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Abd-Eldayem AM, Makram SM, Messiha BAS, Abd-Elhafeez HH, Abdel-Reheim MA. Cyclosporine-induced kidney damage was halted by sitagliptin and hesperidin via increasing Nrf2 and suppressing TNF-α, NF-κB, and Bax. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7434. [PMID: 38548778 PMCID: PMC10978894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is employed for organ transplantation and autoimmune disorders. Nephrotoxicity is a serious side effect that hampers the therapeutic use of CsA. Hesperidin and sitagliptin were investigated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-protective properties. We aimed to investigate and compare the possible nephroprotective effects of hesperidin and sitagliptin. Male Wistar rats were utilized for induction of CsA nephrotoxicity (20 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally for 7 days). Animals were treated with sitagliptin (10 mg/kg/day, orally for 14 days) or hesperidin (200 mg/kg/day, orally for 14 days). Blood urea, serum creatinine, albumin, cystatin-C (CYS-C), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and glucose were measured. The renal malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), catalase, and SOD were estimated. Renal TNF-α protein expression was evaluated. Histopathological examination and immunostaining study of Bax, Nrf-2, and NF-κB were performed. Sitagliptin or hesperidin attenuated CsA-mediated elevations of blood urea, serum creatinine, CYS-C, glucose, renal MDA, and MPO, and preserved the serum albumin, renal catalase, SOD, and GSH. They reduced the expressions of TNF-α, Bax, NF-κB, and pathological kidney damage. Nrf2 expression in the kidney was raised. Hesperidin or sitagliptin could protect the kidney against CsA through the mitigation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. Sitagliptin proved to be more beneficial than hesperidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abd-Eldayem
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Merit University, Sohâg, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Hanan H Abd-Elhafeez
- Department of Cell and Tissue, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Surai PF, Surai A, Earle-Payne K. Silymarin and Inflammation: Food for Thoughts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:98. [PMID: 38247522 PMCID: PMC10812610 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a vital defense mechanism, creating hostile conditions for pathogens, preventing the spread of tissue infection and repairing damaged tissues in humans and animals. However, when inflammation resolution is delayed or compromised as a result of its misregulation, the process proceeds from the acute phase to chronic inflammation, leading to the development of various chronic illnesses. It is proven that redox balance disturbances and oxidative stress are among major factors inducing NF-κB and leading to over-inflammation. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory properties of various natural antioxidants have been widely tested in various in vitro and in vivo systems. Accumulating evidence indicates that silymarin (SM) and its main constituent silibinin/silybin (SB) have great potential as an anti-inflammation agent. The main anti-inflammatory mechanism of SM/SB action is attributed to the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways and the downregulated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, CCL4, CXCL10, etc. Of note, in the same model systems, SM/SB was able to upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β, etc.) and lipid mediators involved in the resolution of inflammation. The inflammatory properties of SM/SB were clearly demonstrated in model systems based on immune (macrophages and monocytes) and non-immune (epithelial, skin, bone, connective tissue and cancer) cells. At the same time, the anti-inflammatory action of SM/SB was confirmed in a number of in vivo models, including toxicity models, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, ischemia/reperfusion models, stress-induced injuries, ageing and exercising models, wound healing and many other relevant model systems. It seems likely that the anti-inflammatory activities of SM/SB are key elements on the health-promoting properties of these phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Surai
- Vitagene and Health Research Centre, Bristol BS4 2RS, UK
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent Istvan University, H-2103 Gödöllo, Hungary
- Biochemistry and Physiology Department, Saint-Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine, 196084 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, 40021 Sumy, Ukraine
- Faculty of Technology of Grain and Grain Business, Odessa National Technological University, 65039 Odessa, Ukraine
| | | | - Katie Earle-Payne
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Renfrewshire Health and Social Care Centre, 10 Ferry Road, Renfrew PA4 8RU, UK
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Rezaei Harandi Z, Heidari R, Reiisi S. Co-Delivery of Silymarin and Metformin Dual-Loaded in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Synergistically Sensitizes Breast Cancer Cell Line to Mitoxantrone Chemotherapy. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2023; 22:872-880. [PMID: 37022888 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2023.3242912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The development nano-carriers based therapeutic methods is a potent strategy for enhancing cellular delivery of drugs and therapeutic efficiency in cancer chemotherapy. In the study, silymarin(SLM) and metformin (Met) were co-loaded into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and evaluated the synergistic inhibitory effect of these natural herbal compound in improving chemotherapeutic efficiency against MCF7MX and MCF7 human breast cancer cells. Nanoparticles have been synthesized and characterized by FTIR, BET, TEM, SEM, and X-ray diffraction. Drug loading capacity and release determined. The both single and combined form of SLM and Met (free and loaded MSN) were used for MTT assay, colony formation and real time-PCR in cellular study. The synthesis MSN were uniformity in size and shape with particle size of approximately 100 nm and pore size of approximately 2 nm. The Met-MSNs IC30, SLM -MSNs IC50 and dual-drug loaded MSNs IC50 were much lower than of free-Met IC30, free-SLM IC50 and free Met-SLM IC50 MCF7MX and MCF7cells. The co-loaded MSNs treated cells were increased sensitivity to mitoxantrone with the inhibition of BCRP mRNA expressions and could induce apoptosis in MCF7MX and MCF7 cells in comparison with other groups. Colony numbers were significantly reduced in comparison to with other groups in the co-loaded MSNs -treated cells ( ). Our results indicate that Nano-SLM enhances the anti-cancer effects of SLM against human breast cancer cells. The findings of the present study suggest that the anti-cancer effects of both metformin and silymarin enhances against breast cancer cells when MSNs are used as a drug delivery system.
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Malaekeh-Nikouei A, Shokri-Naei S, Karbasforoushan S, Bahari H, Baradaran Rahimi V, Heidari R, Askari VR. Metformin beyond an anti-diabetic agent: A comprehensive and mechanistic review on its effects against natural and chemical toxins. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115263. [PMID: 37541178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the anti-diabetic effect of metformin, a growing number of studies have shown that metformin has some exciting properties, such as anti-oxidative capabilities, anticancer, genomic stability, anti-inflammation, and anti-fibrosis, which have potent, that can treat other disorders other than diabetes mellitus. We aimed to describe and review the protective and antidotal efficacy of metformin against biologicals, chemicals, natural, medications, pesticides, and radiation-induced toxicities. A comprehensive search has been performed from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases from inception to March 8, 2023. All in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies were considered. Many studies suggest that metformin affects diseases other than diabetes. It is a radioprotective and chemoprotective drug that also affects viral and bacterial diseases. It can be used against inflammation-related and apoptosis-related abnormalities and against toxins to lower their effects. Besides lowering blood sugar, metformin can attenuate the effects of toxins on body weight, inflammation, apoptosis, necrosis, caspase-3 activation, cell viability and survival rate, reactive oxygen species (ROS), NF-κB, TNF-α, many interleukins, lipid profile, and many enzymes activity such as catalase and superoxide dismutase. It also can reduce the histopathological damages induced by many toxins on the kidneys, liver, and colon. However, clinical trials and human studies are needed before using metformin as a therapeutic agent against other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Malaekeh-Nikouei
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sina Shokri-Naei
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sobhan Karbasforoushan
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Bahari
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Cancer Screening and Epidemiology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Tian D, Zheng X, Tang H, Huang H, Wang J, Xu L, Li C, Yan H, Yu R, Nan J, Liu M, Guo X, Jian S, Wang T, Deng S, Pu Q, Liu L. Metformin attenuates chronic lung allograft dysfunction: evidence in rat models. Respir Res 2023; 24:192. [PMID: 37516880 PMCID: PMC10386298 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) directly causes an abysmal long-term prognosis after lung transplantation (LTx), but effective and safe drugs are not available. Metformin exhibits high therapeutic potential due to its antifibrotic and immunomodulatory effects; however, it is unclear whether metformin exerts a therapeutic effect in CLAD. We sought to investigate the effect of metformin on CLAD based on rat models. METHODS Allogeneic LTx rats were treated with Cyclosporin A (CsA) in the first week, followed by metformin, CsA, or vehicle treatment. Syngeneic LTx rats received only vehicles. All rats were sacrificed on post-transplant week 4. Pathology of lung graft, spleen, and thymus, extent of lung fibrosis, activity of profibrotic cytokines and signaling pathway, adaptive immunity, and AMPK activity were then studied. RESULTS Allogeneic recipients without maintenance CsA treatment manifested CLAD pathological characteristics, but these changes were not observed in rats treated with metformin. For the antifibrotic effect, metformin suppressed the fibrosis extent and profibrotic cytokine expression in lung grafts. Regarding immunomodulatory effect, metformin reduced T- and B-cell infiltration in lung grafts, spleen and thymus weights, the T- and B-cell zone areas in the spleen, and the thymic medullary area. In addition, metformin activated AMPK in lung allografts and in α-SMA+ cells and T cells in the lung grafts. CONCLUSIONS Metformin attenuates CLAD in rat models, which could be attributed to the antifibrotic and immunomodulatory effects. AMPK activation suggests the potential molecular mechanism. Our study provides an experimental rationale for further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
- Lung Transplant Research Laboratory, Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Heart and Lung Transplant Research Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Xiangyun Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
- Lung Transplant Research Laboratory, Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Heart and Lung Transplant Research Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Hongtao Tang
- Heart and Lung Transplant Research Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Heng Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
- Lung Transplant Research Laboratory, Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Heart and Lung Transplant Research Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Heart and Lung Transplant Research Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Heart and Lung Transplant Research Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Caihan Li
- Heart and Lung Transplant Research Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Haoji Yan
- Heart and Lung Transplant Research Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Ruixuan Yu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinzhu Nan
- Heart and Lung Transplant Research Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Menggen Liu
- Heart and Lung Transplant Research Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Xiaoguang Guo
- Department of Pathology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Shunhai Jian
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Senyi Deng
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiang Pu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Lunxu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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6
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Mohamed EK, Hafez DM. Gallic acid and metformin co-administration reduce oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation via Fas/caspase-3 and NF-κB signaling pathways in thioacetamide-induced acute hepatic encephalopathy in rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:265. [PMID: 37491245 PMCID: PMC10367384 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a consequence of chronic or acute liver diseases. This study evaluates the combined effect of gallic acid (GA), and metformin (Met) on the liver and brain damage associated with HE. METHODS Acute HE was induced by a single dose of thioacetamide (TAA) (300 mg/kg) as an I.P. injection. Treated groups received GA group (100 mg/kg/day, p.o), Met (200 mg/kg/day, p.o), or their combination for 25 consecutive days before TAA injection. RESULTS The administration of TAA induced various biochemical and histopathological alterations. In contrast, treatment with GA either alone or combined with Met resulted in improved liver functions by the significant reduction in serum ALT, AST, and ALP activities, and ammonia levels. Inflammatory mediators; TNF-α, IL-6, and NFkβ levels were decreased by these treatments as well as apoptotic cascade via down-regulation of FAS and caspase-3 (CASP-3) expression in hepatic tissues. Furthermore, GA and Met either alone or combined protected the liver and brain tissues from damage by increased glutathione concentration while decreasing malondialdehyde. In addition, it was accompanied by the improvement of the brain neurotransmitter profile via the restoration of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels. Based on our data, this is the first study to report a novel combined hepatoprotective and cognitive enhancing effect of GA and Met against TAA-induced acute liver and brain injury. CONCLUSION GA and Met combination resulted in a prominent improvement in HE complications, relative to monotherapy. Both agents potentiated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Khedre Mohamed
- Biochemistry department, Egyptian DRUG AUTHORITY (EDA), formerly National Organization of Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt.
| | - Dawlat Mohamed Hafez
- Histology department, Egyptian DRUG AUTHORITY (EDA), formerly National Organization of Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
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Faheem SA, Hazem RM, Elsayed NM, Ahmed YM, Saeed NM. Niclosamide modulates cyclosporin A-induced hepatotoxicity in a mouse model: PPAR-γ and Wnt/β-catenin crosstalk. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109941. [PMID: 37012891 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate whether: 1) Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced hepatotoxicity, and 2) knockdown of this pathway by niclosamide (NCL) attenuate CsA-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS The experiment was accomplished in 21 days. Adult male mice were randomly distributed into five groups: control group, CsA (25 mg/kg/day) group, CsA + NCL (2.5 mg/kg/day) group, CsA + NCL (5 mg/kg/day) group, and NCL (5 mg/kg/day) group. RESULTS NCL showed marked hepatoprotection by significantly decreasing liver enzymes activities and ameliorating the histopathological alterations induced by CsA. Besides, NCL alleviated oxidative stress and inflammation. NCL-treated groups (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) displayed rise in the expression of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) by 2.1- and 2.5-fold, respectively. Notably, NCL (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) significantly inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling, evidenced by a marked decrease in the hepatic expression of Wnt3a by 54 % and 50 %, frizzled-7 receptor by 50 % and 50 %, β-catenin by 22 % and 49 %, and c-myc by 50 % and 50 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS NCL can be regarded as a potential agent to mitigate CsA-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa A Faheem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem M Hazem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Norhan M Elsayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha M Saeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Habotta O, Ateya A, Saleh RM, El-Ashry ES. Thiamethoxam Evoked Neural Oxido-inflammatory Stress in Male Rats Through Modulation of Nrf2/NF-kB/iNOS Signaling and Inflammatory Cytokines: Neuroprotective Effect of Silymarin. Neurotoxicology 2023; 96:28-36. [PMID: 36958429 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Thiamethoxam (TMX), a neonicotinoid insecticide, is a widely used insecticide with neurotoxic potential. Silymarin (SM), a milk thistle-derived flavonoid, is known with its promising biological activities. This study explored the neuroprotective effects of SM against TMX-triggered cortical injury in male rats. Animals were divided into four groups and treated daily either with SM (150mg/kg), TMX (78.15mg/kg), or both at the aforementioned doses for 28 days. Our results revealed marked declines in cortical SOD and CAT activities with elevations in MDA, IL-1b and TNF-α levels in TMX-treated rats. Further, TMX induced down-regulation in the gene expressions of Sod, Cat, Gpx, and Nrf-2, with up-regulation in the gene expressions of IL-1b, IL-6, iNOS, TNF-α and NF-kB. Interestingly, pre-treatment with SM provided a notable neuroprotective action against TMX-mediated cortical damage that indicates its promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This effect may be mediated by Nrf2/NF-kB/iNOS signalling and suppression of excess free radicals and production of inflammatory cytokines. In brief, SM could be a promising therapeutic agent against TMX-mediated neural complication via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The using of neonicotinoids as thiamethoxam is recently increased and is associated with brain damage. TMX induced excessive oxidative and inflammatory damage. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are needed to counteract its adverse effects on the nervous system. SM, a flavonoid, is extracted from the seeds and fruits of milk thistle. Due to its potent antioxidative activity, SM have been applied to mitigate the oxidative stress as well as inflammatory disorders. Herein, we examined the potential therapeutic role of SM against TMX-induced brain oxidative stress and inflammation in rats through evaluating oxidative markers, inflammatory response, and histopathological changes in the brain cortical tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Habotta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ateya
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Wealth Development Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Rasha M Saleh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Eman S El-Ashry
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Antar SA, Abd-Elsalam M, Abdo W, Abdeen A, Abdo M, Fericean L, Raslan NA, Ibrahim SF, Sharif AF, Elalfy A, Nasr HE, Zaid AB, Atia R, Atwa AM, Gebba MA, Alzokaky AA. Modulatory Role of Autophagy in Metformin Therapeutic Activity toward Doxorubicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. TOXICS 2023; 11:273. [PMID: 36977038 PMCID: PMC10052439 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a frequent chemotherapeutic drug used to treat various malignant tumors. One of the key factors that diminish its therapeutic importance is DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. The first-line oral antidiabetic drug is metformin (Met), which also has antioxidant properties. The purpose of our study was to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms for the potential protective effects of Met on DOX-triggered nephrotoxicity. Four animal groups were assigned as follows; animals received vehicle (control group), 200 mg/kg Met (Met group), DOX 15 mg/kg DOX (DOX group), and a combination of DOX and Met (DOX/Met group). Our results demonstrated that DOX administration caused marked histological alterations of widespread inflammation and tubular degeneration. Notably, the DOX-induced dramatic up-regulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B/P65 (NF-κB/P65), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and Beclin-1 in renal tissue. A marked increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) tissue level and a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were also recorded in DOX-exposed animals. Interestingly, Met could minimize all histopathological changes as well as the disruptions caused by DOX in the aforementioned measures. Thus, Met provided a workable method for suppressing the nephrotoxicity that occurred during the DOX regimen via the deactivation of the Beclin-1/LC3B pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A. Antar
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
- Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Marwa Abd-Elsalam
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Walied Abdo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdo
- Department of Animal Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City 32897, Egypt
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Liana Fericean
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I” from Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, CUI 3487181, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Nahed A. Raslan
- Clinical Pharmacy Program, College of Health Sciences and Nursing, Al-Rayan Colleges, Medina 42541, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Samah F. Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa F. Sharif
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt
| | - Amira Elalfy
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Hend E. Nasr
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Ahmed B. Zaid
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom 32511, Egypt
| | - Rania Atia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65779, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Atwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A. Gebba
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Amany A. Alzokaky
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
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Silymarin Protects against Acute Liver Injury Induced by Acetaminophen by Downregulating the Expression and Activity of the CYP2E1 Enzyme. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248855. [PMID: 36557984 PMCID: PMC9784215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that silymarin protects against various types of drug-induced liver injury, but whether the protective mechanism of silymarin against acetaminophen-induced liver injury is related to the CYP2E1 enzyme remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of silymarin on the activity and expression of CYP2E1 in vitro and in vivo. The results of in vitro studies showed that silymarin not only inhibited the activity of CYP2E1 in human and rat liver microsomes but also reduced the expression of CYP2E1 in HepG2 cells. In vivo studies showed that silymarin pretreatment significantly reduced the conversion of chlorzoxazone to its metabolite 6-OH-CLX and significantly increased the t1/2, area under the curve (AUC) and mean residence time (MRT) of chlorzoxazone. In addition, silymarin pretreatment significantly inhibited the upregulation of Cyp2e1 expression, reduced the production of 3-cysteinylacetaminophen trifluoroacetic acid salt (APAP-CYS), and restored the liver glutathione level. The results of our study show that silymarin plays an important protective role in the early stage of acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by reducing the activity and expression of CYP2E1, reducing the generation of toxic metabolites, and alleviating liver injury.
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Avocado Seeds-Mediated Alleviation of Cyclosporine A-Induced Hepatotoxicity Involves the Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Proapoptotic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227859. [PMID: 36431959 PMCID: PMC9698978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies reported disrupted hepatic function and structure following the administration of cyclosporine A (CsA) in humans and animals. Recently, we found that avocado seeds (AvS) ameliorated CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. As a continuation, herein we checked whether AvS could also attenuate CsA-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Subcutaneous injection of CsA (5 mg/kg) for 7 days triggered hepatotoxicity in rats, as indicated by liver dysfunction, redox imbalance, and histopathological changes. Oral administration of 5% AvS powder for 4 weeks ameliorated CsA-induced hepatotoxicity, as evidenced by (1) decreased levels of liver damage parameters (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin), (2) resumed redox balance in the liver (reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), (3) downregulated hepatic expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes (X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)), and apoptosis-related genes (Bax and Casp3), (4) upregulated expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2, (5) reduced DNA damage, and (6) improved liver histology. These results highlight the ability of AvS to ameliorate CsA-induced hepatotoxicity via the inhibition of oxidative stress and proapoptotic ER stress.
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El-Mancy EM, Elsherbini DMA, Al-Serwi RH, El-Sherbiny M, Ahmed Shaker G, Abdel-Moneim AMH, Enan ET, Elsherbiny NM. α-Lipoic Acid Protects against Cyclosporine A-Induced Hepatic Toxicity in Rats: Effect on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10080442. [PMID: 36006121 PMCID: PMC9416703 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The clinical application of cyclosporine A (CsA) as an immunosuppressive agent is limited by its organ toxicity. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of α-lipoic acid against CsA-induced hepatotoxicity and to delineate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Male Wistar rats (n = 24, 8 per each group) received the vehicle, CsA (25 mg/kg) and/or ALA (100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 3 weeks. Biochemical markers of liver function (serum ALT, AST, ALP < GGT), oxidative stress (MDA, TAC, SOD, GSH, Nrf2/HO-1), inflammation (NF-κB, CD68, iNOS, NO, COX-2), and apoptosis (caspase-3) were assessed in serum and tissue. Liver histological analysis using H&E and Sirius red was performed. The development of liver injury in CsA-treated animals was indicated by elevated levels of liver enzymes, oxidants/antioxidants imbalance, inflammatory cells infiltration, up-regulated expression of inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis. These changes were associated with altered architecture of hepatic cells and fibrous connective tissue. ALA co-administration protected against CsA-induced liver damage and ameliorated biochemical changes and cellular injury. In conclusion, ALA demonstrated hepatoprotective potential against CsA-induced liver injury through combating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, highlighting ALA as a valuable adjunct to CsA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M. El-Mancy
- Deanship of Common First Year, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 42421, Saudi Arabia;
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11511, Egypt
| | - Dalia Mahmoud Abdelmonem Elsherbini
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 42421, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Rasha Hamed Al-Serwi
- Department of Basic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.E.-S.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Gehan Ahmed Shaker
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (G.A.S.); (A.-M.H.A.-M.)
| | - Abdel-Moneim Hafez Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (G.A.S.); (A.-M.H.A.-M.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman T. Enan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Nehal M. Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.E.-S.); (N.M.E.)
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Tao F, Zhou Y, Wang M, Wang C, Zhu W, Han Z, Sun N, Wang D. Metformin alleviates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cigarette smoke extract-induced glucocorticoid resistance by activating the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 26:95-111. [PMID: 35203060 PMCID: PMC8890943 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2022.26.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an important healthcare problem worldwide. Often, glucocorticoid (GC) resistance develops during COPD treatment. As a classic hypoglycemic drug, metformin (MET) can be used as a treatment strategy for COPD due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, but its specific mechanism of action is not known. We aimed to clarify the role of MET on COPD and cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced GC resistance. Through establishment of a COPD model in rats, we found that MET could improve lung function, reduce pathological injury, as well as reduce the level of inflammation and oxidative stress in COPD, and upregulate expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1), and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). By establishing a model of GC resistance in human bronchial epithelial cells stimulated by CSE, we found that MET reduced secretion of interleukin-8, and could upregulate expression of Nrf2, HO-1, MRP1, and HDAC2. MET could also increase the inhibition of MRP1 efflux by MK571 significantly, and increase expression of HDAC2 mRNA and protein. In conclusion, MET may upregulate MRP1 expression by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, and then regulate expression of HDAC2 protein to reduce GC resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Tao
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Mengwen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Chongyang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Zhili Han
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Nianxia Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Dianlei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
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Pyrvinium pamoate ameliorates cyclosporin A- induced hepatotoxicity via the modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and upregulation of PPAR-γ. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 104:108538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Arab HH, Eid AH, Gad AM, Yahia R, Mahmoud AM, Kabel AM. Inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis by camel milk mitigates cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity: Targeting Nrf2/HO-1 and AKT/eNOS/NO pathways. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:3177-3190. [PMID: 34136182 PMCID: PMC8194908 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine (CsA) is a widely used immunosuppressive agent that incurs marked nephrotoxicity in the clinical setting. Thus, there is a need for finding safe/effective agents that can attenuate CsA-induced kidney injury. Meanwhile, the underlying mechanisms for CsA-associated nephrotoxicity are inadequately investigated, in particular, the AKT/eNOS/NO pathway. Here, the present work aimed to explore the potential of camel milk, a natural product with distinguished antioxidant/anti-inflammatory actions, to ameliorate CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The molecular mechanisms related to renal oxidative aberrations and apoptosis were studied, including Nrf2/HO-1 and AKT/eNOS/NO pathways. The kidney tissues were inspected using histopathology, ELISA, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The present findings demonstrated that camel milk (10 ml/kg) significantly lowered creatine, BUN, and NGAL nephrotoxicity markers and the aberrant histopathology, with similar efficacy to the reference quercetin. Moreover, camel milk suppressed the renal oxidative stress, as evidenced by significantly lowering NOX-1 and lipid peroxides and significantly augmenting the renal antioxidant moieties (GSH, GPx, and SOD), thereby, driving the restoration of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Meanwhile, camel milk counteracted the pro-apoptotic reactions by significantly lowering Bax protein expression, caspase-3 activity/cleavage, and PARP cleavage, alongside significantly increasing the expression of the proliferation signal PCNA. Regarding the anti-apoptotic AKT/eNOS/NO pathway, camel milk activated its signaling by significantly increasing the protein expression of PI3Kp110, p-AKT(Ser473)/total AKT, and p-eNOS (Ser1177)/total eNOS besides significantly boosting the renoprotective NO levels. In conclusion, these findings reveal that camel milk may be a promising candidate for the alleviation of CsA-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany H. Arab
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of PharmacyTaif UniversityTaifSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H. Eid
- Department of PharmacologyEgyptian Drug Authority (EDA), formerly NODCARGizaEgypt
| | - Amany M. Gad
- Department of PharmacologyEgyptian Drug Authority (EDA), formerly NODCARGizaEgypt
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyFaculty of PharmacySinai UniversityEl IsmailiaEgypt
| | - Rania Yahia
- Department of PharmacologyEgyptian Drug Authority (EDA), formerly NODCARGizaEgypt
| | - Ayman M. Mahmoud
- Zoology Department, Faculty of ScienceBeni‐Suef UniversityBeni‐SuefEgypt
- Biotechnology DepartmentResearch Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsBeni‐Suef UniversityBeni‐SuefEgypt
| | - Ahmed M. Kabel
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
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Bai B, Chen H. Metformin: A Novel Weapon Against Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:622262. [PMID: 33584319 PMCID: PMC7880161 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.622262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become widely accepted that inflammation is a driving force behind a variety of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. However, the existing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs show a limited utility in clinical patients. Therefore, the novel agents with different inflammation-inhibitory mechanisms are worth pursuing. Metformin, a synthetic derivative of guanidine, has a history of more than 50 years of clinical experience in treating patients with type 2 diabetes. Intense research efforts have been dedicated to proving metformin’s inflammation-inhibitory effects in cells, animal models, patient records, and randomized clinical trials. The emerging evidence also indicates its therapeutic potential in clinical domains other than type 2 diabetes. Herein, this article appraises current pre-clinical and clinical findings, emphasizing metformin’s anti-inflammatory properties under individual pathophysiological scenarios. In summary, the anti-inflammatory effects of metformin are evident in pre-clinical models. By comparison, there are still clinical perplexities to be addressed in repurposing metformin to inflammation-driven chronic diseases. Future randomized controlled trials, incorporating better stratification/targeting, would establish metformin’s utility in this clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Bai
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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