bone mineral by DXA are present in prepubertal children. The subjects were 336 healthy Asian, black, and white prepubertal children (172 females and 164 males). Total body bone mineral content (TBBMC) was adjusted for total body BA (TBBA), age, height, and weight. Adjusted mean TBBMC was greater in males than in females (p = 0.01). The gender difference was independent of ethnicity. Adjusted mean TBBMC was different for black compared with nonblack children (p = 0.001). The ethnic difference was a function of TBBA and weight. This study in a multiethnic population of prepubertal children shows (1) a gender difference in TBBMC and (2) an ethnic difference in TBBMC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Horlick
- Body Composition Unit, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ellis KJ, Shypailo RJ, Abrams SA, Wong WW. The reference child and adolescent models of body composition. A contemporary comparison. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 904:374-82. [PMID: 10865775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the relative proportions of bone, muscle, water, visceral tissues, and body fat occur during growth. In the 1980s, reference models of body composition for children and adolescents were constructed by adjusting data on total body water (TBW), total body potassium (TBK), and regional bone mineral (BMC) data from several different Caucasian populations. In our study, we measured TBW, TBK, and total body BMC in 856 healthy European-American, African-American, and Mexican-American children. When we reconstructed the reference models using our contemporary data, we found that the body's bone, protein, and fat compartments are slightly but significantly different from the earlier models. Our study provides the range of normal body composition of healthy children, aged 5-18 years, and accounts for differences related to gender and ethnicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Ellis
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-2600, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
In vivo methods used to study human body composition continue to be developed, along with more advanced reference models that utilize the information obtained with these technologies. Some methods are well established, with a strong physiological basis for their measurement, whereas others are much more indirect. This review has been structured from the methodological point of view to help the reader understand what can be examined with each technique. The associations between the various in vivo methods (densitometry, dilution, bioelectrical impedance and conductance, whole body counting, neutron activation, X-ray absorptiometry, computer tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) and the five-level multicompartment model of body composition are described, along with the limitations and advantages of each method. This review also provides an overview of the present status of this field of research in human biology, including examples of reference body composition data for infants, children, adolescents, and adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Ellis
- Body Composition Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Picaud JC, Nyamugabo K, Braillon P, Lapillonne A, Claris O, Delmas P, Meunier P, Salle B, Rigo J. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in small subjects: influence of dual-energy X-ray equipment on assessment of mineralization and body composition in newborn piglets. Pediatr Res 1999; 46:772-7. [PMID: 10590038 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199912000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of literature that describes the use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for bone mineral content (BMC) and fat mass (FM) assessment in neonates, but the reproducibility and accuracy of the method are still controversial. Two different software programs have been developed for use on Hologic densitometers: the Pediatric Whole Body (PWB) and the Infant Whole Body (IWB) programs. They differ in scan time, radiation exposure, and in the algorithm used to assess BMC. We evaluated the reproducibility and accuracy of PWB and IWB in newborn piglets. Reproducibility of body mass (BM), FM, and BMC measurements from PWB and IWB were similar. BM agreed well with scale weight with both software programs; IWB was within +/- 0.5% and PWB was within +/- 0.3% of scale weight. FM was highly correlated with carcass fat (PWB: r = 0.962; IWB: r = 0.980). Errors in the DXA estimation of fat were similar with PWB and IWB. With both software programs, BMC was highly correlated with carcass calcium (PWB: r = 0.925, IWB: r = 0.987), but errors in the DXA estimation of calcium were about twice as high with PWB (+/- 16.9%) than with IWB (+/-9.2%). In four piglets, the addition of a layer of porcine lard was associated with an increase in BMC; this effect was more pronounced with PWB (+ 156%) than with IWB (+ 15%). The IWB software provided BMC measurements that were more precise, accurate, and stable in the presence of added fat than the measurements obtained with PWB, indicating that IWB is superior to PWB for in vivo determination of BMC and body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Picaud
- Neonatal Unit and Human Nutrition Research Center, Edouard Herriot Hospital, University of Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Christiansen P, Steiniche T, Brixen K, Hessov I, Melsen F, Heickendorff L, Mosekilde L. Primary hyperparathyroidism: whole-body bone mineral density in surgically treated Danish patients: a three-year follow-up study. Bone 1999; 25:597-602. [PMID: 10574581 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(99)00208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were measured before surgery in 25 patients (20 women and 5 men, aged 53 +/- 13 years, range 26-73 years) with mild to moderate primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and compared with 25 controls exactly matched with respect to age, gender, and menopausal status. Fifteen pairs of matched patients and controls were reexamined 3 years later (5 men and 10 women, aged 53 +/- 12 years in both groups). In the untreated PHPT patients, whole-body BMD was 95.4% +/- 10.5% (SD) of control BMD (p < 0.05). Body weight and height, body mass index, whole-body fat mass, and lean body mass did not differ significantly between the groups. Relative to values in matched controls, whole-body bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD increased by 4.4% and 3.0%, respectively, in PHPT patients (p < 0.005) during the 3-year follow-up. Neither whole-body BMC nor BMD differed between patients and controls after the 3-year follow-up. A positive correlation was observed between initial serum calcium levels and the 3-year increase in whole-body BMD (r(s) = 0.645, p < 0.01). Baseline serum osteocalcin, serum pyridinoline crosslinked telopeptide of Type I collagen and several histomorphometric indices of trabecular bone turnover (eroded and labeled surfaces, bone formation rate, and activation frequency) also correlated positively with the subsequent increase in whole-body BMD. Six patients disclosed transient postoperative secondary hyperparathyroidism, probably due to hungry bones. Four of these patients completed 3 years of follow-up and had higher increases in whole-body BMD than the remaining normo-parathyroid patients (7.9% +/- 4.5%, range 4.3-14.3% versus 1.9% +/- 2.1%, p < 0.01). It is concluded that Danish patients with mild to moderate PHPT only reveal small reductions in whole-body mineral density. Furthermore, within 3 years after parathyroid surgery, most of the lost bone mineral is regained even in patients with initial high bone turnover. Finally, PHPT in these patients is not associated with substantial changes in body compositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Christiansen
- University Department of Surgery, Aarhus Amtssygehus, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Data on accretion in bone size and bone mineral content (BMC) are needed to evaluate bone mineralisation during childhood. Whole body bone mineral content (BMC) and bone area (BA) were determined by dual energy x ray absorptiometry (Hologic 1000/W) with a one year interval in healthy girls (n = 192) and boys (n = 140) aged 6-19 years. Annual accretion in BMC (DeltaBMC (g/year)) and BA (DeltaBA (cm2/year)) according to sex and pubertal stages were calculated. DeltaBA and DeltaBMC were highly significantly associated with pubertal stages in girls and boys. Centile curves for DeltaBA and DeltaBMC according to sex and age were constructed using the LMS method. Peak DeltaBA and DeltaBMC values were reached earlier in girls (12.3 and 12.5 years, respectively) than in boys (13.4 and 14. 2 years, respectively). The DeltaBA peak was dissociated in time from the DeltaBMC peak, indicating that increase in bone size occurs before increase in bone mineral content. Assuming that 32.2% of BMC consist of calcium, the median (90th centile) annual bone calcium accretion in pubertal stage III was 220 mg/day (302) and 317 mg/day (386) for girls and boys, respectively. To obtain an average bone calcium accretion, a high calcium absorption is needed during puberty. This may have implications for dietary calcium requirements at this time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Mølgaard
- Research Department of Human Nutrition and Centre for Advanced Food Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ma R, Ellis KJ, Yasumura S, Shypailo RJ, Pierson RN. Total body-calcium measurements: comparison of two delayed-gamma neutron activation facilities. Phys Med Biol 1999; 44:N113-8. [PMID: 10498507 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/44/6/406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study compares two independently calibrated delayed-gamma neutron activation (DGNA) facilities, one at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, New York, and the other at the Children's Nutrition Research Center (CNRC), Houston, Texas that measure total body calcium (TBCa). A set of BNL phantoms was sent to CNRC for neutron activation analysis, and a set of CNRC phantoms was measured at BNL. Both facilities showed high precision (< 2%), and the results were in good agreement, within 5%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ma
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Total body fat mass based on the 4.4 MeV carbon peak in the in vivo prompt-gamma spectrum of the human body using241Am, Be neutrons. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02386310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
40
|
Ellis KJ, Shypailo RJ. Bone mineral and body composition measurements: cross-calibration of pencil-beam and fan-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometers. J Bone Miner Res 1998; 13:1613-8. [PMID: 9783550 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.10.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pencil-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometers (DXA) are being replaced with instruments that rely solely on fan-beam technology. However, information has been lacking regarding the translation of bone mineral and body composition data between the two devices. We have compared total body scans using pencil-beam (Hologic QDR-2000W) and fan-beam (Hologic QDR-4500A) instruments for 33 children (ages 3-18 years) and 14 adults. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), fat, lean, and body fatness (%fat) values were highly correlated (r2 = 0.984-0.998) between the two DXA instruments. The mean differences between the paired measurements were: deltaBMC = 7.5 +/- 73.6 g, deltaBMD = 0.0074 +/- 0.0252 g/cm2, delta lean = 1.05 +/- 1.8 kg, delta fat = -0.77 +/- 1.7 kg, and delta%fat = -0.94% +/- 2.5%. The BMC and BMD values were not statistically different, whereas the differences for the body composition values were significant (p < 0.02-0.005). Regression equations are provided for conversion of bone and body composition data between pencil-beam and fan-beam values for the whole body. To test the performance of these equations for a second group (23 subjects), predicted values were compared with the measured data obtained using the fan-beam instrument. The mean differences were -1.0% to 1.4%, except for body fat mass, where the difference was 6.4%. For cross-sectional studies, the two DXA technologies can be considered equivalent after using the translational equations provided. For longitudinal studies in which small changes in body composition for the individual are to be detected, we recommend that the same DXA instrument be used whenever possible. For example, transition from a pencil-beam to a fan-beam instrument could, in extreme cases, result in differences as large as 19% for the estimate of body fat mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Ellis
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030-2600, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rigo J, Nyamugabo K, Picaud JC, Gerard P, Pieltain C, De Curtis M. Reference values of body composition obtained by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in preterm and term neonates. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998; 27:184-90. [PMID: 9702651 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199808000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As previously reported, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry provides reliable and accurate values for bone mineralization in piglets and infants, but overestimates fat content in small infants. The purpose of the current study was to determine an appropriate equation of correction for fat mass measurement and to establish reference values of body composition of preterm and term neonates. METHODS Fat mass and chemical whole-body fat content were evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in eight piglets with a body weight between 1408 and 5151 g. The results were combined with previous data obtained in 13 piglets, and two correction equations were determined according to fat mass content. Close to birth, 106 healthy appropriate-for-gestational-age preterm and term infants were scanned by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to determine bone mineral content, bone area, and fat mass. Fat mass content determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was corrected using the equations obtained in piglets after which lean body mass was recalculated. RESULTS Multivariate analysis showed that dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry body weight was the best predictor of bone mineral content (r2 = 0.94), bone area (r2 = 0.95), lean body mass (r2 = 0.98), and fat mass (r2 = 0.84). Gender was an additional significant independent variable for fat mass and lean body mass. Body weight related curves of percentiles for bone mineral content, bone area, fat mass, and lean body mass, were constructed. In vivo dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry values of fat mass and calcium content estimated from bone mineral content were in accordance with previously reported whole-body carcass reference values in preterm and term neonates. CONCLUSION Normative data of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry body composition for healthy preterm and term infants are provided and can therefore be used in research and in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rigo
- Neonatal Unit, University of Liège, Hôpital de la Citadelle, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shypailo RJ, Posada JK, Ellis KJ. Whole-body phantoms with anthropomorphic-shaped skeletons for evaluation of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements. Appl Radiat Isot 1998; 49:503-5. [PMID: 9569528 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8043(97)00182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a set of four whole-body phantoms with anthropometric-shaped skeletons constructed of CaHPO4-doped epoxy resin, to simulate average body sizes of children at ages 4, 10, 15, and 18. Each phantom was measured on a Hologic QDR-2000 instrument with and without a set of polyethylene overlays to simulate excess body fat, and with and without a 0.6% NaCl/water mixture to simulate differences in lean tissue composition. Precision of total body BMC, based on 4 scans over 2 wk, were 0.5%-1.8%, and were correlated (r2 = 0.999, p < 0.001) with the chemical Ca content of the simulated skeleton. The addition of overlays to the phantoms to simulate increased body size and/or body fat resulted in small but significant increases in the measured values for BMC and bone area, but not that of BMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Shypailo
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The study objective was to establish the range of total body-composition values for a young, multiethnic, healthy male population (aged 3-18 y) by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results for 297 males in three ethnic groups [European American (white), n = 145; African American (black), n = 78; and Mexican American (Hispanic), n = 74] are reported. Bone mineral content (BMC), lean tissue mass (LTM), body fat mass, and percentage fat are presented as functions of age. Analysis of variance with age, weight, and height as covariates was used to evaluate differences among the three ethnic groups. BMC and LTM were higher in black than in white males, but no difference in BMC or LTM was evident between the white and Hispanic groups. The relation between total-body BMC and LTM was linear (r = 0.985, P < 0.0001) and independent of age or ethnic classification. The Hispanic males had higher body fat values than the white group, whereas the black males generally had lower values than the white group. When adjusted for body size, the Hispanic males continued to have significantly higher body fat and percentage fat than the white or black males. Ethnic-specific equations for the prediction of body composition as a function of age, weight, and height were derived. The results for the white males in the present study were compared with DXA-derived reference data reported in other countries for young white males. We conclude that reference values of total body composition for young healthy males need to be ethnic specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Ellis
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX 77030-2600, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hergenroeder AC, Smith EO, Shypailo R, Jones LA, Klish WJ, Ellis K. Bone mineral changes in young women with hypothalamic amenorrhea treated with oral contraceptives, medroxyprogesterone, or placebo over 12 months. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176:1017-25. [PMID: 9166162 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to assess (1) whether treatment with oral contraceptives, in comparison with medroxyprogesterone and placebo, improved bone mineral in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea and (2) whether treatment with medroxyprogesterone, in comparison with placebo, improved bone mineral in women with hypothalamic oligomenorrhea. STUDY DESIGN The study was a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Twenty-four white women, aged 14 to 28 years, with hypothalamic amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea were prospectively enrolled for a 12-month intervention period. Amenorrheic subjects were randomized to receive oral contraceptives, medroxyprogesterone, or placebo. Oligomenorrheic subjects were randomized to receive medroxyprogesterone or placebo. Bone mineral was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS In amenorrheic subjects spine and total body bone mineral measurements at 12 months were greater in the oral contraceptive group than in the medroxyprogesterone and placebo groups when baseline bone mineral measurements, body weight, and age were controlled for (p < or = 0.05). There were no differences in hip bone mineral calcium and bone mineral density measurements at 12 months among the three groups. In oligomenorrheic subjects there was no detectable improvement in bone mineral associated with medroxyprogesterone use. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the hypothesis that oral contraceptive use in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea will improve lumbar spine and total body bone mineral.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Hergenroeder
- General Clinical Research Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ellis KJ, Abrams SA, Wong WW. Body composition of a young, multiethnic female population. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65:724-31. [PMID: 9062521 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.3.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to establish the range of body-composition values for a multiethnic female population (aged 3-18 y) by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results for 313 females in three ethnic groups [European American (white), n = 141; African American (black), n = 104; and Mexican American (Hispanic), n = 68] are reported. Changes in the bone mineral content (BMC), lean tissue mass (LTM), fat mass, and percentage fat are presented as functions of age. Analysis of variance with age, weight, and height as covariates was used to evaluate differences among the three ethnic groups. BMC and LTM were higher in the black than the white females, but no significant difference in BMC or LTM was evident between the white and Hispanic groups. The relation between the BMC and LTM compartments was linear (r = 0.963, P < 0.0005) and independent of age or ethnic classification. The Hispanic and black females had higher percentage fat values than the white group. When adjusted for body size, the Hispanic females continued to have significantly higher fat mass and percentage fat than the white females in this study. Ethnic-specific equations for body composition as a function of age, weight, and height are given. In addition, the results for the white females in the present study were compared with DXA-derived body-composition data for reference populations in other countries. We conclude that reference values of total body composition for young females need to be ethnic-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Ellis
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-2600, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|