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Romero Caimi G, Gorzalczany S, Bonazzola P, Deza Z, Rosón MI, Alvarez L, Castilla R. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor is involved in hypertension and vascular alterations caused by environmental toxicant hexachlorobenzene. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1599-1606. [PMID: 34522623 PMCID: PMC8424126 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental hexachlorobenzene (HCB) increases blood pressure (BP) in female rats, causing alterations in arterial structure and function. Here we study the role of Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) in HCB-induced hypertension through the use of AT1 antagonist losartan. HCB-treated male rats showed a 22.7% increase in BP which was prevented by losartan. Losartan blocked HCB-induced changes in arterial morphology (decreased aorta cell number and increased wall thickness). Losartan also prevented HCB-induced alterations in artery relaxation by acetylcholine and nitroprusside but not the reduction in the maximum contraction by phenylephrine. Losartan rescued arterial molecular alterations caused by HCB (i.e. an increase in TGF-β1 and AT1 expression and a decrease in eNOS expression and nitrite levels) and reduced hydrogen sulfide plasma concentration. In conclusion: in this work we demonstrate that AT1 activity is involved in HCB effects on the vascular system leading to hypertension.
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Key Words
- AT1
- AT1, angiotensin II receptor type 1
- Ach, acetylcholine
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- Ang II, angiotensin II
- Aorta
- BP, systolic blood pressure
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HCB, hexachlorobenzene
- Hexachlorobenzene
- Hypertension
- Losartan
- NO, nitric oxide
- PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls
- POPs, persistent organic pollutant
- Phe, phenylephrine
- SNP, nitroprusside
- TGF-β1, Transforming Growth Factor-β1
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Romero Caimi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Gorzalczany
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Farmacología, Cátedra de Farmacología, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Bonazzola
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Marcelo T. de Alvear 2270, C1122AAJ, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zahira Deza
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Inés Rosón
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Marcelo T. de Alvear 2270, C1122AAJ, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Alvarez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Castilla
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Marcelo T. de Alvear 2270, C1122AAJ, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Smith LC, Moreno S, Robinson S, Orandle M, Porter DW, Das D, Saleh NB, Sabo-Attwood T. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes inhibit estrogen receptor expression in vivo and in vitro through transforming growth factor beta1. NANOIMPACT 2019; 14:100152. [PMID: 32313843 PMCID: PMC7169977 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2019.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is suspected to contribute to pulmonary fibrosis through modulation of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1). There is growing evidence that estrogen signaling is important in pulmonary function and modulates pro-fibrogenic signaling in multiple models of pulmonary fibrosis, however an interaction between MWCNT exposure and estrogen signaling in the lung is not known. The purpose of this work was to determine whether estrogen signaling in the lung is a target for MWCNTs and to identify potential signaling mechanisms mediating MWCNT-induced responses using a whole-body inhalation mouse model and an in vitro human lung cell model. Mice exposed to MWCNTs had reduced mRNA expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta (Esr1 and Esr2, respectively) in lung tissue at multiple time-points post-exposure, whereas expression of g-protein coupled estrogen receptor1 (Gper1) was more variable. We localized ESR1 protein expression as primarily associated with bronchioles and within inflammatory macrophages. The reduction in estrogen receptor expression was concomitant to an increase in TGF-β1 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of MWCNT-exposed animals. We confirmed a role for TGF-β1 in mediating MWCNT-induced repression of ESR1 mRNA expression using a TGF-β type-I receptor inhibitor in bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Overall these results highlight a novel mechanism of MWCNT-induced signaling where MWCNT-induced regulation of TGF-β1 represses estrogen receptor expression. Dysregulated estrogen signaling through altered receptor expression may have potential consequences on lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Cody Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Marlene Orandle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Dale W. Porter
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Dipesh Das
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Navid B. Saleh
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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3
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Posritong S, Hong JM, Eleniste PP, McIntyre PW, Wu JL, Himes ER, Patel V, Kacena MA, Bruzzaniti A. Pyk2 deficiency potentiates osteoblast differentiation and mineralizing activity in response to estrogen or raloxifene. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 474:35-47. [PMID: 29428397 PMCID: PMC6057828 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is controlled by the actions of bone-degrading osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts (OBs). Aging and loss of estrogen after menopause affects bone mass and quality. Estrogen therapy, including selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), can prevent bone loss and increase bone mineral density in post-menopausal women. Although investigations of the effects of estrogen on osteoclast activity are well advanced, the mechanism of action of estrogen on OBs is still unclear. The proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is important for bone formation and female mice lacking Pyk2 (Pyk2-KO) exhibit elevated bone mass, increased bone formation rate and reduced osteoclast activity. Therefore, in the current study, we examined the role of estrogen signaling on the mechanism of action of Pyk2 in OBs. As expected, Pyk2-KO OBs showed significantly higher proliferation, matrix formation, and mineralization than WT OBs. In addition we found that Pyk2-KO OBs cultured in the presence of either 17β-estradiol (E2) or raloxifene, a SERM used for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis, showed a further robust increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization. We examined the possible mechanism of action and found that Pyk2 deletion promotes the proteasome-mediated degradation of estrogen receptor α (ERα), but not estrogen receptor β (ERβ). As a consequence, E2 signaling via ERβ was enhanced in Pyk2-KO OBs. In addition, we found that Pyk2 deletion and E2 stimulation had an additive effect on ERK phosphorylation, which is known to stimulate cell differentiation and survival. Our findings suggest that in the absence of Pyk2, estrogen exerts an osteogenic effect on OBs through altered ERα and ERβ signaling. Thus, targeting Pyk2, in combination with estrogen or raloxifene, may be a novel strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of bone loss diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Posritong
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Jung Min Hong
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Pierre P Eleniste
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Patrick W McIntyre
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Wu
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Evan R Himes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Vruti Patel
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Angela Bruzzaniti
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Smith LC, Moreno S, Robertson L, Robinson S, Gant K, Bryant AJ, Sabo-Attwood T. Transforming growth factor beta1 targets estrogen receptor signaling in bronchial epithelial cells. Respir Res 2018; 19:160. [PMID: 30165855 PMCID: PMC6117929 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sex differences in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) suggest a protective role for estrogen (E2); however, mechanistic studies in animal models have produced mixed results. Reports using cell lines have investigated molecular interactions between transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) and estrogen receptor (ESR) pathways in breast, prostate, and skin cells, but no such interactions have been described in human lung cells. To address this gap in the literature, we investigated a role for E2 in modulating TGF-β1-induced signaling mechanisms and identified novel pathways impacted by estrogen in bronchial epithelial cells. Methods We investigated a role for E2 in modulating TGF-β1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2Bs) and characterized the effect of TGF-β1 on ESR mRNA and protein expression in BEAS-2Bs. We also quantified mRNA expression of ESRs in lung tissue from individuals with IPF and identified potential downstream targets of E2 signaling in BEAS-2Bs using RNA-Seq and gene set enrichment analysis. Results E2 negligibly modulated TGF-β1-induced EMT; however, we report the novel observation that TGF-β1 repressed ESR expression, most notably estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1). Results of the RNA-Seq analysis showed that TGF-β1 and E2 inversely modulated the expression of several genes involved in processes such as extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, airway smooth muscle cell contraction, and calcium flux regulation. We also report that E2 specifically modulated the expression of genes involved in chromatin remodeling pathways and that this regulation was absent in the presence of TGF-β1. Conclusions Collectively, these results suggest that E2 influences unexplored pathways that may be relevant to pulmonary disease and highlights potential roles for E2 in the lung that may contribute to sex-specific differences. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0861-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cody Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren Robertson
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Box 110885, 2187 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Box 110885, 2187 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Kristal Gant
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Box 110885, 2187 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Andrew J Bryant
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Box 110885, 2187 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Castilla R, Asuaje A, Rivière S, Romero CG, Martín P, Cao G, Kleiman de Pisarev D, Milesi V, Alvarez L. Environmental pollutant hexachlorobenzene induces hypertension in a rat model. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:576-584. [PMID: 29277037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a dioxin-like environmental pollutant, widely distributed in the environment. New research links exposure to high levels of persistent organic environmental toxicants to cardiovascular disease, however little is known about the effect of HCB on vascular function and on blood pressure. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate biochemical and cardiovascular changes resulting from subchronic HCB exposure. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with vehicle or HCB (5 or 500 mg/kg b.w) for 45 days. Systolic blood pressure (BP), recorded by tail cuff plethysmography, was significantly increased at 35, 40 and 45 days of 500 mg/kg HCB-treatment. HCB (500 mg/kg) increased arterial thickness, while both 5 and 500 mg/kg HCB decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein levels and cellular nuclei in abdominal aortas indicating a hypertrophic process. Also, aortas from both groups of HCB-treated rats presented higher sensitivity to noradrenalin (NA) and a significant decrease in maximum contractile response. Arteries from 500 mg/kg HCB-treated rats showed a significant increase in the levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mRNA and angiotensin II type1 receptor (AT1), and a significant decrease in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), endothelial nitric oxidide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and deiodinase II (DII) mRNA levels. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that subchronic HCB administration significantly increases BP and alters associated cardiovascular parameters in rats. In addition, HCB alters the expression of key vascular tissue molecules involved in BP regulation, such as TGF-β1, AT1, ERα, eNOS and DII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Castilla
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), C1122AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Agustín Asuaje
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Stéphanie Rivière
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), C1122AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Caimi Giselle Romero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Pedro Martín
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gabriel Cao
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA), C1122AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Diana Kleiman de Pisarev
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Verónica Milesi
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Laura Alvarez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Noskovičová N, Heinzelmann K, Burgstaller G, Behr J, Eickelberg O. Cub domain-containing protein 1 negatively regulates TGF-β signaling and myofibroblast differentiation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L695-L707. [PMID: 29351434 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00205.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are thought to be the prime cell type for producing and secreting extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the connective tissue. The profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) activates and transdifferentiates fibroblasts into α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-expressing myofibroblasts, which exhibit increased ECM secretion, in particular collagens. Little information, however, exists about cell-surface molecules on fibroblasts that mediate this transdifferentiation process. We recently identified, using unbiased cell-surface proteome analysis, Cub domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) to be strongly downregulated by TGF-β1. CDCP1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein, the expression and role of which has not been investigated in lung fibroblasts to date. Here, we characterized, in detail, the effect of TGF-β1 on CDCP1 expression and function, using immunofluorescence, FACS, immunoblotting, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of CDCP1. CDCP1 is present on interstitial fibroblasts, but not myofibroblasts, in the normal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung. In vitro, TGF-β1 decreased CDCP1 expression in a time-dependent manner by impacting mRNA and protein levels. Knockdown of CDCP1 enhanced a TGF-β1-mediated cell adhesion of fibroblasts. Importantly, CDCP1-depleted cells displayed an enhanced expression of profibrotic markers, such as collagen V or α-SMA, which was found to be independent of TGF-β1. Our data show, for the very first time that loss of CDCP1 contributes to fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation via a potential negative feedback loop between CDCP1 expression and TGF-β1 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Noskovičová
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the CPC-M BioArchive, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , Germany
| | - Katharina Heinzelmann
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the CPC-M BioArchive, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , Germany
| | - Gerald Burgstaller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the CPC-M BioArchive, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Asklepios Fachkliniken München-Gauting, Munich , Germany.,Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich , Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the CPC-M BioArchive, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , Germany.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado , Denver, Colorado
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7
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Huang J, Woods P, Normolle D, Goff JP, Benos PV, Stehle CJ, Steinman RA. Downregulation of estrogen receptor and modulation of growth of breast cancer cell lines mediated by paracrine stromal cell signals. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 161:229-243. [PMID: 27853906 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-4052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancers have a poorer prognosis if estrogen receptor expression was lost during recurrence. It is unclear whether this conversion is cell autonomous or whether it can be promoted by the microenvironment during cancer dormancy. We explored the ability of marrow-derived stromal cell lines to arrest co-cultured breast cancer cells and suppress estrogen receptor alpha (ER) expression during arrest, facilitating the emergence of estrogen-independent breast cancer clones. METHODS Cancer cell growth, ER protein, microRNA, and mRNA levels were measured in breast cancer cell lines exposed to conditioned medium from marrow stromal lines in the presence and absence of estrogen and of signaling pathway modulators. RESULTS We demonstrate that paracrine signaling from the stromal cell line HS5 downregulated ER in T47D and MCF7 breast cancer cells. This occurred at the mRNA level and also through decreased ER protein stability. Additionally, conditioned medium (CM) from HS5 arrested the breast cancer cells in G0/G1 in part through interleukin-1 (IL1) and inhibited cancer cell growth despite the activation of proliferative pathways (Erk and AKT) by the CM. Similar findings were observed for CM from the hFOB 1.19 osteoblastic cell line but not from two other fibroblastic marrow lines, HS27A and KM101. HS5-CM inhibition of MCF7 proliferation could not be restored by exogenous ER, but was restored by the IL1-antagonist IL1RA. In the presence of IL1RA, HS5-CM activation of AKT and Erk enabled the outgrowth of breast cancer cells with suppressed ER that were fulvestrant-resistant and estrogen-independent. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that marrow-derived stromal cells can destabilize estrogen receptor protein to convert the ER status of growth-arrested ER+ breast cancer cell lines. The balance between stromal pro- and anti-proliferative signals controlled the switch from a dormant phenotype to estrogen-independent cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Suite 2.26f Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - P Woods
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Suite 2.26f Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - D Normolle
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - J P Goff
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Suite 2.26f Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - P V Benos
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - C J Stehle
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Suite 2.26f Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - R A Steinman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Suite 2.26f Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
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8
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BMP4 Cross-talks With Estrogen/ERα Signaling to Regulate Adiposity and Glucose Metabolism in Females. EBioMedicine 2016; 11:91-100. [PMID: 27522322 PMCID: PMC5049932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to estrogens, bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) promotes the accumulation of more metabolically active subcutaneous fat and reduction of visceral fat. However, whether there is a cross-talk between BMP4 and estrogen signaling remained unknown. Herein, we found that BMP4 deficiency in white adipose tissue (WAT) increased the estrogen receptor α (ERα) level and its signaling, which prevented adult female mice from developing high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and insulin resistance; estrogens depletion up regulated BMP4 expression to overcome overt adiposity and impaired insulin sensitivity with aging, and failure of BMP4 regulation due to genetic knockout led to more fat gain in aged female mice. This mutual regulation between BMP4 and estrogen/ERα signaling may also happen in adipose tissue of women, since the BMP4 level significantly increased after menopause, and was inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI). These findings suggest a counterbalance between BMP4 and estrogen/ERα signaling in the regulation of adiposity and relative metabolism in females. BMP4 knockout improves ERα stability and its signaling in WAT of female mice. BMP4 knockout female mice get higher energy expenditure. Depletion of estrogens up regulates BMP4 level in adipose tissue. Failure of BMP4 regulation leads to obesity and insulin resistance in aged females.
Estrogens play a beneficial role in regulating adiposity and glucose metabolism, however not all women with low estrogen levels become obese and develop insulin resistance. Such variation may be related to other factors involved. In the present study, we revealed a reciprocal interaction between bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and estrogen/ERα signaling in regulating fat accumulation and insulin sensitivity. Our findings may explain why cycling females are less prone to gain weight and less susceptible to glucose dysmetabolism than menopausal females and males. The regulation of BMP4 may offer a new opportunity of intervention in the control of excessive obesity.
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9
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Parvani JG, Davuluri G, Wendt MK, Espinosa C, Tian M, Danielpour D, Sossey-Alaoui K, Schiemann WP. Deptor enhances triple-negative breast cancer metastasis and chemoresistance through coupling to survivin expression. Neoplasia 2015; 17:317-28. [PMID: 25810016 PMCID: PMC4372649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) functions to suppress tumorigenesis in normal mammary tissues and early-stage breast cancers and, paradoxically, acts to promote the metastasis and chemoresistance in late-stage breast cancers, particularly triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). Precisely how TGF-β acquires oncogenic characteristics in late-stage breast cancers remains unknown, as does the role of the endogenous mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, Dep domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein (Deptor), in coupling TGF-β to TNBC development and metastatic progression. Here we demonstrate that Deptor expression was downregulated in basal-like/TNBCs relative to their luminal counterparts. Additionally, Deptor expression was 1) inversely correlated with the metastatic ability of human (MCF10A) and mouse (4T1) TNBC progression series and 2) robustly repressed by several inducers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition programs. Functional disruption of Deptor expression in 4T07 cells significantly inhibited their proliferation and organoid growth in vitro, as well as prevented their colonization and tumor formation in the lungs of mice. In stark contrast, elevated Deptor expression was significantly associated with poorer overall survival of patients harboring estrogen receptor α-negative breast cancers. Accordingly, enforced Deptor expression in MDA-MB-231 cells dramatically enhanced their 1) organoid growth in vitro, 2) pulmonary outgrowth in mice, and 3) resistance to chemotherapies, an event dependent on the coupling of Deptor to survivin expression. Collectively, our findings highlight the dichotomous functions of Deptor in modulating the proliferation and survival of TNBCs during metastasis; they also implicate Deptor and its stimulation of survivin as essential components of TNBC resistance to chemotherapies and apoptotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny G Parvani
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gangarao Davuluri
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael K Wendt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Christine Espinosa
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maozhen Tian
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David Danielpour
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Khalid Sossey-Alaoui
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - William P Schiemann
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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10
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Chai F, Liang Y, Bi J, Chen L, Zhang F, Cui Y, Jiang J. REGγ regulates ERα degradation via ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:534-40. [PMID: 25490392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
REGγ is a proteasome coactivator which regulates proteolytic activity in eukaryotic cells. Abundant lines of evidence have showed that REGγ is over expressed in a number of human carcinomas. However, its precise role in the pathogenesis of cancer is still unclear. In this study, by examining 200 human breast cancer specimens, we demonstrated that REGγ was highly expressed in breast cancers, and the expression of REGγ was positively correlated with breast cancer patient estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) status. Moreover, the expression of REGγ was found positively associated with poor clinical features and low survival rates in ERα positive breast cancer patients. Further cell culture studies using MCF7 and BT474 breast cancer cell lines showed that cell proliferation, motility, and invasion capacities were decreased significantly by REGγ knockdown. Lastly, we demonstrated that REGγ indirectly regulates the degradation of ERα protein via ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In conclusion, our findings provide the evidence that REGγ expression was positively correlated with ERα status and poor clinical prognosis in ERα positive breast cancer patients. As well, we disclose a new connection between the two molecules that are both highly expressed in most breast cancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chai
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiong Bi
- Laboratory of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li Chen
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Youhong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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11
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Torroella-Kouri M, Rodríguez D, Caso R. Alterations in macrophages and monocytes from tumor-bearing mice: evidence of local and systemic immune impairment. Immunol Res 2014; 57:86-98. [PMID: 24203436 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are cells of the innate immune system involved in critical activities such as maintaining tissue homeostasis and immune surveillance. Pro-inflammatory macrophages M1 are responsible for the inflammatory response, while M2 macrophages are associated with the immunosuppressive repair phase of tissue remodeling. Most cancers are associated with chronic inflammation, and a high number of macrophages in tumors have been associated with tumor progression. Much effort has been made in elucidating the mechanisms through which macrophages contribute to tumor development, yet much less is known about the initial mechanisms by which tumors modify macrophages. Our work has focused on identifying the mechanisms by which macrophages from tumor hosts are modified by tumors. We have shown that peritoneal macrophages are significantly altered in mice bearing advanced mammary tumors and are not M1 or M2 polarized, but express a mixture of both transcriptional programs. These macrophages are less differentiated and more prone to apoptosis, resulting in increased myelopoiesis as a compensation to regenerate macrophage progenitors in the marrow. Macrophages in the tumor microenvironment are also neither M1 nor M2 cells and through a display of different mechanisms are even more impaired than their peripheral counterparts. Finally, systemic blood monocytes, precursors of tissue macrophages, are also altered in tumor bearers and show a mixed program of pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. We conclude that there is evidence for local and systemic immune impairment in tumor hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Torroella-Kouri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Rosentiel Medical School Building, Room 3123A, Miami, FL, 33136, USA,
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12
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Panno ML, Giordano F, Rizza P, Pellegrino M, Zito D, Giordano C, Mauro L, Catalano S, Aquila S, Sisci D, De Amicis F, Vivacqua A, Fuqua SWA, Andò S. Bergapten induces ER depletion in breast cancer cells through SMAD4-mediated ubiquitination. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 136:443-55. [PMID: 23053665 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ERα function is crucial for the development of normal mammary gland as well as in the process of progression of breast cancer cells. Signals that target receptor levels contribute to regulate estrogens effects in the cells. An intricate cross-regulation has been documented between ERα and TGF-β down-stream molecules: SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD4, that can bind ERα and regulate their signaling. Thus, identification of natural anticancer drugs able to influence the latter molecule might provide alternative choices for breast cancer treatment. Taking into account our previous published data we wanted to study the effect of 5-Methoxypsoralen (bergapten) on ERα and on TGF-β pathway. We reported that bergapten, a coumarin containing compound, effectively depletes ERα in MCF-7 breast cancer sensitive cells and in tamoxifen-resistant clone. The decrease of ERα protein after bergapten treatment results from the ubiquitine-proteasome pathway as demonstrated by the use of MG-132. IP experiments with ER antibody, demonstrated that the protein has physical interaction with SMAD4 and poly-ubiquitine and the amount of ubiquitinated receptor, linked to SMAD4, is greater under bergapten. The crucial role played by SMAD4, in this process, emerges from the observation that in breast cancer cells, silencing of SMAD4, resulted in increased expression of endogenous ERα in both control and bergapten-treated cells, compared to wild- type cells. The same results were confirmed in siRNA TGF-β RII cells. The results suggest a novel negative regulation of ERα by TGF-β/SMAD4 in breast cancer cells and indicate that the SMAD4 protein is involved in the degradation of ERα induced by bergapten. We propose that bergapten may efficiently act as a natural antitumoral agent, able to deplete ERα from breast cancer tamoxifen-sensitive and resistant cells, thereby retraining the effect of membrane signals targeting ERα and in such way its mitogenic potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Panno
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
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13
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Liu Z, Bandyopadhyay A, Nichols RW, Wang L, Hinck AP, Wang S, Sun LZ. Blockade of Autocrine TGF-β Signaling Inhibits Stem Cell Phenotype, Survival, and Metastasis of Murine Breast Cancer Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2:1-8. [PMID: 23482850 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7633.1000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling has been implicated in driving tumor progression and metastasis by inducing stem cell-like features in some human cancer cell lines. In this study, we have utilized a novel murine cell line NMuMG-ST, which acquired cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotypes during spontaneous transformation of the untransformed murine mammary cell line NMuMG, to investigate the role of autocrine TGF-β signaling in regulating their survival, metastatic ability, and the maintenance of cancer stem cell characteristics. We have retrovirally transduced a dominant-negative TGF-β type II receptor (DNRII) into the NMuMG-ST cell to abrogate autocrine TGF-β signaling. The expression of DNRII reduced TGF-β sensitivity of the NMuMG-ST cells in various cell-based assays. The blockade of autocrine TGF-β signaling reduced the ability of the cell to grow anchorage-independently and to resist serum deprivation-induced apoptosis. These phenotypes were associated with reduced levels of active and phosphorylated AKT and ERK, and Gli1 expression suggesting that these pathways contribute to the growth and survival of this model system. More interestingly, the abrogation of autocrine TGF-β signaling also led to the attenuation of several features associated with mammary stem cells including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, mammosphere formation, and expression of stem cell markers. When xenografted in athymic nude mice, the DNRII cells were also found to undergo apoptosis and induced significantly lower lung metastasis burden than the control cells even though they formed similar size of xenograft tumors. Thus, our results indicate that autocrine TGF-β signaling is involved in the maintenance and survival of stem-like cell population resulting in the enhanced metastatic ability of the murine breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA ; Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029 Nanjing, China
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14
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Contini P, Schiavina M, Schiavina R, Tavalazzi F, Fabiani A, Di Scioscio V, Spagnolo P, Richeldi L. Efficacy of hormonal suppression in a patient with chyluria due to lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Multidiscip Respir Med 2011; 6:313-7. [PMID: 22958860 PMCID: PMC3463088 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-6-5-313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare lung disease affecting almost exclusively young women, characterised by abnormal proliferation of atypical smooth muscle cells. We describe a young woman presenting with chyluria secondary to the presence of a large retroperitoneal lymphangioleiomyoma. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed HMB45-negative LAM cells (HMB45 staining is absent only in rare cases) expressing low levels of estrogen receptors. Estrogen suppressive treatment with triptoreline, a synthetic analogue of Gn-RH, resulted in dramatic reduction of the retroperitoneal mass size. The role of estrogens in the pathogenesis of LAM remains poorly understood, and hormonal therapy is still debated, but this case suggests that at least in some LAM patients, possibly those with HMB45-negative disease and estrogen receptor expression, hormonal therapy may be effective in controlling the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Contini
- Center for Rare Lung Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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15
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Chu R, Zhao X, Griffin C, Staub RE, Shoemaker M, Climent J, Leitman D, Cohen I, Shtivelman E, Fong S. Selective concomitant inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cells by BN107 and oleanolic acid. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1209-19. [PMID: 20027631 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hormonal, targeted and chemotherapeutic strategies largely depend on the expression of their cognate receptors and are often accompanied by intolerable toxicities. Effective and less toxic therapies for estrogen receptor negative (ER-) breast cancers are urgently needed. Here, we present the potential molecular mechanisms mediating the selective pro-apoptotic effect induced by BN107 and its principle terpene, oleanolic acid (OA), on ER- breast cancer cells. A panel of breast cancer cell lines was examined and the most significant cytotoxic effect was observed in ER- breast lines. Apoptosis was the major cellular pathway mediating the cytotoxicity of BN107. We demonstrated that sensitivity to BN107 was correlated to the status of ERalpha. Specifically, the presence of functional ERalpha protected cells from BN107-induced apoptosis and absence of ERalpha increased the sensitivity. BN107, an extract rich in OA derivatives, caused rapid alterations in cholesterol homeostasis, presumably by depleting cholesterol in lipid rafts (LRs), which subsequently interfered with signaling mediated by LRs. We showed that BN107 or OA treatment in ER- breast cancer cells resulted in rapid and specific inhibition of LR-mediated survival signaling, namely mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities, by decreasing the levels of the mTOR/FRAP1, RAPTOR and RICTOR. Cotreatment with cholesterol abolished the proapoptotic effect and restored the disrupted mTOR activities. This is the first report demonstrating possible concomitant inhibition of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities by modulating the levels of protein constituents present in these signaling complexes, and thus provides a basis for future development of OA-based mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Chu
- Bionovo Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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16
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Liu H, Qiu J, Li N, Chen T, Cao X. Human phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 4 promotes transactivation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in human cancer cells by inhibiting proteasome-dependent ERalpha degradation via association with Src. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:21934-42. [PMID: 20460377 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.109876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified human phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 4 (hPEBP4) as a human-derived novel member of the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family, which is involved in apoptosis resistance of tumor cells. Because of its preferential expression in estrogen-related cancers, we wondered whether hPEBP4 plays a role in estrogen-induced cancer cell growth. Here, we demonstrated that hPEBP4 inhibited the 17beta-estradiol (E(2))-induced, proteasome-dependent estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) degradation to increase the protein level of ERalpha. Silencing of hPEBP4 inhibited the recruitment of ERalpha to the promoter of the ERalpha target gene pS2 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells after E(2) treatment. E(2)-induced, ERalpha-mediated transcription via the estrogen-response element, as well as the cellular proliferation, was significantly suppressed in hPEBP4-silenced MCF-7 cells. We found that Src, whose association with ERalpha facilitates the ERalpha binding to components of proteolytic machinery, could associate with hPEBP4 and that overexpression of hPEBP4 prevented the E(2)-induced interaction between ERalpha and Src. ERalpha overexpression, proteasome inhibitor, or Src inhibitor could reverse the suppression of ERalpha-mediated transactivation by hPEBP4 silencing. The inhibition of the proteasome degradation and the promotion of transactivation of ERalpha by hPEBP4 via the Src pathway were further confirmed in HeLa cells. Finally, we found that the promoting effects of hPEBP4 on ERalpha-mediated transactivation and estrogen-induced proliferation of cancer cells did not depend on its regulation of Akt and ERK activity. Our data suggest that hPEBP4 inhibits proteasome-dependent ERalpha degradation through the Src pathway, thus enhancing ERalpha-mediated transactivation and promoting the proliferation of cancer cells in response to estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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17
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Yao G, Yin M, Lian J, Tian H, Liu L, Li X, Sun F. MicroRNA-224 is involved in transforming growth factor-beta-mediated mouse granulosa cell proliferation and granulosa cell function by targeting Smad4. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:540-51. [PMID: 20118412 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many members of the TGF-beta superfamily are indicated to play important roles in ovarian follicular development, such as affecting granulosa cell function and oocyte maturation. Abnormalities associated with TGF-beta1 signaling transduction could result in female infertility. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as small noncoding RNAs, were recently found to regulate gene expression at posttranscriptional levels. However, little is known about the role of miRNAs in TGF-beta-mediated granulosa cell proliferation and granulosa cell function. In this study, the miRNA expression profiling was identified from TGF-beta1-treated mouse preantral granulosa cells (GCs), and three miRNAs were found to be significantly up-regulated and 13 miRNAs were down-regulated. Among up-regulated miRNAs, miR-224 was the second most significantly elevated miRNA. This up-regulation was attenuated by treatment of GCs with SB431542 (an inhibitor of TGFbeta superfamily type I receptors, thus blocking phosphorylation of the downstream effectors Smad2/3), indicating that miR-224 expression was regulated by TGF-beta1/Smads pathway. The ectopic expression of miR-224 can enhance TGF-beta1-induced GC proliferation through targeting Smad4. Inhibition of endogenous miR-224 partially suppressed GC proliferation induced by TGF-beta1. In addition, both miR-224 and TGF-beta1 can promote estradiol release from GC, at least in part, through increasing CYP19A1 mRNA levels. This is the first demonstration that miRNAs can control reproductive functions resulting in promoting TGF-beta1-induced GC proliferation and ovarian estrogen release. Such miRNA-mediated effects could be potentially used for regulation of reproductive processes or for treatment of reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guidong Yao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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Glassberg MK, Elliot SJ, Fritz J, Catanuto P, Potier M, Donahue R, Stetler-Stevenson W, Karl M. Activation of the estrogen receptor contributes to the progression of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis via matrix metalloproteinase-induced cell invasiveness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:1625-33. [PMID: 18285421 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The role of estrogens in the pathogenesis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), an aggressive and destructive, eventually fatal lung disease of women, is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the lung disease in LAM is estrogen mediated and to determine whether estrogens contribute to the invasiveness of LAM. DESIGN In vitro cell culture of spindle-shaped LAM cells (LAMD-SM) were isolated and propagated from affected lungs. Estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and ERbeta analyses were conducted by RT-PCR. ERalpha and ERbeta, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 had Western blot analysis for protein assessment. Activity assays were performed for MT1-MMP, MMP-2, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2. Assessment of MMP-2 promoter function was done via transfection assays. Cell invasion chambers were used to determine and quantitate cell invasiveness. SETTING The study was conducted at an academic medical center. PATIENTS Tissue and cells were obtained from patients as outlined in approved institution review board protocol (97/007). INTERVENTION LAMD-SM cells were treated with a specific MMP-2 antibody or a nonspecific inhibitor, doxycycline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Activity of MMP-2 and invasiveness of LAMD-SM cells were measured. RESULTS LAMD-SM cells express functional ERs (ERalpha and ERbeta), which undergo rapid intracellular turnover in their unbound state. 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) enhances the transcriptional ER activity. E(2)-induced ER activation increases synthesis and activity of MMP-2 through posttranscriptional mechanisms in LAMD-SM. The E(2)/ER-mediated increase of MMP-2 promotes LAMD-SM invasiveness, in assays in vitro, which can be inhibited by specific antibodies against MMP-2 or doxycycline, an inhibitor of MMPs. CONCLUSION The invasion and destruction of lung parenchyma in LAM is, at least partially, an estrogen-MMP-driven process, which has major implications for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn K Glassberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 N.W. 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Aubé M, Larochelle C, Ayotte P. 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE) disrupts the estrogen-androgen balance regulating the growth of hormone-dependent breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R16. [PMID: 18275596 PMCID: PMC2374972 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estrogen and androgen signalling pathways exert opposing influences on the proliferation of mammary epithelial and hormone-dependent breast cancer cells. We previously reported that plasma concentrations of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE), the main metabolite of the insecticide DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis [p-chlorophenyl]ethane) and a potent androgen antagonist, were associated with tumor aggressiveness in women diagnosed with breast cancer. We sought to examine the biological plausibility of this association by testing the effect of p,p'-DDE on the proliferation of CAMA-1 cells, a human breast cancer cell line that expresses the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and the androgen receptor (AR), in the presence of physiological concentrations of estrogens and androgens in the cell culture medium. METHODS The proliferation of CAMA-1 cells was determined in 96-well plates following a 9-day treatment with p,p'-DDE alone (0.1 to 10 muM) or in combination with 17beta-estradiol (E2) (100 pM) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (100, 500, or 1,000 pM). We also assessed p,p'-DDE-induced modifications in cell cycle entry and the expression of the sex-steroid-dependent genes ESR1, AR, CCND1, and TFF1 (pS2) (mRNA and/or protein). RESULTS We found that treatment with p,p'-DDE induced a dose-response increase in the proliferation of CAMA-1 cells when cultivated in the presence of physiological concentrations of estrogens and androgens, but not in the absence of sex steroids in the cell culture medium. A similar effect of p,p'-DDE was noted on the proliferation of MCF7-AR1 cells, an estrogen-responsive cell line that was genetically engineered to overexpress the AR. DHT added together with E2 to the cell culture medium decreased the recruitment of CAMA-1 cells in the S phase and the expression of ESR1 and CCND1 by comparison with cells treated with E2 alone. These androgen-mediated effects were blocked with similar efficacy by p,p'-DDE and the potent antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that p,p'-DDE could increase breast cancer progression by opposing the androgen signalling pathway that inhibits growth in hormone-responsive breast cancer cells. The potential role of environmental antiandrogens in breast carcinogenesis deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Aubé
- Unité de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-CHUL, 2875 boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 2M2, Canada
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Park S, Heo MK, Lee MJ, Kim JH, Park BW. Changes of Coregulators, MAP Kinase Activity and p27/kip1 with Estrogen or Antiestrogen Treatment in Breast Cancer Cell Line. J Breast Cancer 2008. [DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2008.11.2.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seho Park
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kyu Heo
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Lee
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-hee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong-Woo Park
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Kipp JL, Kilen SM, Woodruff TK, Mayo KE. Activin regulates estrogen receptor gene expression in the mouse ovary. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36755-65. [PMID: 17951260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705143200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is an important modulator of follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis and secretion in the pituitary and plays autocrine/paracrine roles in the regulation of ovarian follicle development. From a microarray study on mouse ovarian granulosa cells, we discovered that the estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) is inducible by activin. We previously demonstrated that estrogen suppresses activin gene expression, suggesting a feedback relationship between these two follicle-regulating hormones. The purpose of this study was to investigate fully activin A regulation of ER expression. Real time reverse transcription-PCR assays on cultured granulosa cells showed that both ERalpha and ERbeta mRNAs were induced by activin A at 4, 12, and 24 h in a dose-responsive manner. Western blots confirmed an increase in their protein levels. Consistent with increased ERalpha and ERbeta expression, activin A stimulated estradiol-induced estrogen response element promoter activity. Activin A stimulation of ER expression was a direct effect at the level of gene transcription, as it was not abolished by cycloheximide but was abolished by actinomycin D, and in transfected granulosa cells activin A stimulated ERalpha promoter activity. To investigate the effect of activin in vivo and, thus, its biological significance, we examined ER expression in inhibin transgenic mice that have decreased activin expression and discovered that these mice had decreased ERalpha and ERbeta expression in the ovary. We also found that ER mRNA levels were decreased in Müllerian inhibiting substance promoter (MIS)-Smad2 dominant negative mice that have impaired activin signaling through Smad2, and small interfering RNAs targeting Smad2 or Smad3 suppressed ERalpha promoter activation, suggesting that Smad2 and Smad3 are involved in regulating ER levels. Therefore, this study reveals an important role for activin in inducing the expression of ERs in the mouse ovary and suggests important interplay between activin and estrogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing L Kipp
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, and Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is the major eukaryotic mechanism for regulated intracellular proteolysis. Targeting this pathway with proteasome inhibitors has been validated as a rational strategy against hematologic malignancies, but for most solid tumor populations, including breast cancer, such agents have not shown encouraging activity. However, there is an increasing body of evidence showing that UPP dysregulation plays an important role in mammary tumorigenesis. Moreover, modulation of ubiquitin-proteasome function is emerging as a rational strategy to enhance chemosensitivity and overcome chemoresistance. Taken together, these facts suggest that we are only beginning to appreciate the relevance of this pathway for the current and future therapy of patients with breast cancer. This review provides an overview of the biology of the UPP, its role in the malignant process, the current state of knowledge regarding clinical heat shock protein and proteasome inhibition, and some likely future directions that may enhance our ability to exploit this pathway therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Claire Dees
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology & Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Lacher MD, Tiirikainen MI, Saunier EF, Christian C, Anders M, Oft M, Balmain A, Akhurst RJ, Korn WM. Transforming growth factor-beta receptor inhibition enhances adenoviral infectability of carcinoma cells via up-regulation of Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor in conjunction with reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1648-57. [PMID: 16452224 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR) is frequently reduced in carcinomas, resulting in decreased susceptibility of such tumors to infection with therapeutic adenoviruses. Because CAR participates physiologically in the formation of tight-junction protein complexes, we examined whether molecular mechanisms known to down-regulate cell-cell adhesions cause loss of CAR expression. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a phenomenon associated with tumor progression that is characterized by loss of epithelial-type cell-cell adhesion molecules (including E-cadherin and the tight junction protein ZO-1), gain of mesenchymal biochemical markers, such as fibronectin, and acquisition of a spindle cell phenotype. CAR expression is reduced in tumor cells that have undergone EMT in response to TGF-beta. This down-regulation results from repression of CAR gene transcription, whereas altered RNA stability and increased proteasomal protein degradation play no role. Loss of CAR expression in response to TGF-beta is accompanied by reduced susceptibility to adenovirus infection. Indeed, treatment of carcinoma cells with LY2109761, a specific pharmacologic inhibitor of TGF-beta receptor types I and II kinases, resulted in increased CAR RNA and protein levels as well as improved infectability with adenovirus. This was observed in cells induced to undergo EMT by addition of exogenous TGF-beta and in those that were transformed by endogenous autocrine/paracrine TGF-beta. These findings show down-regulation of CAR in the context of EMT and suggest that combination of therapeutic adenoviruses and TGF-beta receptor inhibitors could be an efficient anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Lacher
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, University of California-San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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